大头的陈小晶
Vying for placement on the international space station is CIRRUS, or Cloud Infrared Radiometer for University Earth System Science, with Steven Ackerman as principal investigator. NASA has funded a study that will compete with five others for further development. From a perch high above Earth, scientists hope “to get some idea of how much ice truly exists in the atmosphere, how it is concentrated and the range of ice particle sizes.” Clouds made of ice “help regulate climate and influence patterns of local and regional weather,” but their effects need to be better known.Besides the scientific importance of the topic, student involvement is a major selling point, as Terry Devitt pointed out in a May 22 news release from UW–Madison’s Office of News and Public Affairs. CIRRUS will involve students from “beginning to end,” said Steve Ackerman, and will include students from several university departments, including art, law and business as well as Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. UniSci, a Web site delivering university science news, posted the story on May 24. It also appeared in Wisconsin Week Wire for May 24 (the online version of the campus newspaper). NASA will select a project for the space station in February. For more information, follow these links.UW-Madison CIRRUSUniSciIcebergsAs Iceberg B-15 nudged away part of the Ross Ice Shelf to form B-17 and B-18, the Antarctic Meteorological Research Center's iceberg imagery continued to pique public and media interest throughout May and into June.In late April, the University of Chicago released its own iceberg story emphasizing the work of Douglas MacAyeal, a U.Chicago geophysicst and iceberg specialist. Ascribe and University Science released the piece in early May, with a nod to the AMRC providing satellite data. UniSci receives about 67,000 hits a day.UniSci icebergSolcomhouse, a populist earth science Web site, updated its site with news of B-17, B-18 and the other “offspring” of B-15, the first and biggest berg. Because it has continually updated its site with every new iceberg, it provides a good chronology up through the calving of the Ronne Ice Shelf with icebergs A-43A and B and A-44. It also correctly credits the AMRC images. Solcomhouse IcebergsMore Iceberg NewsLarry O’Hanlon of Discovery.com interviewed Matthew Lazzara (AMRC) and Douglas MacAyeal (University of Chicago), who are monitoring the Ross Ice Shelf icebergs. Matthew pointed out that satellite data, only available since the 1960s, enables this “fabulous opportunity to really observe and learn.”Discovery IcebergsBarbie Bischof, research editor for Natural History magazine, approached Matthew to use an image in a future issue. She’d like, she said, to add “more geology/oceanography-type of things into our magazine in an effort to attract people who would like an occasional break from biology.” The American Museum of Natural History publishes the magazine.Iceberg B-15 was mentioned, with size analogies, in Wisconsin Week’s “Who Knew” column on May 3. Student reporter Eileen Gilligan started off with the Irish Times which said that berg B-15 would “cover the counties of Mayo and Donegal combined.” Other size analogies not in Eileen’s article: the size of Connecticut or Jamaica, twice the size of Delaware, half the size of Sicily, the size of Maryland stretched out, or nearly as large as the entire Chicago metropolitan area.We continue to learn of other press coverage:BBC News online covered the initial calving of B-15 and B-16 on March 23. They link to UW-Madison's Antarctic Projects page.The San Diego Union-Tribune, March 29, focused on Douglas MacAyeal's modeling efforts at the University of Chicago.BBC Iceberg Don Cheney at KBCO radio in Denver interviewed Matthew for his show on world-class adventures.Other radio: U.S. Radio News, Dallas; Talk Back Radio, London; KCBS, San FranciscoOther Internet: Environmental News Network (Lucy Chubb reporting)Wisconsin newspapers: Watertown Daily Times and Beaver Dam Daily Citizen (Mar. 23), Antigo Journal Express (Mar. 27)Other newspapers: Atlanta Constitution (Mar. 24); the Hyde Park Herald, Hyde Park, IL; “Earthweek,” in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Mar. 24)As of June 8, the National Ice Center had not announced that B-15 had broken into two pieces, clearly shown on the AMRC iceberg page.AMRC Icebergs NIC On the Net For More InformationClick on the satellite imageFirst sounder images The first official GOES-11 image was posted on SSEC’s home page on May 11, a week after the satellite was lifted into orbit by an Atlas rocket. Images from the satellite’s sounding instrument also are posted. The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite is the U.S.’s workhorse weather satellite, supporting forecasts of severe weather including hurricanes and flash floods. GOES-11 is the fourth in a series of advanced weather satellites and waits in orbit as a backup to the two active GOES, 8 and 10. VISITViewVISITView Home PageInternet2Information Technology UW-Madison’s Information Technology Newsletter for May features VISITView in an article on Internet2, a high-speed network for researchers and instructors. DoIT’s Joe Rossmeissl covered VISITView, the teletraining tool Tom Whittaker has developed for the National Weather Service’s Virtual Institute for Satellite Integration and Training. This distance-learning tool is “used to teach National Weather Service forecasters new techniques of data analysis and interpretation and to provide for remote collaborations using real-time data.” Scott Bachmeier provides science content and develops analyses.Steve Ackerman, CIMSS director and AOS professor, also uses Internet2 to deliver more traditional material to students in atmospheric science classes. “Ackerman’s students can display real-time satellite images of cloud cover … and use them to analyze weather trends and prepare forecasts.”Hurricanes Data analysis Space.com, an eclectic Web site devoted primarily to news and education of the space program (including remote sensing), got a jump on hurricane season with a multilevel piece on hurricane tracking and forecasting, stressing satellites. The item ran May 26 as the lead story. Reporter Jim Shultz included CIMSS’ Tropical Cyclones group. Chris Velden is quoted, aptly, in the piece on data analysis. Earth’s Climate System David McConnell, a professor of geology at the University of Akron (Ohio), uses SSEC’s global montage and other SSEC Internet images in an online course he teaches. He uses the montage to illustrate global circulation. From his course notes, David is creating “a web resource … that will be published by McGraw-Hill at low cost.” David will use a montage and link to the SSEC Web site. Dane Cty. APWeather SSEC is the only referenced link on the weather page of the Dane County Airport. The link goes straight to the Madison forecast. Cyclone Hudah An animated Cyclone Hudah and an enhanced image from CIMSS’ Tropical Cyclones group are used on weather-wise.com, an Australian Web site devoted to reporting on weather-related events. Iceberg The site also reported in April on Iceberg B-15, from an Australian perspective. They call it “a berg the size of Jamaica.” and link to the Antarctic Meteorological Research Center’s satellite imagery. In Print For More Information UW-Madison A UW–Madison ad promoting weather research ran in Midwest Express magazine for May/June, delighting SSEC director Hank Revercomb as he flew back from a meeting. The ad didn’t name anyone but it’s clearly written about research done in this building. With a soggy pair of rubber boots as the eyecatching device, the ad cites “many breakthroughs that have trickled down into the daily forecast, including … the world’s first camera to look at the Earth’s weather from space.” Other ads promote other university programs which benefit the state’s people. Hail Tom Achtor told Ron Seely all he knew about hailstones, including knowledge gained personally in the May 18 storm which hit Madison and the surrounding area. Ron, science writer for the Wisconsin State Journal, fashioned a fascinating tale of excitement and good scientific information which ran May 19. In the article, Tom explained how hailstones are formed—“sometimes, a strong updraft will suck the ice crystals back up into the cloud. The particle will accumulate more moisture that then freezes in the higher, colder air. The particle grows, layer by layer; that’s why when you cut open a hailstone you find growth rings.” The May 18 storm, though, produced a different kind of hail. Tom said that that hail “grew in a layer of cold air that was much closer to the ground,” so it didn’t melt as fast as hailstones usually do. And it provided a very real threat to people’s bodies and vehicles, including Tom’s. Tom jumped in his truck and drove it into the woods—he and truck are okay. AERIReal-time AERINSSL Appleton, WI’s Post-Crescent devoted much of its “Perspective” section to the science and technology of weather forecasting on Sunday, June 4. Perspective editor Rick Van Grouw interviewed several scientists, including Bob Rabin and Wayne Feltz. He caught SSEC employees Wayne, John Short and Brian Osborne near Appleton on a trip to cross-validate data from UW–Madison’s Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer with the new NASA satellite Terra, passing over central Wisconsin. As Wayne is quoted at the end of that article, “No one remote sensing instrument can measure every meteorological variable. We have to find and use the best combination of technology.”In “Whither Forecasting?” Bob Rabin admits that weather forecasting is “a mix of art and science.” Bob is a scientist with both the National Severe Storm Laboratory in Norman, OK and SSEC. He explains that forecasters face a formidable task: “The almost infinite range of atmospheric variables defies modern forecasting know-how.” And we still don’t know quite all the physics, including what makes a “mesocyclone” turn into a tornado. In the article, Bob and others explain how we can continue to improve weather forecasts, with the use of better technology, better numerical models, and better training but may never be able to forecast perfectly, given the complex and chaotic nature of the atmosphere.Ron Seely explained planetary alignment to readers of his weekly Wisconsin State Journal column on May 4. Don’t get taken in by the doomsayers, was his message. The event, alignment of five planets and the moon, took place May 5 and happens about every thirty years. Cramming the heavenly bodies into less than 25 degrees of the sky has scientifically no significance, according to NASA astronomers and SSEC scientist Sanjay Limaye. Despite doomsayers’ predictions—tidal waves, earthquakes, floods—nothing much happened, as Ron, Sanjay and the astronomers all foretold.CIMSS GOES products CIMSS scientists, both NOAA and UW–Madison employees, provided more than half the images on a poster illustrating products derived from GOES satellite data. The poster, published by NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, was premiered at the AMS conference in January and includes many examples of GOES derived products. Some are Gary Wade’s and Fred Wu’s sea surface temperature image, Tony Schreiner’s cloud-top pressure image, middle and upper level wind measurements from the GOES sounder, Bob Rabin’s precipitable water image (blended from GOES, SSM/I and model data), other products derived from GOES imagery and Dave Stettner’s image of winds from water vapor measurements in and around Hurricane Luis. CIMSS was credited for the image of Hurricane Luis. CIMSS also provided code for sounder temperature and moisture products. Other temperature and moisture products are based on CIMSS algorithms. SuomiNet The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research has announced SuomiNet, a GPS network named for satellite pioneer Verner Suomi, SSEC’s founding director. Writing in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, April 2000, UCAR and other scientists said that SuomiNet exploits the recently-shown ability of ground-based GPS receivers to make thousands of accurate upper and lower atmospheric measurements per day. SuomiNet will be funded by NSF and “will provide raw GPS and surface meteorological data, tropospheric and ionospheric delays, 2D water vapor [and other data] to universities in real time. …”Improved “satellite data, numerical models, and forecasting expertise have led to a steady decrease in track forecast errors for Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes.” Meteorologists Colin McAdie and Miles Lawrence reported in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society for May that since 1970, errors in forecasting hurricane tracks have decreased each year by more than one percent each for 24, 48 and 72 hour forecasts. The authors attribute the advance to greatly improved numerical models, specifically to reduced “initial position” error—the ability to pinpoint where the storm is at a given moment in time. They say this is due primarily to an increased “ability to access, view, and manipulate satellite data.” Writing for the American Meteorological Society, Stephanie Kenitzer said, “The paper, entitled ‘Improvements in Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasting in the Atlantic Basin, 1970-1998,’ is available online at the AMS Web site. (Click on (1) Journals and Publications, (2) AMS Journals, (3) AMS Journals Online, (2) Current Issue, (3) “Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,” Volume 81, Number 5, 2000).” The Tropical Cyclones group in SSEC’s CIMSS has provided satellite data and analyses to forecasters since the early 1990s. SSEC first provided satellite data through its McIDAS to the National Hurricane Center in 1985.Broadcast For More InformationScientific Visualization Vis5D, the scientific visualization system developed by SSEC’s Bill Hibbard and others, was shown on NOVA/Frontline, for April 18. NCAR’s “3-D” version was shown.Many animations of satellite imagery were shown on ABC News with Peter Jennings, May 10, in an otherwise negative program on hurricane forecasting. ABC noted the 100 mile uncertainty of landfall rather than the thousands of lives saved and notable improvements made over the past decade or so, but they also showed Chris Sisko, recently of CIMSS, at a McIDAS workstation at the National Hurricane Center.Weather Guys appeared in April and May on Larry Meiller’s WHA call-in show. On May 29, Jim Packard was guest host. Professors Jon Martin and Steve Ackerman talked about hailstones and severe weather and fielded questions on lightning and D-Day weather forecasting.Steve Ackerman appeared on WISC-TV Madison’s Channel 3 in a news item on how the weather affects allergies. The story ran on May 2. Steve explained how pollen was carried in the air, and why allergy sufferers feel so much better after a rain, which washes pollen out of the air.The Australian Broadcasting Corporation will use the AMRC’s Antarctic composite infrared images in a program called “South of No North.”Honors and Outreach For More InformationTropical Cyclones CIMSS’ Christopher Velden, Timothy Olander, and Steven Wanzong and Raymond Zehr (NOAA’s Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere) received the Banner Miller Award on May 31st at the American Meteorological Society’s 24th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology banquet. The award is given about every two years, or whenever the tropical meteorological community meets formally and is based on research published internationally over the previous four years. The scientists were given the award for two significant papers on hurricane forecasting techniques, published in Monthly Weather Review and Weather and Forecasting. Both techniques have been used by the U.S. Navy and the National Weather Service and National Hurricane Center offices to strengthen hurricane forecasts. PDRC Jean Phillips, SSEC’s librarian for The Schwerdtfeger Library, has been elected to a three-year term on the Professional Development and Recognition Committee. This university committee “promotes the concept of professional development and recognition for academic staff; works with the administration to explore and develop programs to enhance the professional skills and abilities of academic staff; makes recommendations regarding the review of and changes to academic staff professional development guidelines; [and] works with the administration, the UW Foundation and the faculty to locate or create funding resources for professional development.” Jean’s term begins in July. Fred Wu, the last SSEC staff member on the PDRC, is in a term that expires this summer.In the Wings Watch for promotion of the Campus Open House, set for August 18–20, in newspapers, magazines and elsewhere. SSEC may be mentioned for our “interactive space science & engineering activities.” Many SSEC areas will participate with other organizations housed in the Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Science building. About 8000 visitors are expected over the weekend. Our building will be open for tours and interactive activities on Saturday from noon to 4.
幸福顺延
美国特种野战部队（直译：The United States special field force）。但在美国现役军队编制中，并没有野战部队的编制，所以不存在缩写。以下是美军各特种部队及英文缩写：陆军第75游骑兵团(75th Ranger)第160特种陆航团(160th SOAR),陆军特种作战部队"绿色贝雷帽"(Special Force，SF)第1特种作战分队"三角洲"(Delta Force)海军海空陆特遣队"海豹"(SEALS)空军作战航控员(U.S.A.F.Combat Controllers Team，CCT)伞兵援救员(U.S.A.F.Paraescue Jumper，PJ)特种气象员(SOWT)海军陆战队武力侦察队(ForceRecon)舰队反恐怖安全组（FAST- Fleet Anti-Terrorism Security Teams）
李出于蓝
1，太平洋，Pacific Ocean
太平洋位于亚洲、大洋洲、南极洲和南北美洲之间。南北最长约15900千米，东西最宽约19000千米，总面积为18134.4万平方公里，平均深度3957米，最大深度11034米。
2，大西洋，Atlantic Ocean
大西洋占地球表面积的近20%，原面积9165.5万平方千米，在南冰洋成立后，面积调整为7676.2万平方千米，平均深度3627米，最深处波多黎各海沟深达9219米。
3，印度洋，Indian Ocean
印度洋位于亚洲、大洋洲、非洲和南极洲之间。根据NOAA数据，印度洋的面积为7056万平方千米，约占世界海洋总面积的19.5%。
4，北冰洋，Arctic Ocean
北冰洋，又称北极海，是世界最小最浅又最冷的大洋。大致以北极圈为中心，位于地球最北端，被亚欧大陆和北美大陆环抱着，有狭窄的白令海峡与太平洋相通；通过格陵兰海和许多海峡与大西洋相连。
5，南冰洋，the Antarctic Ocean
南冰洋是围绕南极洲的海洋，是南纬50°以南的印度洋、大西洋和南纬55°-62°间的太平洋的海域。
6，亚洲，Asia
亚洲是七大洲中面积最大，人口最多的一个洲。其覆盖地球总面积的8.7%（或占总陆地面积的29.4%）。
7，欧洲，Europe
欧洲位于东半球的西北部，北临北冰洋，西濒大西洋，南滨大西洋的属海地中海和黑海。
8，北美洲，North America
北美洲，位于西半球北部。是世界经济第二发达的大洲，其中美国经济位居世界首位，在全球经济和政治上有重要影响力。北美洲大部分面积属于发达国家，有着极高的人类发展指数和经济发展水平。
9，南美洲，South America
南美洲位于西半球、南半球。东临大西洋，西临太平洋，北临加勒比海。北部和北美洲以巴拿马运河为界，南部和南极洲隔德雷克海峡相望。
10，非洲，Affrike
非洲位于东半球西部，欧洲以南，亚洲之西，东濒印度洋，西临大西洋，纵跨赤道南北，面积大约为3020万平方公里（土地面积），占全球总陆地面积的20.4%，是世界第二大洲，同时也是人口第二大洲（约12亿）。
11，大洋洲，Oceania
大洋洲陆地总面积约897万平方千米，约占世界陆地总面积的6%，是世界上最小的一个大洲。除南极洲外，是世界上人口最少的一个大洲，位于太平洋中部和中南部的赤道南北广大海域中。
12，南极洲，Antarctica
南极洲位于地球南端，四周被太平洋、印度洋和大西洋所包围，边缘有别林斯高晋海、罗斯海、阿蒙森海和威德尔海等。
参考资料来源：百度百科-南极洲
参考资料来源：百度百科-大洋洲
参考资料来源：百度百科-非洲
参考资料来源：百度百科-南美洲
参考资料来源：百度百科-北美洲
参考资料来源：百度百科-欧洲
参考资料来源：百度百科-亚洲
参考资料来源：百度百科-南冰洋
参考资料来源：百度百科-北冰洋
参考资料来源：百度百科-印度洋
参考资料来源：百度百科-大西洋
参考资料来源：百度百科-太平洋
优质英语培训问答知识库
