太阳的路
1)On the wall hangs a picture. 2)Here es the bus. 3)Only in this way can you improve your English. 4)Not until he graduated did he realise he had wasted much time. 5)So shallow is the river that no fish can live in it. 6)Had I known it sooner,I would have e here.
倒装有两种: 将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard. 只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class. 英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。 一、 表示强调: 倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下: 1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。 eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。 eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。 2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或片语位于句首,句子用部分倒装。 eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。 eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。 3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。 eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。 eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the o actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。 以上各例子都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。 二、 承上启下 有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联络的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。 eg.They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。 eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。 三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛 在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如: Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂著一幅精美的图画。 再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节: Out of the bosom of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken, Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken, Silent, and soft, and slow, Descends the snow. 在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。 四、 平衡结构 英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。 1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。 eg.To the coal mine came a -pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. eg.A pany of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners. 一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。 eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities. eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities. 地上放著一些空调,等著用船运到其他城市去。 从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。 2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。 eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。 3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。 eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。 五、 使描写生动 有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。 eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。 eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。 eg.Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了! eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响! 以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。 "S thief! S thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The trade *** an leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ... "S thief ! S thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens ) 作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。 倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。
将助动词、be动词或情态动词放到主语前的为部分倒装 将谓语动词移到主语前称为完全倒装 例： Not a single word did I say the whole night. 此句中时态为一般过去式，宾语为“not a”/“nothing”/“nobody”等引出，后面的主谓语倒装，在主语前加上一个与时态相符的助动词，这样就构成了一个部分倒装，你可以仔细研究下几个句子，模仿一下，应该没问题。 以此类推，Many bargains had he picked up there.(他在那里做成了不少交易)此句为过去完成时，也是将助动词“had”提前到主语前面，为部分倒装。 例： On your left is the house. 这个句子的主语补足语放在了句首，构成倒装句，只需把be动词放在主语前面，为部分倒装。 例： Only in this way can we learn english well.这句就是将情态动词"can"放在了主语“we”的前面。 你好好观察一下这些例句，多对比分析，希望你能够理解 完全倒装只需将谓语放在主语前面，可能比较好理解 例： There goes the last bus. 每一种语法现象都有例外，要注意记录和区分。而且也不是所有句子都能变成倒装句，我也只是蜻蜓点水，希望对你有用
倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需新增助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance. The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题 1) Why can't I *** oke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room A. is *** oking permitted B. *** oking is permitted C. *** oking is it permitted D. does *** oking permit 答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. 2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。 改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。 倒装结构的用法： 一、副词here,there, in, out,up ,down, away,back,now, then, ahead 等位于句首,当谓语动词是be,e, go, follow,run等表示位置移动的动词，而且主语又是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即全部倒装。 注意:A 此类倒装不用进行时态度。B若主语是代词时，不用倒装。 1.--Let's hurry. Listen!There________. __Oh,yes.Has the teacher e yet? ---Look! Here________. A the bell goes, is he ing B goes the bell, he es C the bell is going,he is ing D goes the bell, es he 二，含有否定意义的词放句首，部分倒装。 A具有否定意义的副词放句首： not,never,seldom,hardly, rarely.little,scarely,few… 2.I finally got the job I dreamed about.Never in my life___ so happy!(2000,spring) A did I feel B I feel C I had felt D had I felt 3.The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once__with each other.(2003) A they had quarreled B they have quarreled C have they quarreled D had they quarreled B,含有否定意义的连词放句首:not only…but also.., neither..nor.., no sooner…than.., scarely..than..,Hardly..when.., not until... 4.Not until all the fish died in the river__how serious pollution was.(95) A did the villagers realize B the villagers realized C the villagers did realize D didn't the villagers realize 5.Not only__interested in football but__ beginning to show an interest in it. A the teacher himself is, all his students are B the teacher himself is, are all his students C is the teacher himself, are all his students D is the teacher himself,all his students are *not only, no sooner,hardly.scarely要倒,but (also), than, when后面的句子不倒. Neither..nor..两部分都倒装。 C, 含有否定意义的介词放句首：by no means, In no time,in no case, on no aount,under no circumstances... On no aount must you aept any money against your conscience. 三，only＋状语，部分到装 6.Only in this way__to make improvement in the operating system.(2003 shang) A you can hope B you did more C can you hope D did you hope 7. __can you expect to get a pay rise.(2001) A With hard work B Although work hard C Only with hard work D Now that he works hard 四、表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事半功倍有下列： 肯定:so+助动词(动/情态)+主语 *主语与上文一致 否定:neither(nor)+助动(动/情态)+主语 8.-David has made great progress recently. --_______, and________.(1997) A So he has, so you have B So he has, so have you C So has he , so have you D So has he ,so you have 9. – You fet your purse when you went out. ---Good heavens,_______.(2002) A so did I B so I did C I did so D I so did 五、as 作“尽管／虽然”，引导让步状语从句，由于语法需要，把表语／状语／动词提于句首． 10._____,I have never seen anyone who's as capable(有能力） as John.(2001) A As long as I have traveled B Now that I have traveled C Much as I have traveled D As I have travled so much 11.___, he knows a lot of things. A The child as he is B Child as he is C A child as he is D Child as he is 六、so ..that.., such ..that..的句子结构中，若so,such 和与其所修饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒。 12.So difficult____it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.(2001) A I have felt B have I felt C I did feel D did I feel 七、若if 引导的虚拟条件句中有were, had, should 时， 可将if省，把were, had , should 放主语之前。 13.___it rain tomorrow, we would have put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.(94) A Were B Should C Would D Will 14.____ for the tree tickets,I would not have gone to the film so often.(95sh) A If it is not B Were it not C Had not it been D If they were not 八、充当地点状语的介词短语放句首，全倒。 In a lecture hall of a university sits a professor. 九、在表示愿望的感叹句，倒装。 May our country bee rich and strong! Long live the People's Republic of China! 十、There be 句型，eg, There live(stand,appear.seem,remain,exist….) There is a man at the door wants to see you. There once lived an old hunter in that house. There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter.
虾米啊1
在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常的主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调某一部分，或适应一定的语法结构的需要，而把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，这种情况叫“倒装”(Inversion)。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时 倒装的分类 （一）、 全部倒装--主语与谓语动词倒装 结构：谓语动词+主语 Down fell the rain. （二）、 部分倒装--主语与助动词/情态动词/系动词倒装 结构：助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语+谓语动词 Never have I heard such a thing. （三）、形式倒装 形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是，只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。 结构：强调的内容+主语+谓语动词 What an interesting talk they had! The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. （一）全部倒装 1. There be 句型(be可换成 live, stand, lie, come, exist, seem, appear 等). There are so many cars coming and going on the road. There still exist some problems. 句型 There is no need to do… There is no doubt that… There is no knowing\ telling … 2. 在here, there, now, then, thus引导的句子里, 要全部倒装 Here comes your head teacher. Here he comes.主语是人称代词不用倒装 3.当in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back等副词作状语置于句首时，谓语常用动词有come, go, rush, be, lie, run,等不及物动词。 Up flew the bird. Out rushed the students. 4.表地点的介词状语位于句首 Under the tree __ sits a beautiful girl, reading. ___ South of the city ___ lies a paper-making plant. ____ Eventually they arrived at a cave, in front of which __ stood a tree. __ 5.表语提前 1)表语为介词短语 Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 2)表语为形容词 Present at the meeting were Professor White and many other guests. 3)表语为过去分词 Seated on the ground are a group of young people. 4)表语为进行时态中的现在分词 Lying on the floor was a boy. Standing beside the desk was a teacher. Growing along the road are some wild flowers. 6. Such 置于句首时，such和be连用作表语，也常用倒装语序，如： Such are the facts. Such a great scientist is Yuan Longping. 此句型中的such 多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后的“真正的主语”保持一致。如： Such are the facts; no one can deny them. （二）部分倒装 把be/助动词/情态动词 提前到主语的前面 Is am are was were do does did can could would may will might 等 1.only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时, 要进行部分倒装,如： Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. Only in this way can you hope to improve the situation there. Only after he came back was I able to see him. 注：only修饰主语，仍用自然语序，如： Only socialism can save China. 使用特点： （1）在部分倒装句中，如果谓语部分无助动词，则须找助动词来“帮助”它构成倒装句。如： （F) Only after the war learned he the sad news. (T) Only after the war did he learn the sad news. (2) only修饰状语从句时，从句不可倒装。如： （F) Only when did he return did we find our the truth. (T) Only when he returned did we find our the truth. （3）Only 修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。如： （F) Only can he answer the question. (T) Only he can answer the question. 2. 否定副词 never ,nor, not, seldom, hardly, little, scarcely, rarely nowhere及表否定意义的介词短语 by no means, at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, on no condition等置于句首时 。 如： I have never seen such a beautiful place. Never have I seen such a beautiful place. Not a single mistake did he make= He didn’t make a single mistake Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark =I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark. 3、六个重要的固定句型 （1）… so+be/助动词/情态动词+主语 “……也是如此” They love having lots of friends; so do I 使用特点： A. 此句型也可写成“it is the same with….”, 或“so it is with….”.如： They love having lots of friends; it is the same with those with disabilities/so it is with those with disabilities. B.如果句意不是 “……也是如此 ”,而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和（此时的so=indeed),那么，句子不可使用倒装。试比较： a. I was afraid (句中的I指的是a) b. So was I (I 指的是b, 此句意为：I was afraid, too) a. I was afraid （I指的是a) b. So you were (you 指的也是a。此句意为： Indeed you were afraid.) (2) …neither (或nor)+ be/助动词/情态动词+主语，“…….也不这样” Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither (或nor）can Lucy. 使用特点： A.此句型也可写成“it is the same with…”，或“so it is with…” Lily can’t ride; it is the same with Lucy/ so it is with Lucy. B.此句型中的neither (或nor)不可用so….not 替代，但可用not…either改写。如： （F) I have never been abroad. So hasn’t he (T) I have never been abroad. Neither/ Nor has he. (T) I have never been abroad. He has never/not been abroad, either. （3）由so\such...that...引导的表示程度的状语从句，将其放于句首表示强调 So +adj./adv. ….that….“ 如此…..以至于…..”。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood. 使用特点： 在这个句型中，so 后面的句子要倒装，而that引导的句子不倒装。 （4）Neither…., nor….. “…..不…., …..也不…..”。 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. 由于neither 和nor 都是否定词，所以它们后面分句均需倒装。 此类倒装用于重复前句部分内容 前句是肯定句用SO 某人/某事也是 前句是否定句用neither ，nor 某人/某事也不是 倒装句中的谓语应与前句的谓语时态形态一致 （5）Not only…., but also “不仅…..而且….”。 Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it . 此句型也可写成Not only…but ….或Not only….but….as well的形式，但but (also)引导的句子必须用正常语序。 （6）Not until…. “直到…..才……”。 Not until he returned did we have supper. 使用特点： A.这句话可以改写成：We didn’t have supper until he returned. 再如： Not until 4:00 in the morning can he fall asleep. =He can’t fall asleep until 4:00 in the morning. B.如果not until 引导的是句子，until从句的主谓不可倒装，只是主句需要倒装。 4、If 虚拟条件从句中. if省略时,had/ were/should等要与主语倒装。从句有(were/should/had) （1）If I were you, I would work hard. Were I you, I would work hard. （2) If it should rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting. Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting. （3）If he had followed my advice, he would have succeeded. Had he followed my advice, he would have succeeded. If it were not for his teacher’s help, he would never graduate from this high school. Were it not for his teacher’s help, he would never graduate from this high school. 注意：我们可以说Were it not...或者Had it not been..., 但不可以说Weren’ t it... 或者hadn’t it been... 5.在 hardly/scarcely/…when； no sooner…than; not only … but also；so...that; such…that 的倒装句中，前倒后不倒. hardly/scarcely/ no sooner后句子的谓语用had done, when/than后句子的谓语用一般过去时 (1) Hardly / Scarcely had he fallen asleep when a loud knock at the door awaked him. (2) No sooner had I reached the station than train moved. (3) Not only is he interested in football but also he plays it well. So hard does he work that he has made great progress in English. 6.在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then,等作状语的频度副词位于句首时。 Often did I speak of him before. Many a time has he helped me with my experiment. (三）形式倒装 形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是，只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。这样的结构非常多，但有几个重要的句型需要特别注意： 1、感叹句 What an interesting talk they had! How interesting their talk is ! 使用特点： 对名词（或中心词是名词）感叹时，用what引导；对形容词或副词感叹时，用how引导。 2、the more…..the more….句型 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 使用特点： （1）此句型中的more代表的是形容词或副词的比较级，要灵活使用。 The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. （2）此句型中的第一个the more 引导的部分相当于一个条件状语从句；第二个the more引导的部分相当于一个主句。所以，上面例句的意思实质上就是： If you work harder, you will make greater progress. 3、whatever/however引导的让步状语从句 However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 使用特点： Whatever 后面常接名词；用however时常构成以下形式： However+形容词/副词+主语+….. Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise. 4、as, though引导让步状语从句时采用倒装形式的情况 名词\形容词\副词\分词+as\though+主语+其他 动词原形+as/though+主语+情态动词/助动词 （1）表语的倒装 Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work. Strange as/ though it seems, it is true Exhausted as/ though she was, she wasn’t able to sleep. Child as he is, he has to make a living 注意：从句的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词 （2）谓语动词的倒装 Try as he might, he didn’t pass the exam. Search as they would here and there, they could find nothing in the room. （3) 状语的倒装 Much as he likes the bike, he doesn’t want to buy it . Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them. （4）分词的倒装 Surrounded though he was by the enemy, he was not afraid. 注意：如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语，不再用冠词。如： Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best. 5、 祝愿语 May you succeed! May you be happy! May peace return to the troubled land! Long live the People’s Republic of China! 其他情况 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。 “Very well,” said the French student. “Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” added the customer.
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