Rita泱泱
造纸术 Papermaking 指南针 compass 火药 Gunpowder also called black powder印刷术 Movable type the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation). The first known movable type system was invented in China by Bi Sheng out of ceramic between 1041 and 1048 AD. Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty (around 1230). This led to the printing of the Jikji in 1377 - today the world's oldest extant movable metal print book.
zhang太太
Gunpowder 火药Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.Main article: History of gunpowderThe prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武经总要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which produced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deduced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.
80年代之后
1、造纸术papermaking technology
发明时期于汉朝西汉时期,改进时期于汉朝东汉时期。
2、指南针compass
代叫司南,主要组成部分是一根装在轴上的磁针,磁针在天然地磁场的作用下可以自由转动并保持在磁子午线的切线方向上,磁针的南极指向地理南极(磁场北极),利用这一性能可以辨别方向。
2、火药gunpowder
火药是中国四大发明之一。是在适当的外界能量作用下,自身能进行迅速而有规律的燃烧,同时生成大量高温燃气的物质。在军事上主要用作枪弹、炮弹的发射药和火箭、导弹的推进剂及其他驱动装置的能源,是弹药的重要组成部分。
4、印刷术printing
印刷术是中国古代劳动人民的四大发明之一。雕版印刷术发明于唐朝,并在唐朝中后期普遍使用。宋仁宗时毕升发明了活字印刷术标志着活字印刷术的诞生。
四大发明的历史意义:
四大发明是中国古代先民为世界留下的一串光耀的足迹,是人类文明进步作出巨大贡献的象征
① 造纸术的发明:为人类提供了经济﹑便利的书写材料,掀起一场人类文字载体革命;
② 雕版印刷术的发明:大大促进了文化的传播;
③ 指南针的发明:为欧洲航海家的航海活动,提供了条件;
④ 火药武器的发明:火药武器的使用,改变了作战方式,帮助欧洲资产阶级摧毁了封建堡垒,加速了欧洲的历史进程。
sophialili
分别是“造纸术”英文名为“Papermaking”、“火药”英文名为“Gunpowder”、“印刷术”英文名为“Priniting Technique”、“指南针”英文名为“Compass”
1、造纸术:发明时期于汉朝西汉时期,改进时期于汉朝东汉时期。它是人类文明史上的一项杰出的发明创造。中国古代造纸术的起源同丝絮有着渊源关系。东汉元兴元年蔡伦改进了造纸术。 他用树皮、麻头及敝布、渔网等原料,经过挫、捣、炒、烘等工艺制造的纸,是现代纸的渊源。
2、指南针:古代叫司南,主要组成部分是一根装在轴上的磁针,磁针在天然地磁场的作用下可以自由转动并保持在磁子午线的切线方向上,磁针的南极指向地理南极(磁场北极),利用这一性能可以辨别方向。常用于航海、大地测量、旅行及军事等方面。
物理上指示方向的指南针的发明有三类部件,分别是司南、罗盘和磁针,都是古代中国的发明。在中国古代,指南针应用于祭祀、礼仪、军事和占卜与看风水时确定方位。
3、火药:顾名思义,可由火花、火焰等引起剧烈燃烧的药剂。据记载在春秋时代的中国就已经用于民间民生应用,范子计然说“硝石出陇道”。火药的发明是人们长期炼丹,制药实践结果,至今已有一千多年历史。
4、印刷术:雕版印刷术发明于唐朝,并在唐朝中后期普遍使用。 宋仁宗时毕升发明了活字印刷术。虽然出现活字印刷术,但并未普遍使用,而仍然是普遍使用雕版印刷术。
印刷术是人类近代文明的先导,为知识的广泛传播、交流创造了条件。印刷术先后传到朝鲜、日本、中亚,西亚和欧洲地区。
四大发明历史意义:
四大发明是中国古代先民为世界留下的一串光耀的足迹,是人类文明进步作出巨大贡献的象征
1、造纸术的发明:为人类提供了经济﹑便利的书写材料,掀起一场人类文字载体革命
2、 雕版印刷术的发明:大大促进了文化的传播
3、指南针的发明:为欧洲航海家的航海活动,提供了条件
4、火药武器的发明:火药武器的使用,改变了作战方式,帮助欧洲资产阶级摧毁了封建堡垒,加速了欧洲的历史进程。