WZYHJM1021
定语从句又称为关系从句，是最常见的从句之一。每年高考题对之均有考查，下面谈一谈定语从句在教学中几个值得注意的问题，供大家参考。 一、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性 定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如： The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School. 但注意下列一组句子： He is the only one of the students who was here just now. He is one of the students who were here just now. 如果"one of +复数名词"后跟有定语从句，一般情况下"one of"后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only,the very,just the修饰时，先行词则为one。 二、定语从句与强调结构 It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before. 第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place,that没有意义，把in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。 Where is it that he found the lost watch?(强调句型，强调疑问副词where)。 Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定语从句，that指代the watch) 三、定语从句与并列结构 He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him. He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him. I've got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai. 第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词whom指代two sons,在定语从名中介词of的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。 四、定语从句与状语从句 He found the books where he had put. He found the books in the place where he had put. 第一个句子为状语从句，where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地点状语。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place。 This is such an interesting book that I'dlike to read it. This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read. 第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it指代book,作read的宾语。第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词as指代先行词book的定语从句中read的宾语。 五、定语从句中的先行词 Is this book the one that you bought yesterday? Is this the book that you bought yesterday? 第一个句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one 是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语，the book是先行词。一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday? 六、定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如： The news that we heard is not true.(定语从句) The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位语从句) 另：在"have no idea+从句"结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。例如： I have no idea when she will be back.
MrStoneLiu
一、定语从句的引导词
1、一共有9个：who, whom , whose, that, which, when,where, why, as
与名词从句相比：定从不能由what和how引导;which的含义改变;定从内部的介词可以放引导词前。
2、引导词的功能有哪些?
(1)引导定语从句
(2)代替先行词在定语从句中充当一个成分。(先行词在从句中不再出现)
二、定语从句的关键
1、首先，要能判断出该从句是什么从句：
(1)放句首没有用逗号分开的，一般是主语从句，也有可能是状语从句，但从句结束后若有体现时态变化的动词，则一定是主语从句。
(2)放及物动词后，若及物动词不是被动语态，后面一定是宾语从句;若该及物动词是被动语态，后面一般是主语从句(It+ is + adj/n./done+that/whether/when…)或状语从句。
(3)放be动词后，后面一定是表语从句，但 “It is/was + 从句(被强调成分) + that”是强调句(强调句中“非谓语”)。
(4)放名词后，一般是定语从句，但若该名词有“内涵/内容”(fact/truth/news/information/ problem/suggestion)， 则很可能是同位语从句。
(5)用逗号分开的从句，一般是状语从句或 as/which引导的定语从句，也要注意用放在句中用逗号分开的“插入语”(however, for example,believe it or not等)。
2、其次，判断出是定语从句后可以用“三个优先”法做题：
(1)优先选择含whose的选项，能与空格后的名词构成“某人的某物”搭配，一般就是答案;
(2)优先选择含介词的选项，然后看该介词与从句中的谓语是否能构成符合逻辑的搭配;
(3)用逗号分开的定从，优先考虑as和which,若该空能翻译为“一件事”而从句意思是通顺的，则放句首就用as,句末用which(若该空能翻译为“如同”“像…一样”则应用as)
3、再次,做定语从句题可以用“三问法”来检测是否出错：
(1)先行词本身是否为特殊的词?
way+ in which/that/省略
指物的不定代词：anything, one, some,many, a lot, all, both, that等 + that
指人的不定代词或数词：one, those, anyone, two等 + who
既有人又有物： + that
“抽象的地点”condition, situation,case, point + where
“抽象的时间”one’s stay/visit + when
在特定语境中可以作“地点/位置”理解的词：trousers/ sleeves + where
(2)先行词前面有无特殊的词?
有不定代词修饰：all/every/little/much+ …+ that
有最高级/序数词修饰：the best/second … + that
有just the/ the very/ the only/ the last等修饰：+ that
有who/which疑问词：+ that(避免重复)
有the same/ such/ as修饰：一般+ as
(注意： ①第一个as是否为一个以as结尾的搭配，如regard…as;
②区分such…as(定从)与such …that“如此…以至于”)
(3)先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分?
注意：从句中spend后的“时间”，以及visit后的“地点”，不是状语，而是宾语，应该用不定代词
4、只能用that引导定语从句有哪些情况?
先行词前为all, everything, nothing,something, anything, little, much等不定代词时;
先行词前有：all, every, no, some, any,little, much, few等不定代词修饰时;
先行词被序数词修饰时;
先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;
先行词前only, just, very, last有等修饰时;
先行词是表示人和物混杂的'两个名词时;
主句是以who, which,开头的疑问句或先行词是疑问代词时;
在修饰时间、地点等先行词时，只有用that代替when, where等引导词;
【例】I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?
先行词为reason, way (意为“方法”)时，常用that 代替why,which, in which，也可省略。
引导词在定语从句中作表语时，多用that引导。
先行词是主句表语时;
【例】It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.
当主语以there be 开头时;
当先行词是数词时;
同一个复合句里有两个定语从句，一个用which，另一个通常用that。
5、reason后面用什么引导?way 后面用什么引导?
reason后面的定语从句用why引导。
way 后面定语从句用in which 或 that引导that可以省略。
6、when引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句?
when引导的定语从句等于介词+ which引导的定语从句。
7、where 引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句?
where 引导的定语从句等于介词+which引导的定语从句。
★8、one of 和 the (only) one of引导的定语从句在主谓一致问题上应注意什么?
前者引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数;后者用单数。
9、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有和区别?
限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的一个部分，缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定语从句是对主句的进一步说明，不要从句对主句意义无多大影响;非限制性定语从句前后有逗号隔开。而且非限制性定语从句中不能用that。
10、as 和which引导的非限制性定语从句在用法上有什么区别?
as和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句.都可以代替主句中的整个内容或某一成分。
as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以位于句首，并常和know, see, expect等词连用，意为：“正如……”，而which不能位于句首。
11、as 可以用于哪些结构中引导定语从句?
such... as; the same... as; so ...as..
12、the same…as和 the same…that 引导的定语从句如何区别?
the same…as 引导的定语从句指的是相同事物，强调同类。
the same…that引导的定语从句指的是同一物。
13、such…as …和 such…that…如何区分?
such…as…引导的是定语从句，as必须代替先行词在其引导的从句中充当成分。
such…that…引导的从句是状语从句，that只是引导从句并不在其引导的从句中充当成分，在选择填空首先看从句中是否缺句子成分，如果缺成分就要考虑是定语从句;如果不缺成分就要考虑是状语成分。
★14、whose 引导定语从句有那些注意点?
whose 作定语，后面跟名词。一般有三种表示形式：
【例】This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.
= This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.
= This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.
★★★15、 “介词 + 关系词” 开头的定语从句有哪几种情况?
注意：引导定从的介词后不能加who/that
(1)先行词在从句中做状语，用来替换when/where/why的：in/on/from/for/in front of + which/whom:
(2)“of所有格”： the+名词+ of + which/whom; of + which/whom +… the+名词
(3)“某个范围中的多少”： some/both/the former + of + which/whom; of + which/whom … some…
(4)偶尔可用“介词+ whose”和“介词+where”
三、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1、who指人，在从句中做主语
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
2、whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
Mr. Liu is the person (whom)you talked about on the bus.
【注意】关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3、which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
4、that指人时，相当于who或者whom;指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
5、whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
(注意：the + 名词 + of which/whom常考!)
四、介词+关系代词whom/which引导的定语从句(重点)
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导：
The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
=The school in which he once studied is very famous.
【注意】
1、含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1)This is the watch which/that I am lookingfor.(T)
(2)This is the watch for which I amlooking. (F)
2、若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that;指物时用which，不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)
(2)The man who/that you talked with is my friend.(F)
3、“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most,each, few等代词或者数词，构成some of which/whom等类似结构引导的定语从句。(重点：常考!)
(1)He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
(2)In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3)There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
在特定语境中，可以用“介词+ whose/where”引导定语从句
The boss in whose department Ms King once worked is a kind man.
五、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
(1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2)The time when we got together finally came.
2、where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
(1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3、why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语，此时先行词常为reason。可变为for which(常考!)
why=for which
(1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
【注意】关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
(2)From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3)Great changes have taken place in thecity in which/where I was born.
傻喵喵123
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导二、非限定性定语从句： 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物三、定语从句结构错误 1. 缺关系词 2. 从句中缺成分 摘自《简明英语语法》 在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别： 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如： Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。 Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。 They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如： Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy . （此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。） 更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。 The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center . （此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为： The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。 The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情）。太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。 The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句： The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。二、定语从句用法详细讲解 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。三、初中定语从句的讲解与练习 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系 代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书 3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I"ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
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