西由位门1
Eal(鳗鱼)There are two main types of eel – the Shortfin and the Longfin. There are fewer eels today because of the loss of wetlands and commercial fishing. Eels migrate up streams as elvers to find suitable adult habitat. After many years (15-30 years for shortfins, 25 years for longfins, and sometimes up to 80 years) they migrate to the Pacific Ocean to breed and die. Eels are secretive, mainly nocturnal and prefer habitats with plenty of cover. For at least 65 million years, long-finned eels (Anquilla dieffenbachii) have been swimming up and down New Zealand’s waterways.The long-finned eel is one of the largest freshwater eels in the world and it is found only in the rivers and lakes of Aotearoa, New Zealand. Longfin eels are threatened fish.About the Long-Finned EelHabitatLong-finned eels can be found throughout New Zealand. They live mainly in rivers and inland lakes but can be found in almost all types of waters, usually well inland from the coast.They are legendary climbers and have made their way well inland in most river systems, even those with natural barriers. Elvers (young eels) swimming up river will climb waterfalls and even dams by leaving the water and wriggling over damp areas. It is not unheard of for an eel to climb a waterfall of up to 20 metres.SizeWhen eels begin life, they are a tiny one millimetre in length. During their life, they can grow up to two metres long.Compared with many other fish, eels are slow growing - a long-fin may grow only between 15-25mm a year. They can also live for many years. Large long-fins have been estimated to be at least 60 years old.The biggest eels are usually old females that have been slow to reach sexual maturity and, for reasons that are not yet understood, have not migrated to sea to breed.The biggest long-finned eels reported have weighed as much as 40 kg. Pictures of fishers and huge eels used to appear regularly in local newspapers. But today, you’ll seldom find an eel heavier than 10 kg. Commercial fishing has meant that a big proportion of our very large eels have now disappeared.AppearanceIn shape, eels are elongate, slender-bodied fishes, almost tubular. When they are small, they have relatively smooth heads but as they grow the head becomes bulbous, with a prominent muscular dome behind the eyes.They change shape again when they get ready to migrate to their breeding grounds. The head becomes much more slender and tapered, almost bullet-like and the eyes enlarge to up to twice their normal size.Like all fish, eels have scales and fins. The long-finned eel is so named because its top (dorsal) fin is longer than its bottom fin.While they have the appearance of being scaleless, tiny scales are embedded deeply within their thick, leathery skin. The eel’s skin is very sensitive to touch. This helps it to "see" in its watery environment.In colour, long fins are usually dark brown to grey black. Very occasionally, long-finned eels found in the wild are partially or even wholly bright yellow in colour.FoodEels eat "live" food. Small long-finned eels living amongst the river gravels will feed on insect larvae, worms and water snails. When they get bigger, they begin to feed on fish. They will also eat fresh-water crayfish and even small birds like ducklings.During the day, eels are secretive, hiding under logs and boulders or under riverbanks. Occasionally, they may be seen out hunting for food but most of their hunting takes place at night.Eels hunt by smell rather than sight. Long-finned eels have a well-developed sense of smell. They have tube nostrils that protrude from the front of their head, above their upper lip.They also have a very large mouth with rows of small, sharp, white teeth. The top teeth form an arrow shape on the roof of the eel’s mouth.BreedingLong-finned eels breed only once, at the end of their life. When they are ready to breed, they leave New Zealand and swim five thousand kilometres up into the tropical Pacific to spawn, probably in deep ocean trenches somewhere near Tonga.When they reach their destination, the females lay millions of eggs that are fertilised by the male. The larvae are called leptocephalus and look nothing like an eel –they are transparent, flat, and leaf-shaped. The larvae reach New Zealand by drifting on ocean currents.Before entering fresh water, the leptocephalus change into a more familiar eel shape, although they remain transparent for up to a week after leaving the sea. These tiny "glass" eels enter fresh water between July and November each year, often in very large numbers.Eels take many years to grow and it could be decades before an individual is ready to undertake the long migration back to the tropics to breed. The average age at which a long-finned eel migrates is 23 years for a male and 34 for a female. The adults never return as they die after spawning.ThreatsWhile long-finned eels are still relatively common, fishing has had a significant impact on the species. Europeans showed little interest in eels as a fishery until the 1960s when commercial catches rose steadily.In 1975, eels were the most valuable fish export after rock lobsters. Five years later, they were the fifth most valuable finfish export. This big increase in fishing effort led to significant stock reductions in some areas, with a marked decline in the average size of the eels caught.Habitat loss also affects eels. Changes caused by hydro development, drainage and irrigation schemes and river diversions affect eels by reducing their habitat and the water available for aquatic life. Culverts and dams can also impact on eels by preventing their migration.Eel habitat is also impacted by pollution. Sewage and effluent from meat works and pulp and paper plants discharged into rivers can remove large quantities of oxygen from the water. The result of this oxygen depletion is that the fish will either die or move away.Eels on the MoveHydro dams stop eels moving freely up and done some rivers. To get around this problem eel passes have been built across some dams to help the eels complete their journey. Young eels may also be moved across the dams by hand.
黑糖丸子
各种名词的复数形式A 名词的复数形式通常是在单数名词后加s：day，days天，白天dog，dogs狗house，houses房屋在词尾p，k或f音之后加的s读为／s／。除此之外s读／z／。词尾是ce，ge，se或ze的词之后加s时，该词的读音要加上一个音节（／Iz／）。其他复数形式B 以字母o，ch，sh，ss或x结尾的单词，在词尾加es构成其复数：tomato，tomatoes西红柿brush， brushes刷子church，churches教堂kiss，kisses吻box，boxes箱，盒但以字母o结尾的外来词或缩写词的复数形式是只加s：dynamo，dynamos发电机kilo，kilos公斤kimono，kimonos和服photo，photos照片piano，pianos钢琴soprano，sopranos女高音歌手词尾是ch，sh，ss或x的词后面加es时，该词的读音要加上一个音节（／Iz／）。C 以y结尾但y前为辅音的名词在构成复数时，先把y去掉再加ies：baby，babies婴儿country，countries国家fly，flies苍蝇lady，ladies女士以y结尾但y前为元音的名词在构成复数时，直接加s：boy，boys男孩day，days天donkey，donkeys驴子guy，guys家伙D 有12个以f或fe结尾的名词在构成复数时，去掉f或fe加ves。这些词是：calf小牛half半knife刀leaf叶子life生命loaf（面包的）条／只self自身sheaf捆shelf架子thief贼wife妻子wolf狼例如：loaf，loaveswife，wiveswolf，wolves名词hoof（蹄），scarf（围巾）和wharf（码头）构成复数形式时，其词尾可以加s或ves：hoofs或hoovesscarfs或scarveswharfs或wharves其他以f或fe结尾的名词在构成复数形式时，直接加s：cliff，cliffs悬崖峭壁handkerchief，handkerchiefs手帕safe，safes保险箱E 有些名词用改变无音的方法来构成其复数形式：foot，feet，英尺，脚goose，geese鹅louse，lice虱子man，men男人mouse， mice老鼠tooth，teeth牙齿woman，women女人但是，child的复数是children，ox的复数是oxen。F 某些动物名称没有复数形式：名词fish通常没有复数形式，虽然有fishes这一形式，但不常用。鱼类的某些种类通常没有复数形式：carp鲤鱼cod鳕鱼mackerel 鲐鱼pike狗鱼plaice鲽鱼salmon鲑鱼squid 鱿鱼trout鳟鱼turbot大菱鲆但是，这些名词如果表达复数的意思，其动词要用复数形式。其他鱼虾要表达复数意思则要在词尾加s：crabs蟹eels鳗鱼hetrings鲱鱼lobsters龙虾sardines沙丁鱼sharks鲨鱼deer（鹿）和sheep（羊）没有复数形式：one sheep一只羊two sheep两只羊喜欢打猎的人说duck（野鸭），partridge（鹧鸪），pheasant（野鸡）等时，对其不分单复数都用同一形式。但是其他人通常在常见的有复数形式的鸟类名称上加s：ducks partridges pheasants打猎的人用game这个词表示所猎获的猎物时，它总是取单数形式，而且后边跟单数动词。G 还有一些没有变化的词：aircraft航空器，飞机craft船只counsel法庭上的辩护律师quid一英镑（俚语）有些度量单位和数词没有复数形式。（参见第三十六章。）关于不可数名词，参见第13节。H 集合名词如crew，family，team等用单数或复数动词都可以；如果认为这个词表示的是一个群体或单位，可用单数动词：Our team is the best．我们这个队是最好的。如果认为它表示的是这个队的所有成员，就用复数动词：Our team are wearing their new jerseys．我们这个队的队员们都穿着新运动衫。这些名词后面需要带所有格形容词时，复数动词+their要比单数动词+ its常用一些，虽然有时两者都可以用：The jury is considering its verdict．陪审团正在考虑裁决。The jury are considering their verdict．陪审团成员们正在考虑裁决。I 有些词总是复数形式，并和复数动词连用：clothes衣服police警察由两部分组成的服装用复数：breeches马裤pants（男用）短衬裤pyjamas睡衣裤trousers裤子由两部分组成的工具和仪器用复数：binoculars双筒望远镜glasses眼镜pliers钳子scales天平scissors剪刀shears大剪刀spectacles眼镜／护目镜还有其他一些词用复数：arms武器damages损害／赔偿earnings收入goods／wares商品／货品greens蔬菜grounds（建筑物周围的）庭院，场地outskirts郊外pains费心，辛苦particulars细情prenises／qusrters房屋／住所riches财富savings储蓄spirits烈酒stairs台阶，楼梯surroundings环境valuables贵重物品J 有一些以ics结尾的词从形式上看是复数，通常也要跟复数动词。这些词有：acoustics音响效果athletics体育运动ethics道德／伦理学hysterics歇斯底里发作mathematics数学physics物理学politics政治例句如：His mathematics are weak．他的数学学得不好。但学科的名称有时是单数：Mathematics is an exact science．数学是一门精密的科学。K 形式上是复数但意义上却是单数的名词包括news：The news is good．消息很好。还包括某些疾病的名称：mumps流行性腮腺炎rickets软骨病，佝偻病shingles带状疱行疹这一类中也包括某些游戏的名称：billiards台球（俗称“打弹子”）bowls滚木球（保龄球）darts掷飞镖dominoes多米诺骨牌游戏draughts（〔美〕checkers）国际象棋L 一些源自希腊或拉丁的外来词在构成复数时，依照各自原有的规则变化：crisis／′kraIsIs／，crises／kraIsI：z／危机erratum，errata印刷或书写的错误，勘误表memorandum，memoranda备忘录oasis／′eIsIs／，oases／+u′eIsI：z／绿洲phenomenon，phenomena现象radius，radii半径terminus，termini铁路或公共汽车的终点但是有些外来词依照英语的规则而变化：dogma，dogmas教条formula，forrmulas公式（科学家仍用formulae）gymnasium，gymnasiums体育馆有些词的两个复数形式意思不同：appendix，appendixes／appendices（医学术语）阑尾appendices（书的）附录index，indexes（书的）索引indices（数学术语）指数音乐家对意大利文音乐术语通常用意大利文中的复数形式：libretto，libretti歌剧脚本tempo，tempi拍子但在词尾直接加s也是可以的：librettos temposM 复合名词的复数形式1 通常是把最后一个词变成复数形式：boy-friends男朋友break－ins入室盗窃travel agents旅行社经纪人如man和woman位于复合名词的第一部分，两部分都要变成复数：men drivers男司机women drivers女司机2 由动词+er构成的名词+副词组成的复合名词构成复数形式时，只需把第一个词变为复数：hangers-on食客，奉承者lookers－on旁观者runner’s－up（在竞选、赛跑等中）占第二位的人，亚军另外，由名词+介词+名词构成的复合名词变为复数时，也同样只需将第一个词变为复数：ladies-in－waiting侍从女官sisters-in-law嫂子，弟媳wards of court法庭指定受监护者3 首字母缩写词也可有复数形式：MPs（Members of Parliament）英国下院议员VIPs（very important persons）要人OAPs（old age pensioners）养老金领取者UFOs（unidentified flying objects）不明飞行物，飞碟
