糖水黄桃888
自己回去可以整理下啊!Dining EtiquetteAs a guest at a meal, one should be particular about one’s appearance and determine whether to bring small gifts or good wine, according the degree of relationship with the master of the banquet. It is important to attend and be punctual. On arrival one should first introduce oneself, or let the master of the banquet do the introduction if unknown to others, and then take a seat in accordance with the master of the banquet’s arrangement. The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese dining etiquette. Our food tours provide tourists some great dining experience.When eating a meal in China, people are expected to (according to Chinese customs) behave in a civilized manner, pay attention to table manners and practice good dining habits. In order to avoid offense diners should pay attention to the following points: 1. If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated. If he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat. When making toasts, the first toast is made from the seat of honor and continuing down the order of prominence. See Chinese Guests and Hosts Customs 2. Let older people eat first, or if you hear an elder say "let's eat", you can start to eat. You should not steal a march on the elders. 3. You should hold your bowl with your thumb on the mouth of the bowl, first finger, middle finger the third finger supporting the bottom of the bowl and palm empty. If you don’t pick up your bowl, bend over the table and eat facing your bowl, it will be regarded as bad table manners. Moreover, it will have the consequence of compressing the stomach and restricting digestion. 4. When helping yourself to the dishes, you should take food first from the plates in front of you rather than those in the middle of the table or in front of others. It's bad manners to use your chopsticks to burrow through the food and "dig for treasure" and keep your eyes glued to the plates. It is not good manners to pick up too much food at a time. You should behave elegantly. When taking food, don’t nudge or push against your neighbor. Don’t let the food splash or let soup or sauce drip onto the table. When finding your favorite dish, you should not gobble it up as quickly as possible or put the plate in front of yourself and proceed to eat like a horse. You should consider others at the table. If there is not much left on a plate and you want to finish it, you should consult others. If they say they don’t want any more, then you can eat proceed. 5. When eating, you should close your mouth to chew food well before you swallow it, which is not only a requirement of etiquette, but also better for digestion. You should by no means open your mouth wide, fill it with large pieces of food and eat up greedily. Don’t put too much food into your mouth at a time to avoid leaving a gluttonous impression. Neither should you stretch your neck, open your mouth wide and extend your tongue to catch food you are lifting to your mouth. If there is food around your mouth, use a tissue or a napkin to wipe it, instead of licking it with your tongue. When chewing food, don’t make noises. It is best not to talk with others with your mouth full. Be temperate in laughing lest you spew your food or the food goes down your windpipe and causes choking. If you need to talk, you should speak little and quietly. 6. When spitting out bones or other inedible parts of the meal, use chopsticks or a hand to take them and put them on the table in front of you instead of spitting them directly onto the table or the ground. If you want to cough or sneeze, use your hand or a handkerchief to cover your mouth and turn away. If you find something unpleasant in your mouth when chewing or phlegm in the throat, you should leave the dinner table to spit it out. 7. You should try to refill your bowl with rice yourself and take the initiative to fill the bowls of elders with rice and food from the dishes. If elders fill your bowl or add food to your bowl, you should express your thanks. 8. Concentrate on the meal. Watching television, reading or carrying on some other activity while having a meal is considered a bad habit.There are also certain rules and conventions relating to chopsticks: 1. Do not stick chopsticks vertically into your food when not using them, especially not into rice, as this will make Chinese people think of funerals. Only at funerals are chopsticks (or sticks of incense) stuck into the rice that is put onto the altar. 2. Do not wave your chopsticks around in the air too much or play with them. 3. Do not stab or skewer food with your chopsticks. Pick food up by exerting sufficient inward pressure on the chopsticks to grasp the food securely and move it smoothly to your mouth or bowl. It is consider bad form to drop food, so ensure it is gripped securely before carrying it. Holding one’s bowl close to the dish when serving oneself or close to the mouth when eating helps. 4. To separate a piece of food into two pieces, exert controlled pressure on the chopsticks while moving them apart from each other. This needs much practice. 5. Some consider it unhygienic to use the chopsticks that have been near (or in) one’s mouth to pick food from the central dishes. Serving spoons or chopsticks can be provided, and in this case you will need remember to alternate between using the serving chopsticks to move food to your bowl and your personal chopsticks for transferring the food to your mouth.Some restaurants in China have forks available and all will have spoons. If you are not used to chopsticks, you can ask the restaurant staff to provide you with a fork or spoon.
优雅的猫214
几千年文化、历史沉淀,一个国家、不同地域、不同民族的饮食都大不同,更何况是东西方文明存在很大的差异,作为其中重要部分的饮食文化上的差别可想而知的。饮食选材选料上:随着现代营养学的发展与建立,营养成为西餐在选择食材上考虑的重要因素。再者西方在历史上受宗教的影响比较大,尤其是进入中世纪后,人们在精神文化上受到宗教事务约束更为明显,在饮食上的选料产生了种种禁忌。现代营养学的深入影响和长期受宗教影响形成的饮食禁忌,使得西餐在选材上相对中餐来说有了相对的局限性。常用的原料的羊、牛、猪、各种禽类、动物的内脏被视为不洁之物,较少选用,对中餐认为珍品的燕窝、鱼翅、海参、龟鳖等则因为营养意义不大,均不选用。相对而言,中国历史上未出现政教合一的政权,多数人未受到宗教信仰的禁忌约束,加之中国人口众多,在民以食为天的时代背景下,人民首先需要解决的温饱问题,让国民在选材上更加宽泛,加之富裕人士的猎奇心理,因此越是稀有的可食用之物愈贵,因此只要可入口的食材无论是海陆空的动植物,都被端上食桌。厨具:西餐厨刀种类繁多,使用用途各有讲究,原材料大多切为体积较大的排、卷、块等形状。做菜时通常使用平底锅、暗火灶。并带有烤箱,扒板、面火炉等,烹调主要为煎、烤、焖、烩、铁扒等。西餐菜肴有明确的餐单菜谱,食用程序比较讲究与复杂。一份主菜有主料、配菜、沙司等部分组成,需要分别制作,最后摆盘成一份完整的菜肴。而中餐厨具种类较简单,但较讲究刀工,将原料切丝、丁、片、末等备用。做菜一般采用圆底锅,明火灶,适宜炒菜,炸、溜爆炒、烹、煎、炖、焖扒、蒸、拔丝、蜜汁、蜜腊、琉璃烹调种类多。口味:西餐菜肴口味清淡,突出原料的本味,往往追求菜肴鲜嫩的效果。比如牛排、羊排等菜肴都可根据客人的要求确定成熟度,除了部分爱吃全熟等,多数西方人都喜欢食用五成熟食物,有些更是生食,保持其营养与原汁原味如生蚝,三文鱼片,西餐讲究沙司,不同菜肴配有不同沙司,用来增加菜肴的口味。而且一般西餐中没有明确的主、副食之分,谷物制品以面包为主,兼之面食,米饭经常作为配菜放在盘内的一边,用量较少。相对而言,中餐更注重味道,味道丰富变化多,偏重,偏咸,偏甜,偏酸皆有之,且一般菜肴原料加工后都较小,容易入味,大多数食物都是全熟后方食用。中餐中主、副食概念明确,米饭、面食等谷类制品为主,烹调的菜肴为副食,一般为主副食搭配食用。
晴空,朗照
中国餐桌礼仪人们总是以为,家居讲的只是装饰、家具等家居的元素而已。其实,我们的家就是我们的生活,家居包括了生活的方方面面,家居的改变缘于生活态度与观念的转变,体现国人素质。同样,餐桌上的礼仪也能体现出个人的素质与品位。而且中国人一定要对中国人繁杂的餐桌礼仪了解一二,才能不愧对我们数千年的历史与文明,才不至于贻笑大方。 餐桌礼仪在中国人的完整生活秩序中占有一个非常重要的地位,他们认为,用餐不单是满足基本生理需要的方法———也是头等重要的社交经验。为此,掌握某些中式餐饮规则的知识便显得特别重要了,无论你是主人,抑或只是一位客人,都必须掌握一些规则。 ●圆形餐桌颇受欢迎。因为可以坐更多人,而且大家可以面对面坐,一家之主的身份并不像西方长形餐桌上很清楚地通过他的座位而辨认。客人应该等候主人邀请才可坐下。主人必须注意不可叫客人坐在靠近上菜的座位。此为一大忌。 必须等到所有人到齐才可以开始任何形式的进餐活动———即使有人迟到也要等。一旦大家就位,主人家便可以做开场白了。进餐期间,主人必须承担一个主动积极的角色———敦促客人尽情吃喝是完全合理的。 ●一张典型中式餐桌看上去相当空,在西方人眼中尤甚。每张座位前可见放在盘上的一只碗;右面是一组筷子与汤匙,分别放在各自的座上。在正式场合上,会出现餐巾,主要放在膝上。中国古今餐桌礼仪餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知,至少在周代,饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度,特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪,自有一套程序:主人折柬相邀,临时迎客于门外。宾客到时,互致问候,引入客厅小坐,敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席,以左为上,视为首席,相对首座为二座,首座之下为三座,二座之下为四座。客人坐定,由主人敬酒让菜,客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究:应先敬长者和主宾,最后才是主人。宴饮结束,引导客人入客厅小坐,上茶,直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整,如山东、香港及台湾,许多影视作品中多有体现。清代受西餐传入的影响,一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流,使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则,第一主宾就坐于主人右侧,第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧,变通处理,斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行,先主宾,后主人,先女宾,后男宾。酒斟八分,不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统,先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上;上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主,上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜,不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序,更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此,餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全,使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。中国餐桌礼仪入门篇餐桌礼仪在中国人的完整生活秩序中占有一个非常重要的地位,他们认为,用餐不单是满足基本生理需要的方法———也是头等重要的社交经验。为此,掌握某些中式餐饮规则的知识便显得特别重要了,无论你是主人,抑或只是一位客人,都必须掌握一些规则。●圆形餐桌颇受欢迎。因为可以坐更多人,而且大家可以面对面坐,一家之主的身份并不像西方长形餐桌上很清楚地通过他的座位而辨认。客人应该等候主人邀请才可坐下。主人必须注意不可叫客人坐在*近上菜的座位。此为一大忌。必须等到所有人到齐才可以开始任何形式的进餐活动———即使有人迟到也要等。一旦大家就位,主人家便可以做开场白了。进餐期间,主人必须承担一个主动积极的角色———敦促客人尽情吃喝是完全合理的。●一张典型中式餐桌看上去相当空,在西方人眼中尤甚。每张座位前可见放在盘上的一只碗;右面是一组筷子与汤匙,分别放在各自的座上。在正式场合上,会出现餐巾,主要放在膝上。在正式宴席上,菜式的吃法很像放映的幻灯片,每一次一道菜。令人惊讶的是,米饭不是与菜式同上,不过可以选择同吃。由于菜式各有特色,应该个别品尝,而且一次只从碗中吃一种,不是混合品尝。不可用盘子吃,只能用碗。骨头和壳类放在个别盘中。不干净的盘子必须经常用清洁盘子替换。●除了汤之外,席上一切食物都用筷子。可能会提供刀*,但身为中国人,最好用筷子。筷子是进餐的工具,因此千万不可玩弄筷子———把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法,更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然,绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中,这是大忌———这正好像葬礼上的香烛,被认为是不吉利的。再有,不可用筷子在一碟菜里不停翻动,应该先用眼睛看准你想取的食物。当你用筷了去取一块食物时,尽量避免碰到其他食物。可能的话,用旁边的公筷和汤匙。吃完饭或取完食物后,将筷子放回筷子座。●一席中式餐饮如果没有茶便称不上正式了。为此,尽可能贮存不同品种的茶是明智的做法,确保最精明的品味也照顾到。有关茶的问题,应该注意几件关键的事。座位最近茶壶的人应该负责为其他人和自己斟茶———斟茶的次序按照年岁,由最长者至最年青者,最后为自己斟。当人家为你斟茶时,礼节上应该用手指轻敲桌子,这样做是对斟茶者表示感谢和敬意。用餐对于家居生活是头等大事,体现个人素质和品味眼睛看准食物才能动筷子斟茶的顺序很讲究,先长后幼,先女后男设宴原因有喜有悲中国人向来「以食为先」,饮食除了是满足人的基本需求,亦是秉承传统习俗,聚首饭桌前大快朵颐。设宴的原因可以是庆贺,也可以是哀痛。每逢农历新年、结婚、中国节日如中秋节等,中国人便会一家老少聚首饭桌前共贺佳节;但另方面,若有人离世,丧家会在葬礼完成后设“解慰酒”,宴请出席葬礼的亲戚朋友,向他们表示谢意,可见中国人十分重视聚首饭桌前分享喜乐与悲哀。灶君中国人不单止十分尊重吃的艺术及礼仪,甚至会敬拜由“火神”衍生而来的“灶君”,他们认为“灶君”能保佑厨房避开火灾及各种不幸事件之发生,每年农历十二月二十四日,各家都准备一顿美味佳肴祀奉“灶君”,包括一只完整的鸡、烧猪、多样蔬菜、饭等,以多谢“灶君”对他们过去一年的保佑。他们通常会把餐桌放置在“灶居”的面前,把佳肴放在桌上左方,供奉数个小时后才拿走食物。吃的礼仪与迷信有何关系?客人与传统的中国家庭同桌用饭,须尊重他们的文化、礼仪及习俗,用饭时注意不要触犯多样的禁忌,因为中国人认为饮食与个人命运几乎是息息相关的,用饭时犯了禁忌,便会惹来衰运。例如吃鱼,当吃完了一面鱼身,不要用筷子把整条鱼翻转至另一面,他们认为若翻鱼时弄破鱼身,便意味著渔船会翻沉,这是由於香港在开埠初期是一个渔港,渔民很关注船只的安全航行;此外,中国人从不会端上七碟菜肴用饭,因为葬礼后的“解慰酒“须有七碟菜肴;不可用筷子垂直插入碗饭的中央,因这样有点像在拜祭祖先;用饭后不可说“我吃完饭了”,这意谓自己已死去,不会再有机会吃饭,而应该说“我吃饱了”;吃饭时避免筷子触碰饭碗而发出声音,这不单止是不礼貌,亦意味著「无饭吃」;要培养吃光碗中饭的习惯,一粒饭也不可剩余在饭碗,否则将来的太太或丈夫是「痘皮脸」的,亦不尊重辛劳耕种的农夫。这些迷信的饮食习俗流传至今,或多或少仍然成为中国人的饮食礼仪。用餐俗例在饭食方式方面,中国人与西方人有点不同,西方人喜欢各自品尝放在自己面前的食物,中国人则有一定的用饭规例,他们喜欢叫数碟佳肴,放在饭桌的中央位置,各人有一碗饭共同配�这数碟菜肴,饭吃完可再添;夹起的菜肴通常要先放在自己的饭碗中,直接把菜肴放入口是不礼貌的;依照惯例,客人出席正式或传统的晚餐,是不会吃光桌上的菜肴,以免令主人家误以为菜肴预备不足,因而感到尴尬。餐桌摆设日常饭食的摆设是在各座席摆上一个饭碗、一双筷子、一只汤匙、一碟调味酱,用饭后通常会给客人一条热毛巾,代替纸巾抹手及抹嘴巴。所有菜肴同时端上餐桌中央,各人用自己的筷子直接从各碟共享的菜肴夹取食物;汤水一大锅的端上,各人同饮一锅汤。客人用饭时绝对可以来一招「飞象过河」,夹取放在远处的菜肴。由於中国人喜欢全体共享菜肴,他们的餐桌大多数是圆形或方形,而不是西方人多用的长形餐桌。怎样叫一顿中式饭先叫一个冷盘以刺激食欲,接著叫一锅清汤,热汤有助增加体温,喝过热汤后便开始品尝主菜,通常按照自己的口味叫主菜,但必要叫一碟十足辣味的菜肴,才算得上为一顿合宜的中式饭,以辣味菜肴配�清淡的白饭,使菜肴辣而温和,白饭淡而香浓;一顿饭的压轴食品是甜点,通常是甜汤,如红豆沙、芝麻糊等,亦有其他种类,如布丁、班戟、雪糕等,同样香甜可口。吃的方式要待热汤变凉一点而入口时又不失汤味,应用汤匙一小口抿出声的饮;至於吃饭,要提起饭碗贴著唇边,用筷子把饭粒推入口里,这是一个最容易的吃饭方法,亦表示喜欢吃那顿饭;若吃饭时不提起饭碗,即表示不满意饭桌上的菜肴。宴会中国人很少在日常用饭时喝酒,但酒在他们的盛宴上则担当重要的角色。在宴会开始时,主人家必先向客人祝酒,这时客人的饮酒兴致便油然而生,啤酒或汽水都可用来祝酒,要先为别人添酒或汽水,后为自己添加,才合乎礼仪,且要添至近乎满泻为止,以表示尊重对方及彼此友谊,而主人家要尽情灌醉客人,才算合乎礼仪。若你不想饮酒,应在宴会开始时便表明,以免出现尴尬的场面。
MING0720HK
When eating a meal in China, people are expected to (according to Chinese customs) behave in a civilized manner, pay attention to table manners and practice good dining habits. In order to avoid offense diners should pay attention to the following points: 1. If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated. If he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat. When making toasts, the first toast is made from the seat of honor and continuing down the order of prominence. See Chinese Guests and Hosts Customs 2. Let older people eat first, or if you hear an elder say "let's eat", you can start to eat. You should not steal a march on the elders. 3. You should hold your bowl with your thumb on the mouth of the bowl, first finger, middle finger the third finger supporting the bottom of the bowl and palm empty. If you don’t pick up your bowl, bend over the table and eat facing your bowl, it will be regarded as bad table manners. Moreover, it will have the consequence of compressing the stomach and restricting digestion. 4. When helping yourself to the dishes, you should take food first from the plates in front of you rather than those in the middle of the table or in front of others. It's bad manners to use your chopsticks to burrow through the food and "dig for treasure" and keep your eyes glued to the plates. It is not good manners to pick up too much food at a time. You should behave elegantly. When taking food, don’t nudge or push against your neighbor. Don’t let the food splash or let soup or sauce drip onto the table. When finding your favorite dish, you should not gobble it up as quickly as possible or put the plate in front of yourself and proceed to eat like a horse. You should consider others at the table. If there is not much left on a plate and you want to finish it, you should consult others. If they say they don’t want any more, then you can eat proceed. 5. When eating, you should close your mouth to chew food well before you swallow it, which is not only a requirement of etiquette, but also better for digestion. You should by no means open your mouth wide, fill it with large pieces of food and eat up greedily. Don’t put too much food into your mouth at a time to avoid leaving a gluttonous impression. Neither should you stretch your neck, open your mouth wide and extend your tongue to catch food you are lifting to your mouth. If there is food around your mouth, use a tissue or a napkin to wipe it, instead of licking it with your tongue. When chewing food, don’t make noises. It is best not to talk with others with your mouth full. Be temperate in laughing lest you spew your food or the food goes down your windpipe and causes choking. If you need to talk, you should speak little and quietly. 6. When spitting out bones or other inedible parts of the meal, use chopsticks or a hand to take them and put them on the table in front of you instead of spitting them directly onto the table or the ground. If you want to cough or sneeze, use your hand or a handkerchief to cover your mouth and turn away. If you find something unpleasant in your mouth when chewing or phlegm in the throat, you should leave the dinner table to spit it out. 7. You should try to refill your bowl with rice yourself and take the initiative to fill the bowls of elders with rice and food from the dishes. If elders fill your bowl or add food to your bowl, you should express your thanks. 8. Concentrate on the meal. Watching television, reading or carrying on some other activity while having a meal is considered a bad habit.
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