yanrongsun
一、GP：普通合伙人（GeneralPartner）：泛指股权投资基金的管理机构或自然人，英文简称为GP。普通合伙人对合伙企业债务承担无限连带责任，有限合伙人以其认缴的出资额为限对合伙企业债务承担责任。
二、LP：有限合伙人（英文：Limitedpartner），即参与投资的企业或金融保险机构等机构投资人和个人投资人，或经其他合伙人一致同意依法转为有限合伙人的，被依法认定为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的合伙人。这些人只承担有限责任。
有限合伙企业由普通合伙人和有限合伙人组成，普通合伙人对合伙企业债务承担无限连带责任，有限合伙人以其认缴的出资额为限对合伙企业债务承担责任。
有限合伙人不执行合伙事务，不得对外代表有限合伙企业。
三、主要权利
1、普通合伙人
1）经营控制权
普通合伙人对基金事务拥有充分的管理和控制权，有权代表合伙基金签订对外的法律文件，在有限合伙中处于核心地位。依照美国有限合伙法第405节的规定，合伙协议可以授予全部或指定的普通合伙人在指定的问题上，按人或其他方法，分别或全部地与任何类别的有限合伙人共同地行使投票表决权。
2）利润分成权
协议通常约定，普通合伙人投入基金资本总额1%左右的资金，但享有基金投资收益的20%左右的分成。当然如前所述，分成基数通常是扣除本金和利息成本后的余额，有时甚至还要扣除基准收益，并且是按基金全部投资项目的组合计算收益。
3）年度管理费
普通合伙人通常可获得其所管理的合伙基金总额1.5%~3%的管理费，此管理费主要用于普通合伙人为管理基金而支出的日常开销，如房租、办公费、通讯费等。
2、有限合伙人
1）有限合伙人可以用货币、实物、知识产权、土地使用权或者其他财产权利作价出资。有限合伙人不得以劳务出资。
2）有限合伙人应当按照合伙协议的约定按期足额缴纳出资；未按期足额缴纳的，应当承担补缴义务，并对其他合伙人承担违约责任。
3）有限合伙人不执行合伙事务，不得对外代表有限合伙企业。
4）有限合伙人可以同本有限合伙企业进行交易；但是，合伙协议另有约定的除外。
5）有限合伙人可以自营或同他人合作经营与本有限合伙企业相竞争的业务；但是，合伙协议另有约定的除外。
6）有限合伙人可以将其在有限合伙企业中的财产份额出质；但是，合伙协议另有约定的除外。
7）有限合伙人可以按照合伙协议的约定向合伙人以外的人转让其在有限合伙企业中的财产份额，但应当提前三十日通知其他合伙人。
8）有限合伙人的自有财产不足清偿其与合伙企业无关的债务的，该合伙人可以以其从有限合伙企业中分取的收益用于清偿；债权人也可以依法请求人民法院强制执行该合伙人在有限合伙企业中的财产份额用于清偿。
9）人民法院强制执行有限合伙人的财产份额时，应当通知全体合伙人。在同等条件下，其他合伙人有优先购买权。
合伙人公司是指由两个或两个以上合伙人拥有公司并分享公司利润的企业。合伙人为公司主人或股东。其主要特点是：合伙人享有企业经营所得并对经营亏损共同承担责任；可以由所有合伙人共同参与经营，也可以由部分合伙人经营，其他合伙人仅出资并自负盈亏；合伙人的组成规模可大可小。
机制优点
合伙制因具有独特的较为完善的激励约束机制，曾被认为是投资银行最理想的体制。在投行中，合伙人制度的机制优点主要表现在以下几个方面：
1、所有者和经营者的物质利益得到了合理配置，有了制度保障。在有限合伙制投资银行中，有限合伙人提供大约99%的资金，分享约80%的收益；而普通合伙人则享有管理费、利润分配等经济利益。管理费一般以普通合伙人所管理资产总额的一定比例收取，大约3%左右。而利润分配中，普通合伙人以1%的资本最多可获得20%的投资收益分配。
2、除了经济利益提供的物质激励外，有限合伙制对普通合伙人还有很强的精神激励，即权力与地位激励。
3、有限合伙制由于经营者同时也是企业所有者，并且承担无限责任，因此在经营活动中能够自我约束控制风险，并容易获得客户的信任；同时，由于出色的业务骨干具有被吸收为新合伙人的机会，合伙制可以激励员工进取和对公司保持忠诚，并推动企业进入良性发展的轨道。
4、有限合伙的制度安排也充分体现了激励与约束对等的原则。
大馄饨小馄饨
TOT即英文词组Transfer—Operate—Transfer的缩写形式，意为移交——运营——移交，即政府将原有基础设施项目作价移交给出资方，由其在商定的时间内进行经营，取得投资回报，协定经营期满后，再无偿移交给当地政府。口语中是做鬼脸的意思。
zcp1211小窝
哭泣的样子！来看解释：两个横线就是眼睛 “- -”两条竖线是眼泪“| |”合起来就是两只眼睛留眼泪“T T”中间的“O”就是嘴巴合起来就是TOT 通常还有T-T T^T我要分分^^
天堂的阶梯
presumption of innocence (无罪推定): The indictment or formal charge against any person is not evidence of guilt. Indeed, the person is presumed by the law to be innocent. The law does not require a person to prove his innocence or produce any evidence at all. The Government has the burden of proving a person guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and if it fails to do so the person is (so far as the law is concerned) not guilty.compensation trade(补偿贸易):The form of countertrade in which an incoming investment is repaid from the revenues generated by that investment.national treatment(国民待遇):is a debated (and perhaps abandoned) principle in customary international law, but a vital one to many treaty regimes. Under national treatment, if a state grants a particular right, benefit or privilege to its own citizens, it must also grant those advantages to the citizens of other states while in that country. In the context of international agreements, a state must provide equal treatment to those citizens of other states which are participating in the agreement. A share(A股):In finance the term A share has two distinct meanings, both relating to securities. The first is a designation for a 'class' of common or preferred stock. A shares of common or preferred stock typically have enhanced voting rights or other benefits compared to the other forms of shares that may have been created. The equity structure, or how many types of shares are offered, is determined by the corporate charter. The other distinct meaning is a relatively standard way of pricing sales charges (loads) on mutual funds in the United States. In an A share, the sales load is up front, typically at most 5.75% of the amount invested. In contrast is the B share that does not have an upfront charge, but instead has higher ongoing expenses in the form of a higher 12B-1 fee, and a contingent deferred sales charge that only applies if the investor redeems shares before a specified period. The maximum A share sales load is decreased for larger investment amounts as a volume discount. H share(H股):A share of a mainland Chinese company listed on HKEx (the Hong Kong stock and derivatives exchange).representative office(代表处) is a performing of selected functions or roles of another physical or abstract object/person/organization in predefined circumstances and it is based on the consensus of the group/community involved.BOT (“Build-Operate-Transfer”的缩写，意指“建设—运营—移交”，是国际上基础设施建设方面常用的融资方式。)Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) is a form of project financing, wherein a private entity receives a franchise from the public sector to finance, design, construct, and operate a facility for a specified period, after which ownership is transferred back to the public sector. During the time that the project proponent operates the facility, it is allowed to charge facility users appropriate tolls, fees, rentals, and charges stated in their contract to enable the project proponent to recover its investment, and operating and maintenance expenses in the project. In some countries, such as Canada, the term used is Build-Operate-Own-Transfer (BOOT). BOT is now also used in the off-shoring and outsourcing of knowledge work. In these cases there is usually no government or public funding involved. Typically a Western customer contracts with an India or China vendor and the vendor builds and operates a customer call center or other business process for an extended period of time. But the client retains the right to take over the operate ("transfer") at any time based on certain conditions and certain payments to the offshore partner. T.O.T.("Transfer—Operate—Transfer“的缩写形式，意为移交——运营——移交，即政府将原有基础设施项目作价移交给出资方，由其在商定的时间内进行经营，取得投资回报，协定经营期满后，再无偿移交给当地政府。)
