海狸鼠小姐
something 有些/某人/某事，一般用于肯定句中 例：There is something wrong with you.(固定词组) anything 1）有些，相对于something，用于疑问句中；2）任何事 1.(用于疑问句或if从句时)什么东西,什么事情 Do you have anything to say? 2.(用于否定句时)任何东西,任何事情 Don't be dependent on anyone for anything. 3.(用于肯定句时)无论什么东西,无论什么事情 My dog will eat almost anything. everything 每一件事 Everything is ready.（万事俱备） She does everything to help her mother. 她尽全力帮助她母亲。 nothing 1）没事，什么事都没有 There is nothing on the table. 桌上什么都没有。 2）名词 n. 1.微不足道的事(或人) His latest play is nothing. 他的新戏一文不值。 enough adj.足够的,修饰可数名词或不可数名词,可以放在名词前面,也可以放在名词后面;adv.足够地,修饰形容词、副词、动词,并放在其后。 enough adj. 足够的, 充足的, 只够做...的 n. 充足, 足够, 很多 adv. 足够地, 充分地 int. 够了! enough e.nough adj.（形容词） Sufficient to meet a need or satisfy a desire; adequate: 充足的：足以满足需要或愿望的；充足的： enough work to keep us all busy.See Synonyms at sufficient 足够多的让我们大家全都忙碌的工作参见 sufficient pron.（代词） An adequate number or quantity: 数目足够，数量充足： “The Gods above should give,/They have enough and we do poorly live”(Henry David Thoreau) “天上的神祉应该赐予/因他们富足而我们却贫苦度日”(亨利·戴维·索罗) adv.（副词） To a satisfactory amount or degree; sufficiently: 足够地，充分地：数量或程度上令人满意地；足够地： Is the fish cooked enough? 鱼做的火候够吗? Very; fully; quite: 很；十分；充分地： We were glad enough to leave. 我们很高兴离开 Tolerably; rather: 尚可；相当： She sang well enough, but the show was a failure. 她演唱得算好的了，但演出却是个失败 interj.（感叹词） Used to express impatience or exasperation: 用以表达不耐烦或恼怒： You've been practicing the violin all afternoon. Enough! 你整个下午都在练小提琴。够了！ 修饰不定代词的形容词和副词要后置.也就是不定代词放前.你就记住不定代词与一般代词相反就行了.补充:名词和不定代词不连用,修饰不定代词用形容词,形容词放后面.other及其变化形式在初中教材中多次出现，而且它的变化形式很多，有以下几种：the other, others, the others, another 等。它们的用法现归纳如下；1.other可作形容词或代词，做形容词时，意思是“别的，其他”，泛指“其他的（人或 物）”。如： Do you have any other question(s)?你还有其他问题吗？ Ask some other people.问问别人吧！ Put it in your other hand.把它放在你另一只手里。 2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时，只能用the other，不能用another，此时的other作代 词。如： He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker. 他有两个女儿，一个是护士，另一个是工人。 the other后可加单数名词，也可加复数名词，此时的other作形容词。如： On the other side of the street，there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边，有一棵大树。 Mary is much taller than the other girls. 玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。 He lives on the other side of the river. 他住在河的对岸。3.others是other的复数形式，泛指“另外几个”，“其余的”。在句中可作主语、宾语。 如： Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. 我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞，其余的从事体育活动。 Give me some others, please. 请给我别的东西吧！ There are no others. 没有别的了。4.the others意思是“其他东西，其余的人”。特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”。是 the other的 复数形式。如： Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. 两个男孩将去动物园，其余的留在家里。 the others=the other +复数名词，这在第2条中已经有所介绍。5.another=an+ other，既可作形容词，也可作代词，只能用于三个或更多的人或物，泛指同 类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如： I don’t like this one. Please show me another. 我不喜欢这一个，请给我看看另一个。 I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker. 我有三个女儿。一个是护士，另一个是教师，还有一个是工人初中各年级课件教案习题汇总语文数学英语物理化学-- 4 - - 4 - §19. alive/ living/ the living/ live/ dead Ⅰ. alive adj“活着的”“在世的”，它既可修饰人也可修饰物。可作表语，定语。作定语时，应放在被修饰的名词之后。如： ① They were alive and as happy as ever. 他们都还活着，并跟以前一样快活。 ② All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive. 所有的同志都还活着亡了，他是唯一的 幸存者。 Ⅱ.living adj,“活着的”主要用着定语，常置于名词前，有时也可置于名词后。也可作表语。如： ① Every living person has a name. 每个活着的人都有一个名字。 ② No man living could do better. 当代人没有一个能做得比这更好。 Ⅲ. the living “活着的人”如： The living are more important to us than the dead.对我们来说活着的人比死了的人更重要。 Ⅳ. live adj. “活着的”读着[laiv],反义词为 dead, 可作定语，放在所修饰的名词之前，一般不用来修饰人。 还可以作动词，读着[liv], 意为“生活”、“生存”如： ① The cat was playing with a live mouse. 这只猫在玩弄一只活老鼠。 ② Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China. 熊猫通常生活在中国的南部和东南部。 Ⅴ. lively adj. [„laivli](livelier, liveliest) “生动的”；“活泼的”；“充满生气的”用作表语或定语，可用来修饰人或物。如： The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games. 运动场上进行着各种球类比赛，呈现出一派生气勃勃的景象。 §20. all/ every Ⅰ. all 和 every 意思十分相近，二者都可用来泛指人或物。但all可与算数的名词连用，而every 只能与单数的名词连用。如： ① All Mondays are horrible. 星期一总是可怕的。 ② Every Monday is horrible. 每个星期一都是可怕的。 Ⅱ. all 和 every 也可用来指某一类东西中的个体。但all 后跟the 或其它“限定词”，而every后却不能。它往往强调无一例外的意思。 --She is eaten all the biscuits[„biskit]. –What, every one? –Every single one! 她把饼干都吃光了。怎么，把每一块都吃光了吗？每一块全都吃了！ Ⅲ. all 还可和单数名词连用，表示every past of 而every却不能有此义。如： She was here all day. 她在这呆了一整天。 §21. all/ whole Ⅰ. 二者意义（“全部、都、整个”）相同，然而词序不同。 Ⅱ. all用于冠词，所有格或其它“限定词”之前。 whole 则用于冠词之后。如： ① all the time. ────→the whole time.全部时间 ② all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生 ③ all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion.整个混乱状况。 Ⅲ. 如果没有冠词，或其它限定词，whole不能与单数名词连用。可以说： ① The whole city was burning.但不能说： ② Whole London was burning. Ⅳ.whole 和 all 与复数名词连用时意思不同。Whole 的意思为“全部”，而all的意思则近乎“每一个”如： ① All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America. 所有印第安人部首都因白人移民美洲而遭 殃。 ② Whole Indian tribes were killed off. 有些印第安人部落整个被杀光了。 Ⅴ. whole 一般不用来修饰不可数名词（包括物质名词） ① 可以说：all the money 或all the wine ② 不可以说：the whole money 或the whole wine. ③ The whole of = whole 与单数名词连用。它用于冠词、所有格之前。 the whole of the time. the whole of my life the whole of this confusion §22 allow/ permit/ let/ promise Ⅰ. allow“允许、许可”，一般指听任，或默许某人去做什么，含有消极地不反对的意味。如： ① We allowed him to depart.我们允许他离去。 - 5 - ② Who allowed you to leave the camp?谁允许你离开营地的？ ③ I can‟t allow you to do that.我不能允许你做那件事。 allow 也可表客气的请求。如 ① Will you allow me to use your pen?我可以用你的钢笔吗？ Ⅱ. permit “允许、许可”但是正式地许可，含有比较积极地同意某人去做什么的意味。如： ① I will permit him to do so. 我准备同意他这样做。 ② The sentinel permitted the strangers to pass when they had given the countersign.当这群陌生人说出口令后，哨兵就允许 他们通过了。 [注]：allow 与 permit 的涵义虽有差别，但在语言实践中，它们常常被通用着。如： ① Smoking is not allowed here.此处禁止吸烟。 ② Smoking is not permitted in this theatre. 本戏院里禁止吸烟 Ⅲ. let.“允许、让”它可以指积极地允许，但更多的是着重指不予反对和阻止其后所跟的宾语要接不带to 的不定式用以表示客气的请求时，可与allow通用。且更具有口语色彩。如： ① Her father will not let her go.她父亲不会让她去。 ② Don‟t let this happen again. 不要让这种事发生了。 ③ Please let me know what happens.请告诉我发生些什么事。 Ⅳ. promise “答应” “允诺”。与以上三个词的意义不同，用于主体答应自己要作什么的场合。如： ① He promised to begin at once.他答应立刻开始。 ② I promised (him) to attend to the matter promptly. 我答应（他）立即处理这件事。 ③ They promised an immediate reply.他们答应立即答复。 §23 almost/ nearly Ⅰ. almost“差不多、几乎”有very, nearly 的意思。如： ① He has almost finished his work. 他差不多完成了他的工作。 ② Almost no one took any rest. 几乎没有一个人休息一下。 Ⅱ. nearly “差不多、几乎、将近”指一差距一般比almost 大。如： ① It‟s nearly five o‟clock.差不多五点钟了。 ② Nearly everyone knows it. 几乎每个人都知道这个。 ③ He‟s nearly ready. 他快准备好了。 [注]：almost有时可与nearly通用，但当其与no, none, nothing, never连用时，不用nearly。如以上almost的例①可以互换，但例②则不能。 §24 alone/ lonely Ⅰ. alone adj. “单独的”只能作表语。如： ① I‟m alone but I don‟t fell lonely. 我单身一人但我从不觉得孤独。 ② 此外alone 还可作副词。相当于by oneself,“单独地”“独自” ③ I‟ll go there alone.我将独自去那儿。 Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤独的”“寂寞的”有时还可表示“荒凉的”“无人烟的”意思,与deserted意思相同。含有较浓的情感色彩。既可作定语也可作表语。如： ① We‟re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely. ② a lonely / deserted island §25 aloud/ loud/ loudly Ⅰ. aloud adv. “出声地”有使能听得到的意味。如： ① Please read the story aloud. 请朗读这个故事。 ② They were shouting aloud.他们在高声地呼喊。 Ⅱ. loud. adv “高声地、大声地、响亮地”常指在说笑等方面。如： ① Don‟t talk so loud. 不要如此高声地谈话。 ② Speak louder. 说得大声点。 Ⅲ. loudly adv. “高声地”有时与loud 通用，但含有喧闹的意味。如： ① Someone knocked loudly at the door. 有人大声敲门。 ② Don‟t talk so loudly（loud）. 不要如此高声地谈话。 §26 already/ yet /still Ⅰ. already. adv. “已经”多用于肯定句中，通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。也可用于疑问句，但不表真心的疑问，而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。如： -- 6 - - 6 - ① I‟ve seen the film already. ② The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。 ③ Have you already had breakfast? 难道你已经吃过早餐了？ Ⅱ. yet adv “已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句，且常常置于句末。如： ① He hasn‟t found his bike yet他还没有找到他的自行车。 Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、还”可用于各种句中，且一般只用于句中。如： ① Do you still teach in that school? 你还在那所学校教书？ [注]：still在句中的位置不同，其意义也不同。如： ① He is still（还）standing there. ② He is standing there still（adj.不动的、静止的）他站在那儿一动也不动。 §27 also/ as well/ too/ either “也” Ⅰ. also较正式，位置通常靠近动词，用于句中；且用于肯定句中。如： ① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。 ② I was also there.我也在那儿。 Ⅱ. too 多用于口语，通常置于句末，前边须用逗号隔开，也可用于句中，且前后均须用逗号隔开，；用于肯定句中。如： ① He is a worker, too. ② The two cows, too, are white.那两头奶牛也全都是白的。 Ⅲ. as well 是副词短语，多用于口语，只用于句末。如： ① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.她不但教过我们英语，还教过我们数学。 ② He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教师，也是一位作家。 Ⅳ. either 用于否定句中，常置于句末。在肯定句变否定句时，其中的also, too, as well都要改为either. ① Yesterday I didn‟t watch TV and I didn‟t see the film, either .昨天我没有看电视，也没有看电影。- 45 - ① You should turn in the money. 你应该把那钱上缴。 ② You should turn in / hand in your finished homework.你们应该把完成的作业交上来。 §209 hands up/ put up one's hand Ⅰ. hands up 是一句祈使语气的口语，相当于Put up your arms over your head! “举起手来！”如： ① “Hands up, or I‟ll shoot.” The policeman demanded the robber. “举起手来，不然我开枪了。”警察命令抢劫犯。 Ⅱ. put up one’s hand 意思与hands up 相同。但语气要弱得多。如： ① Who knows the answer? Hands up / Put up your hands, please. 谁知道这个答案？请举手。 ② Put up your hands if you have any question.如有问题请举手。 §210 happen/ take place/ occur 都有“发生”之意 Ⅰ. happen 是普通用语，应用广泛，指事情的发生有直接原因或带有偶然性。即：“（某人）发生了什么事——happen to sb”，或 “（某物）发生了什么情况——happen to sth”。其主语通常由 accident 或 类似it, what this , that , thing, something 等代词担任。还可表示“碰巧发生某事，——happen to do sth.”如： ① What has happened? 发生什么事了？––– ② What happened to you? 你发生什么事了？ ③ It happened through your negligence. 这事的发生是由于你的疏忽。 ④ He happened to be working. 他恰好正在工作。 ⑤ I think it‟s because I happened to like English. 我想这是因为我碰巧喜欢英语。 Ⅱ. take place 常指经过安排的事，无偶然之意。其主语常是表：“运动、活动、会议等”的名词。如： ① The Olympic Games take place every four years. 奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。 ② The May 4th Movement took place in 1919. 五四运动发生于一九一九年。 ③ Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation. 解放来，我国发生了巨大的变化。 Ⅲ. occur[ә｀kә:] 常与happen 通用。但，是较为正式的用语。指在一定的时间内发生一定的事情。 ① When did the accident occur? 那事故是什么时候发生的？ ② Don‟t let the mistake occur again? 不要让这样的错误再次发生。 §211 hare/ rabbit Ⅰ. hare “野兔”比rabbit大，不打洞栖身。如： ① That is a hare. 那是只野兔。 Ⅱ. rabbit 指“野兔”时，比hare小，不打洞栖身。它也可指家兔。如 ① I saw a rabbit hole. 我看到一个野兔洞。 ② He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare. 他带了一对家兔和一只野兔回来。 §212 harm/ hurt Ⅰ. harm 与hurt 均有“伤害”之意，但二者有区别： harm 用面较广，往往暗示“不良的后果”， 所指伤害往往是抽象、笼统的。 hurt 往往暗示“肉体上疼痛或精神上的不快”其宾语常常是身体上一部分的名词，所指的伤害是具体的。可见的。 ① The nose of machines harmed their hearing. 机器的噪声伤害了他们的听力。 ② He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌倒时伤了背。 §213 have been to / have been in / have gone to Ⅰ. have been to „ 表示：“曾经到过某处”但目前人未在那儿。如： ① Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了？（现在已回来）I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。（现不在北京） ② I have never been there before, have I? 我以前从未去过那儿，是吗？ Ⅱ. have been in 表示：“去了某地，并曾在那儿（一段时间），或现在仍在那儿。 ① She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks. Ⅲ. have gone to „ 表示：“去了”指人已经走了，（至少目前不在说话的地点，在去的途中或已经到目的地）。如： ① Kate isn‟t at home, She has gome to school. 凯特不在家，她上学去了。（在路上或已经在学校了）。 ② She isn‟t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在这儿，她去南京了。 §214 have sth done/ have sb done/have sb do sth/ have sb(sth) doing/ have sb(sth) +prep Ⅰ. have sth done “让某事被做”如： -- 46 - - 46 - I‟ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要去理发。（让别人理）。 Ⅱ. have sh done。“让某人被„„”如： He had me whipped. 他叫人用鞭子打我。（让别人打） Ⅲ. have sb do sth. “让某人做某事”如： I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV. 我要让王叔叔修理我的电视机。 Ⅳ. have sb./ sth. doing “让某人/ 某物处于某种状态。如： ① Don‟t have the students studying all day. 别整天让学生们学习。 ② They had the machine working all day and all night. 他们让这机器整日整夜地工作。 Ⅴ. have sb./ sth. +介词短语或副词，如： ① The teacher had her students in the classroom.老师让学生留在教室里。 ② Have her here! 让她到这儿来。 §215 have to / must Ⅰ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要，含有不得不的意味。如： ① Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗？ ② It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚，我们只得呆在家里。 Ⅱ. must “必须 ”往往着重于主观上认为有义务，有必要。如： ① We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。 ② We must go. 我必须去。 §216 have/ own Ⅰ. have “有”表人与物/人，物与物之间存在的“所有；所属”的关系。有时人不一定是物/人的主人。如： ① I have an English book here. 我这儿有一本英语书。 ② Do you have any money with you? 你带有钱吗？ Ⅱ. own 用于较正式场合，强调“（合法地）拥有”某物的所有权，主语一定是该物的主人。如： ① I own a bike. 我有一辆自行车。 ② Who owns the car? 这辆小汽车是谁的？ §217 head/ brains Ⅰ. head 指外表看得见的，有形的“头”。如： Don‟t hit the boy on the head. 别打那孩子的头。 Ⅱ. brains 指抽象的，无形的“脑力、智力”。 [注]use one’s head 和 use one’s brains含义基本相同。brains 常作单数看。 §218 hear/ hear of/ hear from Ⅰ. hear “听见”指听力，强调听的结果。如： ① I often hear Lucy sing in the next room. Ⅱ. hear of “听说”强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of，意义无多大的区别。如： ① We are all glad to hear of your success. 听到你成功的消息，我们都很高兴。 ② Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗？ Ⅲ. hear from “接到„„的来信（电话等）”如： ① Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。 ② We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后，我们一直没有收到他的来信。 §219 hear/ listen Ⅰ. hear “听到”强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如： ① Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗？ ② I heard her voice but I didn‟t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音，但并不用心去听她说的是什 么。 Ⅱ. listen “听”强调倾听的动作，当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词，接宾语时常与介词to连用。如： ① Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听！你听见她在说些什么？ ② We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天，但什么也没听到。 §220 heaven/ sky - 47 - Ⅰ. heaven “天、天国、天堂”与earth和 hell（地狱）相对。在文学语言中，它也可以指天空，常用算数形式。如： ① The commune members are fighting heaven and earth. 社员们在战天斗地。 ② He looked at the starry heavens = He is looking at starry sky. 他瞧着布满星星的天空。 Ⅱ. sky “天、天空”，一般用作单数。但在文学语言中，有时也用算数形式（skies）.如： ① There were no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。 ② Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve .Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies. 为有牺牲多斗志，敢教日月换新天。 （毛泽东） §221 high/ tall Ⅰ. high “高（的）”，普通用语。与low 相对。指块状物体的高度。主要指本身比一般同类东西较高，或指所处位置较高。如： ① That‟s a very high mountain. 那是一座很高的山。 ② He looked at the high ceiling. 他望着高高的天花板。 Ⅱ. tall “高的”，常与short相对，也指同类中较高的，尤其是表示高度远远超过宽度或直径。即指细长物体的高度。因此可以指人，也可指物。当指物时，往往可与high 通用。但不可指山，或大型建筑物。如： ① She is rather tall. 她相当高。 ② We can see the tall (high) tower. 我们可以看到那个高塔。 §222 hill/ mountain Ⅰ. hill “小山”通常比mountain 小。如： ① I went down the hill. 我从山上走下来。 ② The house stands on the top of a hill. 房子在山顶上。 Ⅱ. mountain “高山”，比hill大。如： ① We made our way up the mountain. 我们登山。 ② He was brought up in the mountain. 他在山里长大的。 §223 help with / help„with. Ⅰ. help with “帮助”后面直接跟名词。如： ① Jones will help with the concert. 琼斯将帮助搞音乐会。 ② The children are helping with the housework. 孩子们正在帮助做家务。 Ⅱ. help „with. “帮助某人做某事”即help st with sth. 如： ① May I help you with your luggage? 我帮你拿行李好吗？ ② My father used to help me with my lessons. 父亲过去常常帮助我做功课。
刘德华特首
1. clothes, cloth, clothing①clothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词用复数, a suit of clothes指一套衣服。可以说many clothes, these clothes,不说an article of clothes. ②cloth 用来指“织物”时，为不可数名词。指“布块”时，是可数的，但注意它的复数形式是cloths,如：Wipe the surface with a damp cloth. ③clothing服装的总称，总是单数形式。指一件衣服用a piece of / an article of clothing. 2. incident, accident, eventincident一般是经过策划，有蓄谋的事件,如西安事变（站在老蒋的立场，这字太合适了）还有如border incident,也可以指小事,如偶遇什么人；accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident；event指较大的事，如你考取大学，对你是个event(尽管对别人无所谓); 历史上的大事件，也多用event.3. deal,amount, numberamount / deal及其组合量词词组后接不可数名词，number及其组合后接可数名词a number of students，注意：Large amount of water was sent to the small village.Large amounts of water were sent to the small village.4. family, house, homehome家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.5. sound, voice, noisesound凡你听得到的声音就是它。voice人的嗓音。noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.6. photo, picture, drawing, paintingphoto用照相机拍摄的照片，picture可指相片，图片，电影片Let's go and see a good picture ；drawing画的画，主要是线条形的，如工程图；painting 指（如油彩类）绘画7. vocabulary, wordvocabulary词汇，一个人拥有的单词总量，word具体的单词：He has a large vocabulary.8. population, peoplepopulation人口，人数China has a large population.；people具体的人,民族The Chinese are a great people. What’s the population of your country?How large is the population of your country.9. weather, climateweather具体的天气状况，climate气候状况The climate here is not good for you.10. road, street, path, wayroad具体的公路，马路。street街道。path小路，小径。way道路，做事情的“做法” // take this road；in the street；show me the way to the museum.11. course, subjectcourse课程（课程表中的所有subject），subject科目（具体的学科）Math is her best subject12. custom, habit①custom [c/u] 即有时指“一种”风俗、习俗而有时指风俗的“统称”。the custom of doing sth.如the custom of kissing under mistletoe；但它也可指个人的生活习惯，不过往往侧重指一种有规律的行为，而并非一个人那种无意识的“习惯”On Wednesday evening, as was his custom, he went down to the village. ②habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing. I've got the habit of drinking a lot.13. cause, reasonthe cause(s) of =... 的原因； the cause f =... 的理由；The cause of the explosion has not been explained.You have no cause for complaint. (= to complain.)汶川地震的（原因V）(理由X) 是什么呢？ What is the cause of the Wenchuan earthquake? reason(s)for sth./doing sth.(做)...的理由the reason for being late Could you explain your reasons for choosing this particular course?for reasons of... 由于...的原因，出于什么的考虑14. exercise, exercises, practiceexercise运动，锻炼（不可数）。exercises作业,但做体操也是: gymnastic exercises体操，spelling exercises拼写练习。practice（遵循某理论或教导而做，有时是反复做的）练习Practice makes perfect的15. class, lesson作"课"解时,两者大致可以替换a mathematics class/lesson；a class/lesson in mathematics都可以说.指课文用lesson.指班级或全体学生用class。如lesson 6; class 516. speech, talk, lecturespeech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，但国际性的、围绕某问题举行的会谈也用talk,如六方会谈six-party talk；lecture学术性的演讲，讲课a lecture on Dickens 17. officer, officialofficer 单独用指陆海空军官，警官；official主要指政府官员an army officer/ a government official18. work, job二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数a good job / out of a job/ out of jobs/ out of work19. couple, paircouple主要指人或动物，pair多指由两部分组成的东西a pair of trousers。夫妇多用couple(也可用pair)；合作伙伴多用pair /a couple of 几个20. country, nation, state, land①country侧重指版图，疆域；②nation指人民，国民，民族；③state侧重指政府，政体；④land国土，国家（有点诗意）The whole nation was sad at the earthquake of Wenchuan.21. cook, cookercook厨师，cooker厨具He is a good cook.22. damage, damagesdamage不可数名词,损害，损失; damages复数形式,赔偿金$900 damages23. police, policemanpolice警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman指某个具体的警察The police are questioning everyone in the house.24. problem, question，issueproblem常和困难（故障）联系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise。question常和疑问联系，多和ask, answer连用。problem with the machine不太用of. / issure 实际= 事务 ||environmental problem / issue意思不一样25. man, a manman人类，a man一个男人Man will conquer nature.man与mankind前都不用the26. chick, chicken二者均可指小鸡，chicken还可以当鸡肉The chicken is delicious. Do you like dogs / dog? (喜欢狗/狗肉？)27. telegram, telegraphShall I______（打电话）or telephone? telegram多作可数名词用，如：He received a telegram saying that his mother had died.而telegraph既能作名词又能作动词用，本题选telegraph。28. travel, trip, tour, journey, voyagetravel总称。trip注重办事，后接to如a business trip to Shanghai；tour注重游玩，后接of。journey指稍长的旅途。voyage指乘船的航行，如space voyage. 29. sport, game sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等His favorite sport is swimming；game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则30. price, prize，award, rewardprice价格The price is high/low.；prize（竞赛类）的奖，奖品，奖金win the first prize；award经评委选出的奖，但The Nobel Prize是个例外；给你老妈擦了地板之类，具体付出具体所得的奖赏，就是reward。31. a number of, the number ofa number of许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of…这个数字…，谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing.32. in front of, in the front ofin front of范围外的前面，in the front of范围内的前面In the front of the classroom stands the strict teacher. (教室内前)33. of the day, of a dayof the day每一天的，当时的，当代的，of a day暂时的，不长久的a famous scientist of the day34. three of us, the three of usthree of us我们（不止三个）中的三个，the three of us我们三个（就三个人）The three of us---Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.35. by bus, on the busby bus表手段，方式，不用冠词。on the bus表所乘具体的车辆，或表范围They came here on this bus.( by busx)36. for a moment, for the momentfor a moment片刻，一会儿，for the moment暂时，一时Thinking for a moment, he agreed.37. next year, the next yearnext year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语（如常用于间接引语）He will come here next year. / He said he would go abroad the next year.38. more than a year, more than one yearmore than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年（两年或三年等）39. take advice, take the(one's) advicetake advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告He refused to take the advice and failed again.40. take air, take the airtake air传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步We take the air every day.41. in a word, in words，in wordin a word总之，一句话In a word, you are right；in words=in word口头上(in practice实践上) He should be a friend in practice, not only in word / Or, He should be a friend in deed as well as in word. in words口语化，in word文学化些。42. in place of, in the place ofin place of代替≈take sb.'s place代替某人；in the place of在…地方A new building is built in the place of the old one.43. in secret, in the secretin secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语My mother was in the secret from the beginning.44. a girl, one girla girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩Can one girl carry such a big box? One在这种用法中常强调数量意味（见38条）45. take a chair, take the chairtake a chair相当于sit down坐下，take the chair开始开会，做主席The news that Keefe is to take the chair comes46. go to sea, by sea, by the seago to sea当海员，出航，by sea乘船，由海路，by the sea在海边 go by sea47. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacherthe doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师；the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师。（有时作为特别强调，也指一个人）51. in class, in the classin class在课上，in the class在班级里He is the best student in the class.52. on fire, on the fireon fire着火,on the fire在火上Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.53. out of question, out of the questionout of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的（记法：opportunity可能性，长的那个词组与可能性有关）54. a second, the seconda second又一，再一，the second第二的 He won the second prize.55. by day, by the dayby day白天，by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.56. the people, a peoplethe people指人，a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.57. it, oneit同一物体，one同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.58. that, thisthat指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的 I was ill. That's why…59. none, nothing, no one一般情况下，nothing回答what问句；nobody和no one回答who问句；none回答how many或how much问句。 ①— What’s in the box?盒子里有什么？— Nothing.什么也没有。②—Who is in the classroom?谁在教室里？—Nobody / No one.没有人。③—How many people are there in the park?公园里有多少人？—None.没有人。60. anyone, any one1. anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。如：Would anyone like a drink?谁想喝一杯吗? I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.我不想浪费任何人的时间。 He told her not to tell anyone.他告诉她不要告诉任何人。—Which pen do you want?你要哪支钢笔?—Any one will do.随便哪一支都行2. anyone后不能接表示范围的of短语，而any one后可接表示范围的of短语。如： I don’t know any one of them.他们中我一个也不认识。Any one of us could fail in the exam.我们当中的任何一个都可能考试不及格。3. anyone不能用作定语修饰名词，而any one可以用作定语修饰名词。如：You can borrow any one video at a time.你一次可以借任何一盘录像带。I can’t point to any one particular reason for it.那件事我找不出具体原因来。4. anyone可以受形容词的修饰，且修饰语于anyone之后；而any one很少受形容词的修饰，若语义上需要，应将修饰语置于any与one之间。如：Did you see anyone else there?你在那里看到其他的人吗?Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous?你见过名人吗? Any red one will do.任何一个红色的都可以。 61. who, whatwho指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.62. what, whichwhat的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?63. other, anotherother后接名词复数，another后接名词单数 other students, another student64. not a little, not a bitnot a little非常，not a bit一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。65. many, much, a lot ofmany和可数名词连用，much和不可数名词连用，a lot of可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句 I haven't many books.66. much more…than, many more…thanmuch more…than后接形容词或不可数名词，many more…than后接可数名词 many more people, much more water, much more beautiful67. no, notno=not a/any；no friend=not a/any friend ；no water = not any water68. no more than, not more thanno more than相当于only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过69. majority, mostmajority只能修饰可数名词，most可数不可数均可 the majority of people70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneselfby oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，自动的 The door opened of itself.71. at all, after allat all根本，全然；after all到底，毕竟 After all he is a child.72. tall, hightall常指人或动物等细长类东西，high常指基础大的物体 He is tall.73. fast, rapid, quicklyfast具有速度快的特点，但不一定动了，如停的飞机；rapid一般指本身在动的，如河流，进步；quickly往往与人反应相关 run fast, answer the question quickly74. high, highlyhigh具体的高，highly抽象的高，高度的 think highly of75. healthy, healthfulhealthy健康的（指一种长期状态），healthful有益于健康的healthful exercise总用keep healthy.He's healthy.(V) He's healthy today.(X) His body is healthy.76. sleeping, asleep, sleepysleeping正在睡觉，asleep睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy困的，有睡意的a sleeping baby；The baby is asleep； I'm sleepy.77. gold, goldengold指真金制品，golden指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish a gold ring78. most, mostlymost①用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very：most impatiently，a most impressive piece of writing.②当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词：won the most votes.；mostly主要地,是副词Our weather has been mostly warm. 79. just, veryjust表强调时是副词，作状语，very表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man80. wide, broadwide侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders/眼宽、嘴宽用wide, 脸宽用broad81. real, true用real去表示“为实”的真，如材料/行为/存在：real gold/ a real friend/ in real trouble；用true去表示“对比性（符合）”的真，如常识/重要性：a true prophecy / a true friend82. respectful, respectablerespectful尊敬的（自身对别人所抱的心态）；respectable值得尊敬的（给别人的印象），be respectful to the aged83. outwards, outward二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward还可用作形容词 an outward voyage84. pleasant, pleased, pleasingpleasant常用作定语或表语，“让别人愉快的” Life is pleasant. Death is peaceful / a pleasant trip；pleased, pleasing常用作表语，pleased主语常为人，pleasing主语常为物 ；The trip is pleasing. / The food is pleasing to my taste.85. understanding, understandableunderstanding明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable 可理解的，能够懂的 an understanding girl, an understandable mistake86. close, closelyclose（地点）接近地stand close；closely（关系）密切地 closely connected,87. ill, sickill主要是做表语；sick定语，表语均可 a sick boy88. good, wellgood形容词；well副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.89. quiet, silent, stillquiet安静的，可以发出小的声音；silent不发出声音，但可以动；still完全不动，完全无声响 He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。90. hard, hardlyhard努力work hard；hardly几乎不 I can hardly believe it.91. able, capableable与不定式to do连用，capable与of连用 He is capable of doing…92. almost, nearly肯定句中通用；almost可以接not以外的否定词，也就是no, none, never, any以及由no和any构成的词例如nobody, nothing, anything等；not nearly为习语，表示“far from”，“远不”的意思93. late, lately①late迟，晚是adj.& adv.；②lately最近，近来,只是adv. Marry late in life/ I haven't seen him lately.94. living, alive, live, livelyliving定表均可；alive表语，后置定语；live只能做定语，一般用于动物；lively意为活泼的all the living people=all the people alive；live show现场直播95. excited, excitingexcited当事者自己兴奋，exciting当事者让别人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting.96. deep, deeplydeep具体的深，deeply抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep97. aloud, loudaloud出声地，loud大声地read aloud(出声地读)；loudly比loud多些“喧闹”的含义98. worth, worthyworth后接doing，worthy后接to be done, of being doneIt is worth visiting. = It's worthy to be visited. = It's worthy of being visited.99. bad, badlybad形容词，badly副词，但与need, want, require连用为"很，非常" I need the book badly. go bad（变坏）100. before long, long beforebefore long不久以后，long before很久以前 not long before = before long101. quite, ratherquite完全地，相当于completely, rather修饰比较级quite impossible102. happy, gladhappy定表均可，glad高兴，只能做表语a happy girl103. instead, instead ofinstead是副词，放在句首或句末，instead of是介词短语，He didn't see a film. Instead，he watched TV. He watched TV instead of seeing a film.104. too much, much too简单说：too much ≈ much，much too ≈ too 105. be about to, be going to, be to dobe about to“马上要做”后面不接时间状语，be going to侧重打算，想法，be to do侧重意志，计划，安排I'm to meet him.(含双方事先约好的意思)106. raise, riseraise及物动词，rise不及物动词The sun rises in the east./ be on the rise上涨,上升；give rise to引起;使发生；have a rise in wages107. bring, take, carry, fetchbring拿来，take带走，carry随身携带，fetch去回这一往返动作fetch a box of chalk108. spend, take, pay, costspend人做主语，花钱，花时间去做什么; spend…on sth./in doing sth；take物做主语，做什么花了多少时间; pay人做主语，花钱，pay for；cost物做主语，花钱109. join, join in, take part injoin接人（群）He joined the army five years ago.；join in参加相对小型的活动, join sb. in；take part in参加大型的活动，自己起一份作用的活动。 110. learn, study做学习解时，两者可不区分。但study ①研究study the problem ②书房；learn了解：I learn it from him.111. want, hope, wishwant打算，想要，want to do, want sb. to do；hope希望（通常可以实现），hope to do/ hope that…（hope sb. to do.错）；wish希望（通常不能实现）wish (sb.) to do, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success.，wish +虚拟语气 112. discover, invent, find outdiscover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西；invent发明本来不存在的物体；find out发现，查明At last he found out the truth.113. answer, replyanswer及物动词，reply不及物动词，后接to reply to the letter114. leave, leave forleave离开，leave for前往He left Beijing for Shanghai.115. rob, stealrob抢劫rob sb. of sth.，steal偷steal sth. from sb.116. shoot, shoot atshoot射死，shoot at瞄准，但不一定射中He shot the bird and it died.117. drop, falldrop及物不及物均可；fall不及物动词Prices fell/dropped. He dropped his voice.118. search, search for只要理解search A for B,且有时会省略A，有时会省略B就可以He searched his pocket for money.119. used to, be used toused to do过去常常；be used to sth. /doing习惯于；be used to do sth.被用来He is used to getting up early.120. win, lose, beatwin后接sth.，反义词为lose, beat后接sb. win the game, beat them121. live on, live bylive on以…为主食，live by你好…谋生live on fish/ live by fishing。注意凑巧：He lived on the farm.122. beat, hit, strikebeat连续性地击打；hit打中，对准打；strike打一下或若干下beat the wings123. meet, meet with与某人会见，意思相同。“体验到，遭遇到”用meet with：meet with an accident124. lose, miss，missing①lose失去（具体的物体），错过sth. is lost, lose the chance；②miss想念，错过，miss the chance；③missing缺失（而不完美）,失踪：Several pages are missing125. be tired of, be tired with/frombe tired of厌烦…，be tired with/from因为…而累了be tired with/from running 800 meters126. care about, care for两者都常见于否定句care about关心，计较，在乎；care for喜欢，关心，照料，愿意|| He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.127. catch a cold, have a coldcatch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用，而have a cold可以：She has had a cold for a week.128. change for, change intochange for调换成，change into变成Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.129. continue, last二者均为持续，continue主动，被动均可，last只能用主动The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.130. feed, raisefeed喂养，养活，饲养(to give food to)，raise饲养，养育(cause to grow, bring up children)：raise the family
