寻找梦想之旅
( two) negotiating differences in decision makingChinese decision is usually a collective negotiation results, generally avoid personal decision. China 's negotiating team before the negotiations, negotiations and negotiation usually have to exchange views in order to coordinate the entire group actions. When the other proposal is beyond the scope of the representative when they also inform the superior, need to be submitted to their superiors agreed or collective discussion. In the United States, individuals can fully represent the company to make a decision, the U.S. sent negotiators usually have sufficient power, they can be within the scope of authority directly on the issue of negotiation decision. Different decision-making mechanism have their different reasons. Chinese culture belongs to the high power distance cultures, namely between person and person as experience, position, cultural level and other aspects of the different forms of vertical relationship on the lower level of type. China's negotiating group members can only handle affairs in their jurisdiction, the final decision is usually not to participate in the negotiations of the superior to. The United States of America culture belongs to the low power distance cultures. In the United States by the equal idea influence, the interpersonal relationship is generally horizontally state exchange, both sides is equal. The negotiators ask is horizontal ( equal ) business relationship. They are informal, equality, the orthodox business etiquette, courtesy, seating and other less attention. When negotiating the prominent role of individual, tend to specify an individual solely responsible for the negotiation, is responsible for the necessary decision and complete the necessary tasks, while exercising its corresponding right, within the limits of his authority to make the decision. ( three) to negotiate the goal differenceChinese negotiators paid special attention to the long-term friendly business relationship. For them. The negotiation process is to establish interpersonal process negotiation objectives more is to establish and develop a long-term relations of cooperation, signed contract represents the long-term mutually beneficial cooperation in the beginning. If negotiation failed to establish a relationship of trust transactions often ended in failure. Americans believe that the ultimate aim is to sign the contract negotiations to achieve economic benefits. In the United States, the signing of the contract was negotiated in primary and basic task. The value reflected the interests of. They each contract as a separate process. Unlike the Chinese as seriously as friendly and cooperative partnership, they pay more attention to the actual value realization. Chinese culture and the western culture collective orientation individualism is the difference of bilateral negotiations goal difference understanding key. Chinese culture is a typical collectivistic culture. The collective orientation of Chinese cultural influence, mutual dependence, mutual cooperation. " Relations" crucial people interdependent reach almost all must depend on the relationship. The Sino-US negotiation, on the relationship between the cultivation of natural is a reasonable thing. The United States belongs to typical individualism culture. Individualism is the core of American culture. So in Sino-US business negotiations, the United States negotiators pay more attention to the pursuit of the actual content, signed a contract to realization of individual interests and value target. Two, cultural differences on Sino-US business communication effects( a ) different values of China and AmericaThe Chinese nation and the United Nations and different national character they created a different outlook on life, values. The Chinese people pay attention to the collective consciousness, overall interest above all. When the individual interests and collective interests, when the conflict happens, the collective interests above personal interests. Americans on the contrary. As a result of the United States of America is a country of immigrants, they are today home is to rely on their own hands to create. Therefore, the Americans emphasize personal consciousness, pay attention to the individual value. Different values of China and America on business communication exerted an enormous influence. Especially in business negotiations. Chinese tend to national enterprises interests, and don't care about personal gains and losses. While the United States business workers in the company are interests at the same time, but also the pursuit of personal value maximization. In the face of you can not solve the problem, China business workers often have problems with Jing meeting discuss discussion; and the United States business workers will full of personal charm, and strive to use their own strength to solve the problem.( two) the difference of thinking patternChinese mode of thinking is the image, intuitive, comprehensive, the thinking mode of Americans is individual, abstract, unique. Chinese thinking is a kind of dialectical thinking, while Americans thinking is logical thinking. Chinese dialectical thinking embodied in a middle course, think that everything has measurable rationality. To the Chinese people," a middle course" after thousands of years of history, has been internalized into your character. And Chinese thinking different, American thinking is a kind of logical thinking. This kind of thinking emphasizes world is same, the contradiction and neutral.
爱米利的米粒
Chinese decision is usually the result of collective negotiation, generally avoid personal decision. China's negotiating team before the negotiation, negotiated and negotiations will often exchanged again and again to coordinate the whole team's opinion action. When the other party proposal beyond the Chinese representative scope of authority when they also instruct the higher, the need to report to the superior leadership agree or collective discussion. In the United States, individuals can represent the company to make decision, the United States sent the negotiators usually have enough power, they can be in within the scope authorized by the direct negotiations to issues of making decisions. Different decision-making mechanism formation have their different reasons. Chinese culture belongs to the high power gap type culture, namely because experience between people, position, cultural level party
叮叮猫儿要飞
直到现在，广泛被人接受的人文交流语境的概念（尤其是在国际人文交流中）是爱德华的复杂语境教化和简单语境教化理论。 价值观和语境是紧密相连的。在国际人文交流中，文化语境非常重要。爱德华的语境教化理论把文化分为两类：复杂语境文化和简单语境文化。复杂语境文化和简单语境文化分别是文化语境这一概念的两端。无论是复杂还是简单都是相比较而言。没有一种文化是站在绝对极端的这一位置上。对某种文化来讲，我们判断其是复杂语境文化还是简单语境文化，是看它包含了更多的复杂语境教化特征还是更多的简单语境教化特征。没有哪种文化能够独立的存在于文化语境这一连续统一体的某一端。复杂语境中的大多数语言交流和信息传递主要靠肢体动作或某个人的内化来进行，只有很少的一部分是靠信息中的编码，直述，透射这一部分来表达。简单语境交流正好相反，大量的信息靠明确的代码来既定表述。尽管没有一种文化能够独立的存在于天平的一端，但确实某些文化相对高深而其他文化相对浅显。美国文化，并不在瓶底，但确实是走向了天平较浅显的这一端。中国，伟大复杂文化的拥有者，相比较是站在天平复杂语境的这一端。所以，根据爱德华的理论，中国是复杂语境文化而美国是简单语境文化。因此，基于会话者的特质：来自复杂语境文化的会话者，在某种程度上，依赖于相关信息的认知，例如历史背景，传统习俗，和一些其他精心编排的社会价值体系。他们与人交流起来用词量少而富含深意，大量的信息被传递而只靠很少的表述。 然而，来自简单语境文化的会话者趋于清晰地直接表述。所要传递的信息主要靠明确的编码来叙述。由于表达的明晰性和内容的直述性，他们的讲话相对容易理解。因此，一位复杂语境的会话者能够抓住其他人的表述要旨，即使他们并没有直接的说出来；当他们与其他人交流时，趋于避免直接表达自身的感受，往往用沉默来预防使他人陷于失望沮丧的境地。而一位简单语境的会话者会公开表达他们的感觉和情绪，随时准备展露出他个人的一些观点，更趋于扮演一位表词达意准确无误的会话者。
pony080808
到目前为止,最广为接受的概念对文化语境通信,特别是,在跨文化交际是爱德华。t .大厅High-context文化和low-context理论的文化。意义和语境与彼此休戚相关。在跨文化交流、文化语境是特别重要的。爱德华。T。大厅的文化语境理论分为两类:high-context文化融入文化和low-context文化。High-context文化和low-context文化是两种结束了对文化语境的连续性。每一个具体的文化定位在某一个点的连续性。不管它是高或低的是在一种相对的学位。没有人文化是要么在重要点结束。对于一个给定的文化,我们称其为一个高或低语境文化时,我们是指•,它所蕴涵的更有特色的high-context或低语境文化的文化。一个没有文化存在独有的结束的连续性。“一个high-context通讯或讯息是在其中的大部分信息不是在物理语境或内化于人,而很少在编码、传输、明确传达的信息的一部分。一个low-context沟通则恰恰相反,也就是说,这是大众的信息是授予明确代码。”“虽然没有文化的存在专门在天平的一端,而另一些人,一些是高是低。美国文化里,而不是在底部,正向着更低的结束”的规模。“中国,的拥有者,一个伟大的和复杂的文化,在high-context年底,身上,因此,按照大厅,中国和美国的high-context的文化low-context文化。作为传播者的特点:沟通从high-context文化的话语,在一定程度上取决于知识的相关信息,如历史、传统、以及其他一些阐述了社会价值系统。}他们沟通有着重大的经济和丰富意义的参与,太多的信息传递和小的表情,而从low-context沟通者往往自己能说一口流利的英语文化直接-明确的方式。中所述的信息主要是显式的代码。他们说话时因为是相对容易理解的表达,并跨越因为含义是非常累人的陈述。因此,'high-context沟通的人能明白别人的意思是,即使他们没有说出来直接;当与人交流的能力,往往会避开明确的表达用沉默的感觉,以免触怒别人沟通。而低语境的沟通者公开表达他们的感受和情绪,他们会很乐意揭示了自己,喜欢个人事情,是准确的,往往是一个非常美丽的国家精确的沟通者,一etc。
saiber赛八
Ego—The ego is the largely unconscious part of personality that mediates the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego prevents us from acting on our basic urges (created by the id), but also works to achieve a balance with our moral and idealistic standards (created by the superego). Id—The personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires. Superego—The component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society. The superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically.
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