麋鹿英文介绍

The Manchurian wapiti (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus) is a subspecies of elk, native to eastern Asia.DescriptionThis deer is reddish brown during summer, and brownish gray in winter. It has dark hairs on the neck and dark underparts, followed by a light-colored rump patch. It is smaller than North American elks (Cervus canadensis canadensis) with smaller and stouter antlers.Male deer are wapiti-like with a neck mane, and as mentioned, relatively small wapiti-like antlers. Female deer are more red deer-like and lack neck manes. This deer is the most red deer-like of the wapitis, being adapted to mixed deciduous forest environments in Manchuria, Yakutia, Northern China, and North Korea. Like many Red deer, adult deer may have some visible spots in their summer coats.RangeThis deer is found in southeastern Siberia (to the east of Lake Baikal), northeastern Mongolia, Manchuria, northern Korea, and northeastern China. Similar forms from Alxa, Gansu, Shanxi and southern Mongolia were originally described as a distinct subspecies, the Alashan-Wapiti (Cervus candiensis alashanicus). However recent genetic research indicates that this deer belongs to the Manchurian subspecies.

In North America, the moose range includes almost all of Canada, most of central and western Alaska, much of New England and upstate New York. In 1978 a few breeding pairs were introduced in western Colorado, and the state's moose population is now more than 1,000All moose are herbivores and are capable of consuming any type of plant or fruit. The average adult moose needs to consume 9,770 calories per day to maintain its body weight.On average, an adult moose stands 1.8–2.1 m (6–7 ft) high at the shoulder.[9] Males weigh 380–720 kg (850–1580 pounds) and females weigh 270–360 kg (600–800 pounds).

General Characteristics The summer coat is ochre to reddish tan in colour, and has the unique feature of having long wavy guard hairs throughout the year. In winter it becomes woolier, changing to duller grey, with the undersides a bright cream colour. Along the shoulders and down the spine is a darker stripe. The unusually long and slender head has large, expressive eyes and small, pointed ears. The skin around the eye and the lips are light grey and the neck has a throat mane in males. The legs are long, and the hooves are relatively long and slender - and adaptation to walking on soft, marshy ground. The donkey-like tail ends in a black tuft. The simple antlers are found only in males. Unique among deer, the antlers have a main branched anterior segment, with the tines extending backwards. Another strange feature of the antlers is that there may be two pairs per year. The summer antlers are the larger set, and are dropped in November, after the June-August rut. The second set, if they appear, are fully grown by January, and are dropped a few weeks later. Ontogeny and Reproduction Gestation Period: 270-300 days. Young per Birth: 1, rarely 2 Weaning: At 10-11 months. Sexual Maturity: At 14 months. Life span: 18 years. Ecology and Behavior Since this deer is extinct in the wild, all behavioral observations noted here come from captive populations. Unlike most deer, the Pere David's deer is very fond of water. They swim well, and will spend hours wading up to their shoulders. The Duke of Bedford once recorded that he has seen young stags playing in deep water more in the manner of seals than deer. During the breeding season, stags fast as the spar for the right to mate. When fighting, males not only use their antlers and teeth but also rear up on their hind legs and 'box'. Family group: Single sex and/or maternal herds. Diet: Mainly grasses, though water plants may be eaten. Main Predators: Presumably originally leopard. Distribution Because of its fondness for water and its elongated hoofs, scientists assume that the Pere David's deer originally inhabited swampy plains in northeast China. Remarks The Chinese call this deer "sze pu shiang" which means something to the effect of 'none of the four'. This odd name refers to this deer's supposed ownership of the neck of a camel, the hoofs of a cow, the tail of a donkey, and the antlers of a deer, though it is not completely like any one of these animals. "Milu" is the Chinese name for the sika deer (Cervus nippon), although Milne-Edwards believed that the Pere David's deer was called it. Elaphos (Greek) a deer; oura (Greek) the tail: refering to the relatively long, donkey-like tail. Pere Armand David (1826-1900) was a French Jesuit missionary and keen naturalist in China. Native to China, these deer were easily hunted in their wild habitat of open plains and marshes. The wild herds kept diminishing until the last known wild individual was shot in 1939 near the Yellow Sea. However, their extinction was avoided by the Emperor of China, who had installed a large herd in his Imperial Hunting Park (Nan Hai-tsu Park) near Peking. While almost extinct in the wild, the deer thrived in the park, surrounded by a 72 kilometer / 43 mile long wall and guarded by a Tartar patrol. The French missionary Pere Armand David had wandered around and wondered about the contents of this secretive park, as strangers were forbidden to look inside. However, on May 17, 1865, Pere David convinced the guards to allow him to look once over the wall. As luck would have it, a herd of these deer happened to walk by at that very moment - a moment which would amaze both the missionary and the scientific world. After many vain efforts, Pere David was able to obtain two complete skins of the new animal (which he believed to be a new species of reindeer), which he took to Europe, enabling Milne-Edwards to provide the first scientific description of the Pere David's Deer. After incessant diplomatic trials, three living deer were donated to the French ambassador in Peking by the Emperor. Although these deer did not survive the strenuous trip to Europe, Milne-Edwards' report had created a desire for these deer in Europe, and since the Emperor had given some to the French, he could hardly deny a gift to the English and Germans. Several pairs were subsequently successfully sent to Europe, where they multiplied readily. The approximately two dozen deer in Europe, as well as the large herd remaining in China seemed to ensure the survival of the species. However, in 1895 catastrophic floods devastated China, and with the floods, an old part of the wall surrounding the park was destroyed. The animals in the park were either swept away by the floods, or if they escaped safely, were hunted and killed by the starving Chinese. Only 20-30 deer survived in the park after the catastrophe. Yet they to were to die five years later. During the Boxer rebellion, troops occupied the Imperial Park and killed and ate every deer without exception. When the destruction of the Chinese herd became known, several European zoo directors decided to send all of their breeding Pere David's deer to the Duke of Bedford's Woburn Abbey. A total of 18 animals reached this deer-lover's park, of which one stag and five hinds eventually bred. The population increased to around ninety animals, at which point World War I threatened to annihilate the rescue attempt. The population was subsequently reduced to fifty animals due to a food shortage. However, by 1946 the population had increased to 300, at which point World War II created more food difficulties. Since the herds were also threatened by bombing nearby, the Duke of Bedford decided to spread out the breeding population, and in 1956 four deer were sent to the Peking Zoo, despite political resistance. By 1970 over 500 animals resided at Woburn Abbey alone, with others held in breeding centres throughout the world. To complete the rescue mission, in 1986 22 deer were flown from Woburn Abbey to Peking, where, after a lengthy quarantine, they were released in the area of the old Imperial Park, where they were discovered over 130 years ago. The last step - reintroduction to the wild - has yet to be taken, although a forest preserve has been selected for this purpose not far from where the last wild animal was shot.

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学名为Elaphurus davidianus英文名；Milu[pere David's Deer

作为中国人，我更倾向于“milu deer ”这个翻译！毕竟，曾经麋鹿只生活在中华大地上！

The elk, or wapiti (Cervus canadensis), is the second largest species of deer in the world and one of the largest mammals in North America and eastern Asia. In the deer family (Cervidae), only the moose, Alces alces (called an "elk" in Europe), is larger. Wapiti are almost identical to red deer found in Europe, of which they were long believed to be a subspecies; they have recently been determined to be a distinct species based on DNA evidence.Elk range in forest and forest-edge habitat, feeding on grasses, plants, leaves and bark. Although native to North America and eastern Asia, they have adapted well to countries where they have been introduced, including New Zealand and Argentina. Their high level of adaptability poses a threat to endemic species and ecosystems where they have been introduced.Male elk have large antlers which are shed each year. Males engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the rut, including posturing, antler wrestling and bugling, a loud series of screams which establishes dominance over other males and attracts females. The bugle call is one of the most distinctive calls in nature.Elk are susceptible to a number of infectious diseases, some of which can be transmitted to livestock. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, largely through vaccination, have had mixed success.Some cultures revere the elk as a spiritual force. In parts of Asia, antlers and their velvet are used in traditional medicines. Elk are hunted as a game species; the meat is leaner and higher in protein than beef or chicken.[2]

【中文名称】：麋鹿【拉丁学名】：Elaphurus davidianus【俗名】：四不像【英文名】：Pere David's Deer【国家重点保护动物级别】：一级

Pere David's Deer