英文书法历史

Introduction to Chinese Calligraphy Chinese calligraphy (Brush calligraphy) is an art unique to Asian cultures. Shu (calligraphy), Hua (painting), Qin (a string musical instrument), and Qi (a strategic boardgame) are the four basic skills and disciplines of the Chinese literati. Regarded as the most abstract and sublime form of art in Chinese culture, "Shu Fa" (calligraphy) is often thought to be most revealing of one's personality. During the imperial era, calligraphy was used as an important criterion for selection of executives to the Imperial court. Unlike other visual art techniques, all calligraphy strokes are permanent and incorrigible, demanding careful planning and confident execution. Such are the skills required for an administrator / executive. While one has to conform to the defined structure of words, the expression can be extremely creative. To exercise humanistic imagination and touch under the faceless laws and regulations is also a virtue well appreciated. By controlling the concentration of ink, the thickness and adsorptivity of the paper, and the flexibility of the brush, the artist is free to produce an infinite variety of styles and forms. In contrast to western calligraphy, diffusing ink blots and dry brush strokes are viewed as a natural impromptu expression rather than a fault. While western calligraphy often pursue font-like uniformity, homogeneity of characters in one size is only a craft. To the artist, calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and the body to choose the best styling in expressing the content of the passage. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise indeed for one's physical and spiritual well being. Historically, many calligraphy artists were well-known for their longevity. Brush calligraphy is not only loved and practiced by Chinese. Koreans and Japanese equally adore calligraphy as an important treasure of their heritage. Many Japanese schools still have the tradition of having a student contest of writing big characters during beginning of a new school year. A biannual gathering commemorating the Lanting Xu by Wang Xi Zhi (The most famous Chinese calligrapher in Jin dynasty, ) is said to be held ceremonially in Japan. There is a national award of Wang Xi Zhi prize for the best calligraphy artist. Not too long ago, Korean government officials were required to excel in calligraphy. The office of Okinawa governor still displays a large screen of Chinese calligraphy as a dominating decor. In the West, Picasso and Matisse are two artists who openly declared the influence by Chinese calligraphy on their works.多谢你采纳了我的二个答案。但中国书法这篇不行吗？这是专门介绍中国的书法（毛笔书法）的。再奉上另一篇：Chinese Calligraphy The Chinese Brush Calligraphy is one of the traditional four arts which was once an important critical standard for the Chinese literati in the imperial era and now prevails not only in China but also worldwide as a unique branch of art. Calligraphy is so abstract and sublime that in Chinese culture it is universally regarded to be the most revealing power of a person. While one has conformed to the defined structure of words, the expression can be displayed with great creativity by individuals. To become an artist or expert in calligraphy, one has to practice word by word and stroke by stroke until the spirit of the practice gets into one's mind. Just as Chinese Qi Gong, the Chinese brush calligraphy can temper a person into a state in which one can apply subconsciousness got from the daily practice to control the concentration of ink and the compatibility of font and size of each piece or word. In contrast to the Western calligraphy, diffusing ink blots and dry brush strokes are viewed as a natural and free impromptu expression. All the varieties of the operation depend on the mental exercise that coordinates the mind and the body to perform the proper sense to choose the proper way in expressing the content of the passage. Calligraphy is considered as an active way of keeping one fit and health for the practice is either relaxing or self-entertaining. Historically, many calligraphy artists both in China and Japan were well known for their longevity.

简介国内普遍观点认为，花体英文是一种英文字体类别，这种类别为国内书法，国外并没有这种字体分类。Jason Stoneheart考据称，花体是“ornamental penmanship”的不当翻译，英文本意为装饰性强的写法，应并不特指一种字体。但在历史使用中“ornamental penmanship”常被用来指称“斯宾塞”体与其变体。“铜板体”和“斯宾塞体”是两种相似的字体，都运用了装饰性的写法。“ornamental penmanship”一词传入中国时，因其概念并不明确，翻译为花体而其所指范围比“ornamental penmanship”范围更大。在中国，花体常被用来指称“铜板体”和“斯宾塞体”。因“圆体”（English Round）在国外亦有时指称“铜板体”，故花体与“圆体”亦有概念竞合之处。[1]花体英文特色有二：1.粗细变化 2.游丝 3.排版书写工具笔花体需要柔软的有弹性的笔尖去表现粗细的变化、用较细的笔尖尖端去表现游丝的生动，因而对于花体英文书写来说重要的是笔尖而非笔杆；新手建议使用诸如Gillot 404、hunt101、56、22b、hiro40等较硬的笔尖，因而容易控制，随着对笔尖的掌控能力的增强会慢慢倾向于更软更弹的笔尖如Gillot 303 和 170、hunt99、prin EF、roseJason Stoneheart先生认为笔尖的弹性（flexiablity）常和书写手感的软硬相混淆，如Hunt101是一种弹性出众的笔尖，但是书写手感偏硬，想要笔尖分叉需要用更多的力量。不同的人习惯书写的力量不同，所以一些人用较硬的笔尖更容易上手，而另一些人则更容易掌握较软的笔尖。Stoneheart先生本人称自己手指力量不大，所以更喜欢很软的hunt99。因为花体包括“铜板体”（Copperplate）和“斯宾塞体”（Spencerian），应该说“铜板体”粗细对比明显需要弹性大的笔尖，而“斯宾塞体”的粗细对比不是那么明显，所以选用弹性小的笔尖为好。而现在市面上常被卖家推荐的Gillot404，其弹性大小非常尴尬，对这两种字体的初学者都不合适，Jason Stoneheart先生认为它对大多数人来说都是一款鸡肋产品纸（1）好的纸不咽墨：你也许常常会因为写的一整篇满意的作品过一会儿墨水散开后就变得惨不忍睹，最好的纸当然是道林纸，但是一般的质量较好打印纸也可正常使用；（2）光滑程度：专业的copperplate实用书法点尖，这种笔尖不像钢笔尖一样的有小圆珠，因而必定挂纸，只有程度大小之分；笔尖与纸的角度不正确、笔尖较细（如EF尖），都会挂纸，因而，当你为了表现极细的游丝时，不得不用EF尖（如hunt22b和prin EF），这时候就要求纸张尽量的光滑；练习纸花体字母是有一定的斜度的，整齐的排版也是很重要的因素，字母的长宽比例更是有严格的要求，属于基础。由于不是方块文字而是字母文字，在文字整体造型的丰富性、多变性、灵活性和书家的自由性方面远小于我们的传统中文书法，所以要达到视觉的美学效果及作品的多样性，guideline起着关键的作用。它决定了书家创作的字母的大小（x-height）、每个字母自身的比例（ascender space和descender space)、整体的倾斜程度（slant line）以及粗细笔画的对比程度（nib width ladder，用于平尖字体中）。以Copperplate字体为例，通常ascender space：x-height：descender space=3：2：3，但是不同的大师或书家在创作和习练时会根据自己的需要尝试调整这个比例，以达到不同的最终视觉效果，而且据我所知，西方书法即使是IAMPETH会员或者最高级别的Master Penman，在创作成品时都无法离开自己手绘的guideline和guide sheet。对于透写可见度较低的创作卡纸，他们会使用绘画用的透光台（light table）将根据需要制作好的guide sheet放在透光台上，再将创作卡纸盖于其上进行透光书写，用此方法来创作出精美绝伦的作品。由此可见，在西方书法中，不论是习练还是创作，guideline和guide sheet都只是遵循3:2:3的大致比例。关于日常使用其实平常的书信，没有必要写Copperplate，工整清晰就好。推荐手写印刷或者意大利斜体，而且练习起来会比Copperplate容易的多，平常以及考试用到的也多。所以如果不是特别爱好，不建议初学者学习Copperplate.

国内普遍观点认为，花体英文是一种英文字体类别，这种类别为国内书法，国外并没有这种字体分类。Jason Stoneheart考据称，花体是“ornamental penmanship”的不当翻译，英文本意为装饰性强的写法，应并不特指一种字体。但在历史使用中“ornamental penmanship”常被用来指称“斯宾塞”体与其变体。“铜板体”和“斯宾塞体”是两种相似的字体，都运用了装饰性的写法。“ornamental penmanship”一词传入中国时，因其概念并不明确，翻译为花体而其所指范围比“ornamental penmanship”范围更大。在中国，花体常被用来指称“铜板体”和“斯宾塞体”。因“圆体”（English Round）在国外亦有时指称“铜板体”，故花体与“圆体”亦有概念竞合之处。[1]花体英文特色有二：1.粗细变化 2.游丝 3.排版