狄更斯简介英语

Dickens, Charles (John Huffam) (born Feb. 7, 1812, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng.-died June 9, 1870, Gad's Hill, near Chatham, Kent) British novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. The defining moment of Dickens's life occurred when he was 12 years old. With his father in debtors' prison, he was withdrawn from school and forced to work in a factory. This deeply affected the sensitive boy. Though he returned to school at 13, his formal education ended at 15. As a young man, he worked as a reporter. His fiction career began with short pieces reprinted as Sketches by “Boz” (1836). He exhibited a great ability to spin a story in an entertaining manner and this quality, combined with the serialization of his comic novel The Pickwick Papers (1837), made him the most popular English author of his time. The serialization of such works as Oliver Twist (1838) and The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) followed. After a trip to America, he wrote A Christmas Carol (1843) in a few weeks. With Dombey and Son (1848), his novels began to express a heightened uneasiness about the evils of Victorian industrial society, which intensified in the semiautobiographical David Copperfield (1850), as well as in Bleak House (1853), Little Dorrit (1857), Great Expectations (1861), and others. A Tale of Two Cities (1859) appeared in the period when he achieved great popularity for his public readings. Dickens's works are characterized by an encyclopaedic knowledge of London, pathos, a vein of the macabre, a pervasive spirit of benevolence and geniality, inexhaustible powers of character creation, an acute ear for characteristic speech, and a highly individual and inventive prose style.

在英国文学史上，十九世纪是群星灿烂的小说鼎盛时代。而在这些伟大的小说家中，查尔斯·约翰·赫芬姆·狄更斯（英语：Charles John Huffam Dickens，1812年2月7日－1870年6月9日）则是一颗最为光彩照人的明星。从小饱尝人间艰辛的狄更斯最同情劳苦人民和孤苦无依的孩子。狄更斯是高产作家，他凭借勤奋和天赋创作出一大批经典著作。他又是一位幽默大师，常常用妙趣横生的语言在浪漫和现产中讲述人间真相，以至于马克思也不得不赞叹地称他为“杰出的小说家”。狄更斯以妙趣横生的幽默和讽刺，细致入微的心理分析，以及现实主义描写与浪漫主义气氛的巧妙融合而著称。他的14部揭露与抨击英国社会时弊的巨制，在英国乃至整个世界文学史上掀起了现实主义的新高潮。狄更斯始终怀着一颗人道主义的心来创作，他被后世奉为“召唤人们回到欢笑和仁爱中来的明灯”，批判现实主义最杰出的代表。马克思把他和他同时代的英国著名作家萨克雷等称誉为英国的“一批杰出的小说家”。 查尔斯·狄更斯于一八一二年二月七日出生于英国朴资茅斯的波特西地区。他父亲约翰·狄更斯是海军会计处的一个小职员。狄更斯幼时就常常溜到家里的阁楼上，津津有味地阅读一本又一本的小说。《鲁滨逊漂流记》、斐尔丁的作品、《天方夜谭》、《堂吉诃德》，都是他喜爱的作品。他的幼小的心灵早就同文艺结上了不解之缘。以后他的家境日渐穷困，债台高筑，一家人不得不离乡背井，迁居到伦敦。但移居未久，家里旧债未清，新债又来，他父亲终于被投入债务监狱。这时狄更斯才十岁。但是作为一群弟妹的大哥，而父亲又是一个毫无办法的人，狄更斯就不得不担起家长的责任来。十一岁，他就到一家皮鞋油厂当学徒。为了节省开支，他母亲带着弟妹们到监狱里和父亲住在一起，狄更斯单独留在外面，每星期领到薪水之后，就带着钱或食物去探监，和父母弟妹团聚。这些艰苦的日子在幼小的狄更斯的心灵中遗留下永不消失的印象，使他对贫苦无告的儿童、对穷人、对被迫害者充满同情，对英国当时的统治阶级和资本主义社会产生了莫大的仇恨。以后他父亲获得一笔小小的遗产，出了监狱，把查尔斯·狄更斯送到威林顿高等学校（相当于高小）去读书。校长琼斯先生是一个又愚昧又野蛮的人，对学生任意鞭打。辱骂。这个人物在狄更斯的作品中曾经出现过很多次。家中仅有的一点钱财不久又用尽了，查尔斯·狄更斯不得不停学就业，为糊口而奔忙。他时而作律师的书记，时而为事务所送信，时而到法院当速记员，时而为报纸作采访。艰难的生活使狄更斯获得了非常丰富的生活知识，为他以后的写作积累了宝贵的素材。二十二岁时，狄更斯试写了一篇短篇小说，畏怯地投入一家杂志社的信箱中。一个星期以后这篇小说刊出了，狄更斯就这样开始了业余写作活动。他最初为《记事晨报》写一些特写，署名“鲍斯”。一八三七年他写成了第一部长篇小说《匹克威克外传》。这部作品发表以后，风行一时，畅销全国，顿时成为街谈巷议的资料，并使得他得以靠写作维持生活，开始了著作生涯。以后他又写了许多作品，主要是长篇小说，获得极大的成功（狄更斯著作年表附后），终于成为英国文学史上伟大的作家之一。狄更斯曾长期居住在法国、意大利，并曾到美国游历。他对美国的观察极其深刻；美国的虚伪的民主政治、残酷的监狱、特别是暗无天日的蓄奴制，引起狄更斯极大的愤慨。他说：“我已经失望了，这不是我要来看的共和国，这不是我想象中的共和国。”他的游记体小说《美国札记》和长篇小说《马丁·朱什尔维特》都对美国社会的黑暗和丑恶作了有力的揭发。狄更斯是欧洲十九世纪少数杰出的批判现实主义大师之一。他的伟大不仅在于他深刻地暴露了英国各个社会阶层的生活实况，而且也在于他掀起了真正的文学革命。在他以前的英国文学中，普通人民是没有地位的；狄更斯虽不是第一个改变这种现象，却是最有效地改变了这种现象的人。他用生动而热情的笔触描绘了下层阶级的人们和他们的悲惨生活。他把贫民窟、小客栈、贫民收容所、债务监狱等等悲惨的生活景象写入了文学作品，而且对那些穷人，那些正直的劳动者，给予最大的同情。另外一方面，他以讽刺的笔法，对新兴的工厂主、银行家等资产阶级以及资产阶级社会，资产阶级虚伪的“民主政治”和“党派活动”，资本主义制度下的不平等和不合理现象，资产阶级法律的非人道本质，都作了无情的揭露和抨击。他以高度的艺术概括和生动的细节描写，反映了英国十九世纪初叶的社会真实面貌。他的作品里充满了光辉四射、妙趣横生的幽默和细致入微的心理分析。他的人物形象有许多能使人一读之后就长久地活在读者的心目中。查尔斯·狄更斯生活的时代，正是英国资本主义日益发展、资产阶级已经取得胜利的时代。但也正如马克思、恩格斯所指出，随着资产阶级的兴起，也就兴起了它的对立面即工人阶级，而且两个阶级之间的阶级斗争也就日益尖锐起来。狄更斯开始写作的时期正是著名的“宪章运动”蓬勃发展的时期。列宁说过：“当英国发生世界上第一次广泛的、真正群众性的、政治性的无产阶级革命运动即宪章运动的时候，欧洲大陆发生的革命大都是软弱的资产阶级革命，而在法国却爆发了无产阶级和资产阶级之间的第一次伟大的国内战争。”（《列宁选集》第三卷第811页，人民出版社1972年版）这就是狄更斯生活时代的基本情况。虽然在客观上伟大的“宪章运动”给了极深刻的影响，推动了他的作品的批判性质的发展，而且在当时也恰恰是“宪章运动”者对狄更斯的价值有正确的认识和高度的评价，认为他反映了人民的要求，但狄更斯主观上对工人阶级的革命运动不仅不能理解，而且是反对的。他同情工人，却不同情工人的革命。他是一个阶级调和论者。他幻想可以用道德和教育把那些残酷的剥削者改造过来，幻想可以依靠好心肠的人的施舍，来消除世界上的贫富悬殊。他揭发了资本主义的罪恶，却不想推翻资本主义制度本身。他憎恨金钱对人类灵魂的统治，但是找不到为什么金钱会变成全能上帝的原因。他始终只是一个小资产阶级的人道主义者。也可以说，他不是一个革命者，只是一个改良主义者。所以他的作品，一方面具有深切而有力的批判、揭发的力量，另一方面也含有不少的消极因素。虽然如此，由于狄更斯真实地、生动地描绘了十九世纪初叶的英国社会生活，由于他对人民怀着无限的深厚同情，尽管他对资产阶级还存在着幻想，致使他的思想和艺术都受了很大限制，但他还是属于进步传统的。贯穿在他的一切作品中的基调，是对资本主义社会的统治者代表人物、即他心目中的“恶人”的憎恨，和那些处于资本主义压迫下的普通人和穷苦的劳动者、即他心目中的“善良的人”的同情。他的作品不仅在当时发生了巨大的进步作用，直到现在还为人民所喜爱和珍视。狄更斯死于一八七○年六月九日，享年五十八岁。 狄更斯主要作品列表 《博兹札记》（ Sketches by Boz ） —— 1836年 《匹克威克外传》（ The Pickwick Papers ） —— 1836年 《雾都孤儿》（ Oliver Twist ） —— 1837年-1839年 《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》（ Nicholas Nickleby ）—— 1838年-1839年 《老古玩店》（ The Old Curiosity Shop ）—— 1840年-1841年 《巴纳比·拉奇》（ Barnaby Rudge ）—— 1841年 《美国纪行》（ American Notes ）—— 1842年 《圣诞颂歌》（ A Christmas Carol ）—— 1843年 《马丁·翟述伟》（ Martin Chuzzlewit ）—— 1843年-1844年 《教堂钟声》 （The Chimes) ——— 1844年 《灶上蟋蟀》 （The Cricket on the Hearth)—— 1855年 《董贝父子》（ Dombey and Son ）—— 1846年-1848年 《 大卫·科波菲尔 》（ David Copperfield ）—— 1849年-1850年 《写给孩子看的英国历史》（ A Child's History of England ）——1851年-1853年 《荒凉山庄》（ Bleak House ）—— 1852年-1853年 《艰难时世》（ Hard Times ）—— 1854年 《小杜丽》（ Little Dorrit ）—— 1855年-1857年 《 双城记 》（ A Tale of Two Cities ）—— 1859年 《远大前程》（ Great Expectations ）—— 1860年-1861年 《我们共同的朋友》（ Our Mutual Friend ）—— 1864年-1865年 《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》（ The Mystery of Edwin Drood ）—— 未完成，1870年 《文学大师的传奇人生——狄更斯》 内容提要：在英国文学史上，十九世纪是群星灿烂的小说鼎盛时代。而在这些伟大的小说家中，狄更斯则是一颗最为光彩照人的明星。从小饱尝人间艰辛的狄更斯最同情劳苦人民和孤苦无依的孩子。狄更斯是高产作家，他凭借勤奋和天赋创作出一大批经典著作。他又是一位幽默大师，常常用妙趣横生的语言在浪漫和现产中讲述人间真相，以至于马克思也不得不赞叹地称他为“杰出的小说家”。 【对中国文学的影响】 狄更斯的写实主义写作观点在中国引起了许多文人的注意，老舍经由阅读狄更斯的作品体会到不必在意中国小说文体的拘束：“写就好，管他什么”；另外更多的文学家则是透过林纾的翻译接触到了英美文学而获得了启发。

His classic novels and short stories will forever continue to entertain and provoke thought. A Brief Biography English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. Dickens's works are charactericized by attacks on social evils, unjustice, and hypocrisy. He had also experienced in his youth oppression, when he was forced to end school in early teens and work in a factory. Dickens's lively good, bad and comic characters, such as the cruel miser Scrooge, the aspiring novelist David Copperfield, or the trusting and innocent Mr. Pickwick, have fascinated generations of readers. Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Hampshire, during the new industrial age, which created misery for the class of low-paid workers and gave birth to theories of Karl Marx. His father was a clerk in the navy pay office, who was well paid but often ended in financial troubles. In 1814 Dickens moved to London, and then to Chatham, where he received some education. He worked in a blacking factory, Hungerford Market, London, while his family was in Marshalea debtor's prison in 1824 - later this period found its way to the novel Little Dorrit (1855-57). In 1824-27 Dickens studied at Wellington House Academy, London, and at Mr. Dawson's school in 1827. From 1827 to 1828 he was a law office clerk, and then worked as a shorthand reporter at Doctor's Commons. He wrote for True Son (1830-32), Mirror of Parliament (1832-34) and the Morning Chronicle (1834-36). He was in the 1830s a contributor to Monthly Magazine, and The Evening Chronicle and edited Bentley's Miscellany. In the 1840s Dickens founded Master Humphrey's Cloak and edited the London Daily News. These years as a journalist left Dickens with lasting affection for journalism and suspicious attitude towards unjust laws. His sharp ear for conversation helped him reveal characters through their own words. Dickens's career as a writer of fiction started in 1833 when his short stories and essays to appeared in periodical. His SKETCHES BY BOZ and THE PICKWICK PAPERS were published in 1836; he married in the same year the daughter of his friend George Hogarth, Catherine Hogart. However, some people suspected that he was more fond of her sister, Mary, who moved into their house and died in 1837. Dickens requested that he be buried next to her when he died and wore Mary's ring all his life. Another of Catherine's sisters, Georgiana, moved in with the Dickenses, and the novelist fell in love with her. Dickens had with Catherine 10 children but they were separated in 1858. Dickens also had a long liaison with the actress Ellen Ternan, whom he had met by the late 1850s. The Pickwick Papers were stories about a group of rather odd individuals and their travels to Ipswich, Rochester, Bath and elsewhere. Dickens's novels first appeared in monthly instalments, including OLIVER TWIST (1837-39), which depicts the London underworld and hard years of the foundling Oliver Twist, NICHOLAS NICKELBY (1838-39), a tale of young Nickleby's struggles to seek his fortune, and OLD CURIOSITY SHOP (1840-41). Among his later works are DAVID COPPERFIELD (1849-50), where Dickens used his own personal experiences of work in a factory, BLEAK HOUSE (1852-53), A TALE OF TWO CITIES (1859), set in the years of the French Revolution. GREAT EXPECTATIONS (1860-61), the story of Pip (Philip Pirrip), was among Tolstoy's and Dostoyevsky's favorite novels. The unfinished mystery novel THE MYSTERY OF EDWIN DROOD was published in 1870. From the 1840s Dickens spent much time travelling and campaigning against many of the social evils of his time. In addition he gave talks and reading, wrote pamphlets, plays, and letters. In the 1850s Dickens was founding editor of Household World and its successor All the Year Round (1859-70). In 1844-45 he lived in Italy, Switzerland and Paris. He gave lecturing tours in Britain and the United States in 1858-68. From 1860 Dickens lived at Gadshill Place, near Rochester, Kent. He died at Gadshill on June 9, 1870. Although Dickens's career as a novelist received much attention, he produced hundreds of essays and edited and rewrote hundreds of others submitted to the various periodicals he edited. Dickens distinquished himself as an essayis in 1834 under the pseudonym Boz. 'A Visit to Newgate' (1836) reflects his own memories of visiting his own family in the Marshalea Prison. In 'A Small Star in in the East' reveals the working conditions on mills and 'Mr. Barlow' (1869) draws a portrait of a unsensitive tutor. 最近在写雾都孤儿的英文报告，刚刚好哈~