高三英语课文翻译

the Road to Modern English At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English.

Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world, and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.

Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English.

Look at this example: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? American Amy: Yes. I’d like to come up to you apartment. So why has English changed over time?

Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At fist the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.

It was base more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD 500 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French.

These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.

In 1620 some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia to. English began to be spoken in both countries.

Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.

At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.

English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. During that time English became the language for government and education.

English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners.

Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.

第二单元 世界上的

英语 Reading 通向现代英语之路 16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语，几乎所有这些人都生活在英国。后来，在17世纪英国人开始航海征服了世界其它地区。于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多，他们有的是作为第一语言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。

以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以互相交流。请看以下例子： 英国人贝蒂：“请到我的公寓(flat)里来看看，好吗?” 美国人艾米：“好的。我很乐意到你的公寓(apartment)去。” 那么，英语在一段时间里为什么会起变化呢?事实上，当不同文化互相交流渗透时，所有的语言都会有所发展，有所变化。首先，在公元450年到1150年间，人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就很不一样。当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础的，而现代英语不是。然后，渐渐地，大约在公元800年到1150年期间，英语不那么像德语了。因为那时的英国的统治者起初讲丹麦语后来讲法语。这些新的定居者大大丰富了英语语言，特别是在词汇方面。所以到17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。在1620年，一些英国人搬迁到美洲定居。后来，到了19世纪，有些英国人也被送往澳大利亚，两个国家的人都开始说英语了。 最后，到20世纪，英语才真正定形。那时，英语在拼写上发生了两大变化：首先，塞缪尔·约翰逊编写了词典，后来，诺厄·韦伯斯特编纂了《美国英语词典》，后者体现了美国英语拼写的不同特色。 现在，英语在南亚也被当作外语或第二语言来说。比如说，印度拥有众多讲英语很流利的人，这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度。在那期间，英语成了官方语言和教育用语。在新加坡、马来西亚和非洲其它国家，比如南非，人们也说英语。目前在中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长。事实上，中国可能拥有世界上最多的英语学习者。中国英语会发展出自己的特色吗?这只能由时间来回答了。 Using Language 标准英语和方言 什么是标准英语?是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、新西兰所说的英语吗?信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。许多人认为，电视和收音机里所说的就是标准英语，这是因为在早期的`电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。然而，在电视和收音机里，你也会听出人们在说话时的差异。

当人们用不同于“标准语言”的词语时，那就叫做方言。美国英语有许多方言，特别是中西部和南部地区的方言，以及黑人和西班牙人的方言。在美国有些地区，即使是相邻城镇的两个人所说的语言都可能稍有不同。美国英语之所以有这么多的方言是因为美国人是来自世界各地的缘故。 地理位置对方言的产生也有影响。住在美国东部山区的一些人说着比较古老的英语方言。当美国人从一个地方搬到另一个地方时，他们也就把他们的方言随着带去了。因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同。美国是一个使用多种方言的大国。虽然许多美国人经常搬迁，但是他们仍然能够辨别、理解彼此的方言。

Journey Down the Mekong My name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip.

Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college if Kunming.

They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries.

Wang Wei soon got time interested in cycling too. After graduating from college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, “Where are we going?” It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.

Now she is planning our schedule for the trip. I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly.

Now I know that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her, “When are we leaving and when are we coming back?”

I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. Of course she hadn’t; my sister doesn’t care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province.

She gave me a determined look -- the kind that said she would not change her mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters, she seemed to be excited about it.

When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. I know my sister well.

Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in. Several months before our trip, Wang Wei and I went to the library. We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography.

From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier to move quickly. It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, traveling across western Yunnan Province.

Sometimes the river becomes a water fall and enters wide valleys. We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China. After it leaves China and high altitude, the Mekong becomes wide, brown and warm. As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows. At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.

第三单元

游记Reading 沿湄公河而下的旅程 第一部分梦想与计划 我的名字叫王坤。从高中起，我姐姐王薇和我就一直梦想作一次伟大的自行车旅行。两年前，她买了一辆昂贵的山地自行车，然后还说服我买了一辆(山地车)。

去年她去看望了我们的表兄弟——在昆明读大学的刀卫和宇航。他们是傣族人，在云南省西部靠近澜沧江的地方长大，湄公河在中国境内的这一段叫澜沧江，在其他国家(境内)叫湄公河。很快，王薇使表兄弟也对骑车旅游产生了兴趣。大学毕业以后，我们终于有了机会骑自行车旅行。我问我姐姐：“我们要去哪儿?”首先想到要沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅游的是我的姐姐。现在她正在为我们的旅行制定计划。 我很喜欢我姐姐，但是她有一个很严重的缺点。她有时确实很固执。尽管她对去某些地方的最佳路线并不清楚，她却坚持要自己把这次旅游安排得尽善尽美。于是，我就知道这个尽善尽美的方式总是她的方式。我不停地问她，“我们什么时候出发?什么时候回来?”我还问她是否看过地图。当然她并没有看过——我的姐姐是不会考虑细节的。于是，我告诉她，湄公河的源头在青海省。她给了我一个坚定的眼神——这种眼神表明她是不会改变主意的。我说，我们的旅行将从5, 000多米的高地出发，这时她似乎显得很兴奋。当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸困难，而且天气很冷时，她却说这将是一次有趣的经历。

我非常了解我的姐姐，她一旦下了决心，什么也不能使她改变。最后，我只好让步了。 在我们旅行前的几个月，王薇和我去了图书馆。我们找到一本大型地图册，里面有一些世界地理的明细图。我们从图上可以看到，湄公河发源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初，江面很小，河水清澈而冷冽，然后它开始快速流动。它穿过深谷时就变成了急流，流经云南西部。有时，这条江形成瀑布，进入宽阔的峡谷。我们俩惊奇地发现这条河有一半是在中国境内。当流出中国，流出高地之后，湄公河就变宽了，变暖了，河水也变成了黄褐色。而当它进入东南亚以后，流速减缓，河水蜿蜒缓慢地穿过低谷，流向生长稻谷的平原。最后，湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中国南海。 Using Language 夜晚的西藏山景 第二部分山中一宿 虽然是秋天，但是西藏已经开始下雪了。我们的腿又沉又冷，感觉就像大冰块。你看到过雪人骑自行车吗?我们看上去就像那样。一路上，一些身着羊毛大衣的孩子们停下来看着我们。下午晚些时候，我们发现由于天冷我们的水壶都冻上了。

然而，湖水在落日的余晖下闪亮如镜，景色迷人。像往常一样，王薇在我的前面，她很可靠，我知道我用不着给她鼓劲儿。上山很艰难，但是当我们环顾四周，(眼前的)景色让我们感到惊奇，我们似乎能看到几百里以外的地方。在某个时刻，我们发现自己置身高处，彷佛骑车穿越云层。然后我们开始下山，这非常有趣，特别是天气逐渐变得暖和多了。在山谷里，五彩斑斓的蝴蝶翩翩飞舞在我们身旁，我们还看到牦牛和羊群在吃草。这时，我们不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和长裤脱掉，换成T恤衫和短裤。 一到傍晚，我们通常就停下来宿营，(于是)，我们先把帐篷支起来，然后吃饭。晚饭后，王薇把头放在枕头上就睡觉了，而我却醒着。半夜里，天空变得清朗了，星星更亮了。(夜晚)非常安静——几乎没有风，只有篝火的火焰和我们做伴。当我躺在星空下，我想着我们已经走了多远。 我们很快就要到达云南的大理。在那里，我们的表兄弟刀卫和宇航将加入我们的行列。我们迫不及待地想要见到他们！

澳大利亚Australia is as old as time. It was probably once connected to South澳大利亚就如同时间一样古老。它很可能曾经同南美洲America, but the continents separated as the earth's plates moved. Having相连，但随着地球板块的移动，这两个大陆分离开了。由于been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many同其他大陆分离了几百万年之久，澳大利亚有许多plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. One strange animal世界上其他地方所没有的动植物。有一种奇怪的动物lays eggs, yet feeds its young on its milk. Kangaroos and koala bears give birth会产卵，但又给幼崽哺乳。袋鼠和考拉熊生产的幼崽都to very small and weak young. They are then carried in a pocket of folded skin很小很瘦弱。它们生下来后就被装在on the mother's stomach for several months while they feed on the mother's milk母亲肚皮上折叠式的口袋中，它们要在这儿呆上几个月，吮吸母乳，and grow stronger.There are many kinds of birds in Australia, and逐渐长壮。在澳大利亚还有很多种鹦鹉， over 140 species of snakes, many of which are extremely dangerous.以及140多种蛇，其中不少是非常危险的毒蛇。Australia is the only country in the world which covers an entire continent.澳大利亚是世界上惟一覆盖整个大陆的国家。From north to south the distance is 3,220 km and from east to west 4000 km.从北到南的距离是3,220公里，从东到西为4000公里。In area it is about the same size as the USA(without Alaska), which has more就面积上而言，它大体上相当于美国(阿拉斯加除外)，而美国的than thirteen times as many people. Today about 85% of the population of 20人口却是澳大利亚人口的13倍还多。今天澳大利亚的2，000万人口million live in the six major cities around the coast. Two thirds of the country中大约有85%都居住在沿海的六个大城市里。这个国家有2/3的is dry or desert.地方气候干燥，或是沙漠。Australia is a wealthy country. It produces metals, precious stones,澳大利亚是一个相当富裕的国家。它出产金属、宝石、coal, grain, meat and wines, and has the biggest iron mines in the world.煤、谷物、肉类和酒，而且还有世界上最大的铁矿。Australia has about one sixth of the world's sheep and produces almost one third澳大利亚的绵羊约占世界绵羊的1/6，羊毛产量几乎占世界产量of its wool. Cattle are also kept, and about 15 million tons of wheat are grown的1/3。澳大利亚还饲养牛，并且每年大约生产1，500万吨小麦。every year. Fruit and vegetables are grown in area where there is enough water.水源充足的地区还种植水果和蔬菜。A long fence runs for hundreds of kilometres across Australia. The purpose有一条横贯澳大利亚长达数百公里的栅栏，它是of the fence is to keep out a type of wild dog called a“dingo”. Dingoes hunt at用来阻止一种叫dingo的野狗的。这种野狗夜间night and like to attack sheep. Farms in the middle of Australia are so large出来猎食，喜欢袭击羊群。澳大利亚中部的that farmers use motor bikes or helicopters for the task of rounding up the sheep农场很大，以致农场主要用摩托车或直升飞机来赶羊or cattle.或赶牛。The climate is different depending on the area. The south has cool, wet气候随地区的不同而有区别。南部地区的冬季凉爽而winters and warm, dry summers. The north has warm, dry winters and hot,湿润，夏季则温暖而干燥。北部地区的冬季温暖而干燥，夏季则炎热wet summers. The center of Australia is hot and dry all the year round.而潮湿。澳大利亚的中部则一年四季都炎热而干燥。因为这样的Because of such a climate, much of daily life happens outdoors. Australians气候条件，所以大部分的日常生活都是在户外进行的。澳大利亚人love sports and win world competitions in tennis, sailing and swimming. If you喜欢体育运动，在网球、赛艇、游泳项目上经常在世界比赛中取胜。如果你are asked to an Australian home, you will probably eat outside and cook meat被邀请去澳大利亚人的家里做客，你很可能会在户外进餐，并在火上烤肉or fish on an open fire. At weekends many Australians go walking and camping或烤鱼。周末的时候，许多澳大利亚人都到乡村去散步或露营，in the countryside, called the“bush”. For holidays, many people visit the他们称乡村为“丛林地”。节假日里，许多人参观澳大利亚Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast of Australia, which has more than 600 islands.东北海岸的大堡礁，它是由600多个岛屿构成的。

有许多不同种类的蜜蜂。一些住在大群体像蜜蜂，筑巢在树上或岩石洞里。其他物种筑巢在地下的洞穴中。也有一些品种，不生活在一起。在不同种类的蜂是蜜蜂，而最使科学家们感兴趣的“语言”，他们使用的相互沟通。发展现代蜂房1851可以设计实验，研究蜜蜂的语言。教授卡尔·冯·弗里斯，来自奥地利的科学家，一生中花了许多年的研究令人惊奇的方式沟通，在黑暗的蜜蜂。在蜜蜂工作多年，教授弗里斯感到困惑，他反复注意到的事。他把一小碟蜂蜜放在桌子上，蜜蜂很快就过来了。一旦一只蜜蜂发现了蜂蜜，更多了一个又一个在很短的时间。似乎蜜蜂能够把食物的信息传递给其他蜜蜂在蜂箱。这怎么可能呢？找出，冯·弗里斯建立了专用的蜂箱，每个只有一个蜂窝。他建立了一个透明的墙，通过他可以观察到里面。为了区别这些蜜蜂，他在一些蜜蜂与颜色的小点。当一个标记的蜜蜂回到从进料表，冯弗里斯看到透过玻璃。使他惊奇的是，蜜蜂开始执行一个蜂巢上跳舞。先向右转一圈，再向左转。它一遍又一遍地重复这些圆。但这不是全部。舞蹈似乎使周围的蜜蜂兴奋。它们跟在后面的第一个舞者，模仿它的动作。然后蜜蜂离开蜂房和喂食的地方去。圆圈舞似乎传递食物的信息。但其他的什么？冯弗里斯认为，舞蹈传达更多信息。找到他的假设是否正确，他成立了两家饲养场所。一个靠近蜂箱，另一个是远得多，除了一些树。他所有的蜜蜂来到附近的喂食蓝，和所有的蜜蜂，到远处红色。当蜜蜂回到蜂巢，弗里斯看到了一个奇怪的现象。所有的蜜蜂已在附近的喂食做旋转舞。蜜蜂已在远处喂食的地方做完全不同的舞，摇摆舞。舞蹈的直线跑，左右摇摆。然后它转半个圈，再沿直线跑，并在另一个半圆的对面。它不停地重复“步骤”。现在明白了。很明显，圆圈舞告诉有关喂食点位置的。它也很明显，摇摆舞，如果蜜蜂横盘，发出另一条消息的喂养的地方。下一步，冯·弗里斯和他的同事们建起了一个喂食点靠近蜂箱。然后，他们慢慢地把它移到越来越远。他们回到蜂房旁，仔细观察摆尾舞。用秒表，他们指望有多少次，蜜蜂在一分钟内重复跳舞的。他们发现喂食处越远，跳得越慢。所以另一个令人吃惊的光。在每分钟摆尾的次数表明到喂食处的精确距离。他们还发现，蜜蜂的最大飞行距离为3.2公里的蜂房和喂食的地方。剩下的问题，冯弗里斯教授和他的合作伙伴是找出是否蜜蜂告诉对方的确切位置的一个位置。例如，它可能是蜜蜂传递精确的细节如北，南，西南和东南部？回答这个问题，冯弗里斯教授和他的同事们将获得足够的数据提供足够的帐户的蜜蜂的行为。设计出更多的实验之后，他们能够澄清程序，交流信息，他们使用查找和获取食物。当蜜蜂发现一个喂食点，他们从蜂箱直接飞往那里。经过短暂的时间线，飞离蜂箱的蜜蜂像一条小溪。几百年前，“'bee-line”是今天的表达”作出直线为某人或某事”的方式去迅速地沿着一条路线的人或事物。他的一生都在研究动物的交流，包括蜜蜂，教授卡尔·冯·弗里斯被授予诺贝尔奖1973，他和其他科学家。他死在1982次。