nanaxuanku
primary-english-encyclopedia / 初级英语百科全书A 的第一页： AbbreviationSee also acronym, apostrophe and ellipsisThis is the shortened or contracted form of aword or phrase. Frequently used abbreviations orcontractions include don’t (do not), can’t (cannot) and haven’t (have not). Children needcareful teaching about the difference betweenpossessive apostrophes and those used to indicatecontraction. Sometimes the abbreviationbecomes a word in its own right, for examplepub, plane or fridge, and in these cases the apostrophehas been dropped. Other abbreviationsare acronyms like SAT (standard assessment test)and NATE (the National Association for theTeaching of English). Useful abbreviations ofLatin terms include: e.g. for example (exempligratia); i.e. that is (id est); etc. and so on (etcetera); N.B. note especially (nota bene). Thebest account of ‘abbreviation’ known to me is inMcArthur’s Oxford Companion.McArthur, Tom (1992) The Oxford Companion to theEnglish Language Oxford: Oxford University Press.Abstract nounSee also clause, grammar, noun, parts of speech,sentenceThis is a noun which names a state or condition(melancholy), a quality (mercy), a concept(feudalism) or an action (favouritism). Suchnouns are ‘abstract’ because you cannot perceivethe phenomena they denote with your senses.AccentSee also language variety, speaking and listeningThis is the aspect of language variation to do withpronunciation. All spoken language, includingstandard English, is spoken with an accent.Pronunciation varies according to a speaker’sgeographical and social origin. For example, Icome from the north of England and pronounce‘bath’ and ‘path’ with a short ‘a’ while myhusband, a southerner, pronounces them with along ‘a’. People speaking in a second or additionallanguage often have a distinctive accent.‘Received’ pronunciation refers to the accenthistorically associated with BBC announcers(although regional accents are heard increasingly)and the well educated. But language is dynamicand pronunciation like other aspects – dialectand vocabulary – changes with each generationof users and many well-educated people speakwith a regional accent and are proud to do so.AcronymSee also abbreviationAn acronym is made up of the initial letters of arelated sequence of words and pronounced as oneword. Examples include NATE (National Associationfor the Teaching of English) and UKLA(United Kingdom Literacy Association).AcrosticSee also poetry, verseThis describes a poem or puzzle where the firstletter of each line, read sequentially down thepage, spells out a word or phrase. In a doubleacrostic, the first and last letters of each line spellout a word or phrase.AdjectiveSee also adjectival clause, grammar, parts of speechAdjectives are words that modify nouns orpronouns or complement verbs.
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