liuyanfei0451
从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。主语从句用作主语，如：：That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。宾语从句用作宾语。如：Do you know where he lives?表语从句用作表语，如：My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。（that从句用于解释说明the fact）定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.状语从句相当于一个副词，如：When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。（if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，＋主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：I am a teacher. 其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。He likes playing football very mucy. 其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。名词从句、定语从句名词从句名词从句有四类：宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。例如：宾语从句：I don’t know where he will go.主语从句：Where he will go is unknown.表语从句：The problem is how we can get so much money.同位语从句：We all feel sorry about the news that he failed in the game.下面几点是学习名词从句要加以注意的：1． whether和if都可以引导宾语从句表达“是否”意，（即引导宾语从句时if和whether可以互换）但以下几种名词从句要用whether（不用if）引导：（1） 引导主语从句，且在句首时。例：Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis).（2） 引导表语从句时。例The problem is whether he can get a job.（3） 引导同位语从句时。例：I have no idea whether he will come.（4） 介词后的whether从句。例：I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.2． 位于句首引导主语从句的that不可忘。例如：That he got the first place in the competition surprised all of us.3． 在“It is suggested/proposed/ordered/a pity/no wonder/necessary/strange/…＋that从句”结构中，that从句谓语有时用（should）do这样的虚拟语气形式。例如：It is suggested that we(should) improve the relations between us.It is a pity that one(should) stay in one place all one�0�7s life.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings（缺点）.4． 在“The reason why…is that…”句式中that不要误为because.例如：The reason why he didn�0�7t go to school yesterday is that he was ill.5． 名词从句中that,what用法比较：引导名词从句的that是连词，在句中无成份，无意义，而what是连接代词，what＝thething(s) that.例如：It was told in yesterday�0�7s newspaper that what the students had done was praisedby the factory.I know that he will study.I know what he will study.That he works hard at his lessons is known to us all.What he works hard at is known to us all.All I ask is that you should tell the truth./He is not what(＝the person that)heused to be.他和以前大不相同了。6． where在名词从句中的使用特点：where在名词从句中有时可以变为“the place where”,有时可以变为“介词＋the place where” 形式。例如：主从：Where(＝The place where)she has gone is still unknown.宾从：Would you please tell me where(＝the place where) Mr Smith lives?表从：Your dictionary remains where(＝in/at the place where)you put.同位从：Have you any idea where(＝of the place where) she is spending her holidays?7． 无论是哪种名词从句都是陈述语序。例如：I know where he lives./Please tell me what her name is.当一个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序（即“主＋谓＋（宾）”或“主＋系＋表”结构），将其变为间接引语（即宾语从句）时，无需改变语序。例如：What�0�7s the matter with him? She asked me what was the matter with him.Who looks after your grandfather? He asked me who looked after my grandfather.名词从句考点分析1．They want to know ______ do to help us. (NMET)A. what they can B. how they can C. how can they D. what can they析：此题要选陈述语序项，故应排除C、D。又因how they can do不完整，do后无宾语，故也应排除，只有A项既是陈述语序，且what they can do完整正确地表达出“他们能做些什么”这一意思，故答案为A。2．His teacher ______ he ______ bright and ______ he was worth teaching.A.didn’t think;was;that B.thought;was;whetherC.didn’t think;was;× D.thought;wasn�0�7t;×析：观察题目，可知think后跟有and连接的两个并列宾语从句，这时前一个宾语从句的引导语that可以省略，但引导后一宾语从句的that不可省略，据此，可排除C、D两个选项。若选B项，全句意思不通，而选择A项可表达“他的老师认为他不聪明，不值得教”这一意思，且语法结构无误，故可定A是正确答案。3．______ is done cannot be undone.A.How B.That C.What D.Where析：do一般作及物动词使用，从题干看，需选一词作主语（逻辑上是done的宾语）。而A.How,D.Where均是副词，不能作主语，故应排除。B项that一词只能在定语从句中作主语，不能在主语从句中作主语，也应排除。只有选what(＝the thing that),才能正确表述“凡是做的不可不做”这一意思。4．Take care ______ you don�0�7t make mistakes in the coming exam.A.of that B.about that C.for what D.that析：take care是“注意”、“当心”意，后面可跟that引导的宾语从句来表达“当心不要…”意思，据此，该题应选D。5．To his surprise,the umbrella was not ______ he had put.A.which B.where C.the place D.that析：观察题干，was not后是表语，根据where在表语从句中相当于in/at the place where,将其置于空白处则可表达“伞不在他当初放的地方”这一意思，而C选项缺少词，不可选。A、D项皆不合用。6．______ we can�0�7t get seems better than ______ we have.A.what;what B.what;that C.that;that D.that;what析：此题显然是要表达“我们得不到的东西似乎比我们得到的东西好。”这一意思，即“A seems better that B”结构，根据what＝the thing(s) that这一特点，将其置于两空白处正好可以表达出前者比后者好这一意思，故答案为A。7．______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where析：此题depends前的主语从句是一个不肯定的内容，在句首表“是否”意时，只能用Whether,不可用If。故答案为B。8．______ they are most interested in is ______ they can produce more and bettercars.A.That;how B.What;how C.What;what D.That;that析：is前面是一个主语从句，要表达“他们最感兴趣的（东西）”这一意思，只能选what填入空白;is是表语从句，显然只有选how才能表达“如何生产更多更好的汽车”，故答案为B。9．He made a suggestion that the English test ______ until next Wednesday.A.will be put off B.be put off C.will put off D.put off析：suggestion,order,adivce等词后的同位语从句谓语要用（should）do的形式，且该句中test与put off为被动关系，故选B。10．I don�0�7t think ______ he said something like that is right.A.that B.what C.whether D.when析：此句think后是一宾语从句，这个宾语从句的主语在is之前，它是一个被动句。因为he said something like that已经含有主、谓、宾、状等成分，只有选不表意义，不做成分的that才合适，故选A。定语从句一、 定语从句与引导词定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词，而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。1． 关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose作定语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose.例如：The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语)That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.(whom,who,that代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略)I�0�7m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语)A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words(which或that代物，在定从中作主语)2． 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。例如：We�0�7ll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.(which或that在定从中作主语，where不可用主语，故不可用)They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用)二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词；非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例：Li Ping�0�7s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容，因前后两句是因果关系，此时which不可换为as。)He is good at physics, as is known to us all.＝As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容，在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)三、 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合1． 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合1） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时：He talked about the men and the books that attractedhim.2） 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时：These are the very points that interest me./That�0�7s the only watch that I like most.3） 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时：The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.4）先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及everything,anything,nothing等时：There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?5） 先行词是who时：Who that have seen him does not like him?2． 不用that的场合如下：1）非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film,which was about the LongMarch .2）介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news3）句中出现了that，或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for状语从句又可分为时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、行为方式、条件、让步及比较等几种形式
我的歌声里AA
lz应该和我差不多大吧，我明年中考状语从句我补课的老师讲了三四节课一时半会儿是讲不清的，也不是，别人复制黏贴一下内容，你也就了解了首先，我老师讲最重要的是：条件、时间、原因、目的、结果状语从句。状语从句的笔记我记了7页！！恩……打下来要死人的……所以，lz买一本语法书吧，推荐薄冰教授写的，外国人……不错，看下吧~~选不选我都无所谓~~能给你点建议就好~~
黑马胖子666
状语从句-概述 状语从句（Adverbial Clauses）在四、六级、研究生入学考试以及各类应试中是一项比较重要的测试内容。引导状语从句的是一些连词，它们的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首，也可以置于句末。 状语从句-时间状语从句 (1) when引导的时间状语从句 ①.when引导的时间状语从句，其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词，也可以是瞬间性动作的动词，而且可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如： when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials. 当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。（同时） when the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all atopped talking. 当学生们听到老师的脚步声时，他们都停止了讲话。（从句动作发生在前） ② when还可表示just then（正在那时，突然）的意思，此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。如： we were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要动身，突然天下起雨来。 The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining. 比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。 (2) as引导的时间状语从句 as引导的时间状语从句其动词的动作是延续性的，而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生： We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair. 她梳头时我们在吃早饭。 It will warm up a little bit on Sunday as the cold front passes. 寒流一过，星期日就会有点暖意了。 (3) while引导的时间状语从句 while表示“在某一段时间里”或“在……期间”，其所引导的从句的动作是延续性的，并侧重表示和主句的动作同时发生。如： When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes. 当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。 I can learn while I work. 我可以边工作边学习。 (4) before引导的时间状语从句 ① before“在……之前” I have finished my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad. 在我的导师出国之前，我已完成了我的学位论文。 I’ll be back before you have left. 你离开之前我就会回来。 ② before“……之后才” It may be many years before we meet again. 可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。 It was three days before I came back. 他三天后才回来。 (5) as soon as/once/directly/the instant等引导的时间状语从句 as soon as 是最常见的表示“一……就”的从属连词，其他连词还有once，directly，immediately，instantly，the instant (that)，the minute(that) ，the moment(that)等，它们通常都可与as soon as换用。如： As soon as we got home, the telephone rang. 我们一到家，电话就响了。 I recognized her immediately I saw her. 我一看见她就认出她来了。 Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet. 老师一进来，大家就静了下来。 (6) hardly...when/no sooner...than引导的时间状语从句 关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely...when和no sooner...than的意思是“刚……就”，它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如： He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚一到家，就又要他出另一次差。 No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent. 这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。 (7) since引导的时间状语从句 在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时，主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时： We’ve never met since we graduated from the college. 大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。 Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走了以后，这里发生了巨大变化。 (8) till/until引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义，作“直到……时(为止)”解，till多用于非正式文体，until多用于句首。如： Donald will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course. 唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。 I won’t go with you until(till) I finished my homework. 等我做完作业我才和你一起去。 (9) whenever/each time/every time引导的时间状语从句 whenever在引导时间状语从句时作“每当；每次”解，each time和every time与whenever同义，通常可以与它换用。如： The roof leaks whenever it rains. 每逢下雨屋顶就漏雨。 Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together，heat is produced. 某些化学物质被混到一起时，就会产生热。 Whenever/ Every time/ Each time I met her, she was studying. 我每次看见她时，她总是在学习。 状语从句-地点状语从句 (1) when引导的时间状语从句 从属连词where“在（或到）……的地方” Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 Put it where you found it. 把它放在原来的地方。 ① where 在地点状语从句中，除指地点外，还可指处境等。如： He said he was happy where he was. 他说他对自己的处境很满意。 It’s your fault that she is where she is. 她今天落到这个地步都怪你。 ② 有时地点状语从句中的某些词可以省略。如： Fill in the blanks with the given phrases. Change the form where necessary. 用所给的短语填空，必要的地方可以改变其形式。 Avoid structure of this kind where possible. 只要可能，就要避免这种结构。 (2) wherever引导的地点状语从句 从属连词wherever“在（或到）……的各个地方”： You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days. 这些天你可以去你想去的地方。 Where (Everywhere) they went, the experts were warmly welcomed. 专家每到一处， 都受到热烈的欢迎。 Sit down wherever you like. 你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿。 状语从句-原因状语从句 (1) because引导的原因状语从句 because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句，其所引导的从句，为全句句意的中心所在。通常用于回答why引出的疑问句，语气最强，除特别强调外，该从句一般位于主句后面。 I didn’t go abrord with her because I couldn’t afford it. 我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。 Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。 (2) as引导的原因状语从句 as引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息，从句多位于主句之前，通常可以和since换用。如： As I didn’t know the way，I asked a policeman. 我不认识路，因而问警察。 As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain. 由于在下雪，我们不去爬山了。 (3) since引导的原因状语从句 since引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息，从句多位于主句之前，通常可以和as换用。如： Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane. 既然乘飞机旅行快得多，他们就决定坐飞机。 Since you won’t help me ，I’ll ask someone else. 你既然不帮我，那我就请别人帮忙。 (4) now(that)引导的原因状语从句 now(that)“因为；既然”，通常可以和since换用。其中that可省去，用来表示一种新的情况，再加以推论。如： Now(that) you?蒺ve passed your test you can drive on your own. 你既已考试合格，就可以独自开车了。 I do remember，now (that) you mention it. 你这一提，我倒的确想起来了。 (5) seeing (that)引导的原因状语从句 Seeing (that)“鉴于；由于”，通常用于非正式文体。如： Seeing (that) the weather is bad，we’ll stay at home. 天气不好，我们还是呆在家里吧。 Seeing that he’ s ill，he’s unlikely to come. (6) in that引导的原因状语从句 in that“因为；基于……的理由”，可以和because换用，多用于正式文体，它所引导的原因状语从句总是位于主句之后。如： Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered. 广告不同于其他交际形式，因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。 I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until 10th. 我的处境有点难堪，因为他要十号才来。 状语从句-目的状语从句 (1) in order that引导的目的状语从句 in order that“为了；以便”。多用于正式文体，通常可以与so that换用。如： You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake. 他们在杭州停了下来，以便游览西湖。 The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand. 专家讲得很慢，以便人人听得懂。 (2) so (that)引导的目的状语从句 so that“为了；以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用，它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后，在非正式文体中，常省略that。如： Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 你要讲得清楚，他们才听得懂。 She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight. 她要七点钟备好茶点，这样她八点以前就可以出门了。 (3) in case/for fear (that)/lest等引导的目的状语从句 in case，for fear(that)和lest这三个从属连词都表示否定目的，意思是“以免”,“以防”。in case多用于英国英语，它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式，也可以是虚拟语气形式；for fear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may，might，should等情态动词；lest用于正式文体，它所引导的从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式。如： Take your umbrella with you，lest it should rain. 带上你的伞，以防下雨。 Take your umbrella in case it rains. 带上你的伞，以防下雨。 He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain. 他带了一把伞，以防下雨。 状语从句-结果状语从句 (1) so that引导的结果状语从句 ① so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后，中间可以有逗号。如： Suddenly it began to rain heavily，so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving. 突然下起了大雨，几乎无法继续开车。 Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound. 琳达到达后给我打了电话，因而我知道她平安无事。 ②“so that”既可引导结果状语从句也可引导目的状语从句。究竟是引导的结果状语从句还是目的状语从句，除了根据句意来判断外，还可根据结构形式来加以判断。若从句前有逗号，一般为结果状语从句，如果从句中有情态动词，通常则为目的状语从句。如： They started out early, so that they didn’t miss the train. 他们早早就出发了，所以没误火车。(结果状语从句) They started out early so that they would not miss the train. 他们早早出发是为了不误火车。(目的状语从句) (2) so...that引导的结果状语从句 so...that“如此……以致”，that在非正式文体中可以省略，so后面接形容词或副词。如： She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying. 她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。 There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter. 现在剩下的时间不多了，我只好以后再给你讲这件事。 (3) such...that引导的结果状语从句 引导结果状语从句的such...that的具体内容是：such+a/an+形容词+名词+that从句。其中的名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数，也可以是不可数名词。such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句可换成so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。如： The Japanese student made such rapid progress that he soon began to write article in Chinese. 那个日本留学生进步很快，不久就开始用中文写文章了。 The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed． (＝The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.) 教授讲了个很有趣的故事，(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。 (4) such that引导的结果状语从句 such that引导的结果状语从句多用于正式文体，主句为“主—系—表”句型。如： The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the windows. 爆炸的力量很大，所有的窗户都被炸掉了。 His anger was such that he lost control of himself. 他气得不能克制自己的感情。 状语从句-条件状语从句 (1) if引导的条件状语从句 if可引导非真实条件状语从句(见“虚拟语气”)和真实条件状语从句。如： If he said that，he can’t be telling the truth. 如果他说了那样的话，他不可能是说实话。 (2) unless引导的条件状语从句 unless引导的是否定条件状语从句，在意义上相当于if...not，而且语气较强，一般不用于虚拟语气。如： You’ll be late unless you hurry. 你会迟到的，如果不赶快的话。 (3) if only引导的条件状语从句 if only在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要；如果”。如: I’ll let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition. 只要你把车保养好，我就让你用。 (4) as/so long as引导的条件状语从句 as/so long as意为“只要；如果”。如： As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play. 只要不下雨我们就能玩。 (5) provided (that)/providing (that)引导的条件状语从句 provided (that)/providing (that)意为“如果；只要”。如： I will agree to go provided’ providing (that my expense are paid.) 假如为我负担费用，我就同意去。 Providing you promise not to tell anyone else I’ll explain the secret. 状语从句-让步状语从句 (1) although/though引导的让步状语从句 although和though，都作“虽然；尽管”解，通常可以换用，although的语气较重。如果要强调“但是”语气，可使用yet，still或nevertheless来表示“但是”、“依然”或“然而”之意。 Although they have been talking for a long time, he cannot make her believe him. 虽然和她谈了半天，他还是不能让她信任自己。 (2) even if引导的让步状语从句 even if “即使，纵然”，从句表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。如： Even if it rains tomorrow，we won’t change our plan. 即使明天下雨，我们也决不改变计划。 Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment. 即使我再次失败，我也决不会放弃实验。 (3) even though引导的让步状语从句 even though“虽然，尽管”，从句所表示的是已经发生的动作或存在的情况，通常可以和although/though换用。如： Even though I didn’t understand a word，I kept smiling. 即使我一个字也不懂，我还是保持微笑。 Even though you say so，I do not believe it. 即使你这样说，我也不信。 (4) much as引导的让步状语从句 much as“虽然，尽管”，通常可以和although/though换用： Much as I’d like to，I can’t come. 我虽然很想来，但是来不了。 Much as I admire his courage，I don’t think he acted wisely. 我虽然佩服他的勇气，但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。 (5) while引导的让步状语从句 while“虽然，尽管”，多用于正式文体，通常可换作although/though。如： While I understand your point of view，I do not share it. 我虽了解你的观点，但不敢苟同。 While I sympathize，I really can’t do very much to help. 虽然我很同情，但我确实帮不了什么忙。 (6) whatever/no matter what引导的让步状语从句 whatever和no matter what用法相同，都作“无论什么”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如： Whatever/No matter what he says，don’t go. 不管他说什么，你都不要走。 We are determined to fulfill the task，whatever/no matter what happens. 不管发生什么了，我们决心完成任务。 (7) whichever/no matter which引导的让步状语从句 whichever和no matter which用法相同，都作“无论哪个”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如： Whichever/No matter which you buy， there is a six-month guarantee. 不论你买哪个，都有六个月的保修期。 Whichever/No matter which of the two men had stolen her purseBarbara was determined to find them. 不管这两个人是谁偷了她的钱包，芭芭拉决心找到他们。 (8) whoever/no matter who引导的让步状语从句 whoever和no matter who用法相同，都作“无论谁”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如： You can’t come in， whoever you are. 不管你是谁，都不能进来。 Whoever/No matter who wants to speak to me on the phone, tell him I’m busy. 不管谁要我接电话， 就说我现在正忙着呢。 (9) whereverno matter where引导的让步状语从句 wherever和no matter where用法相同，都作“无论在（或到）哪里”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如： Wherever/No matter where you go, I’m right here waiting fo ryou. 无论你到哪里，我都依然在这里等着你。 (10) however/no matter how引导的让步状语从句 however和no matter how用法相同，都作“无论如何……”解，后者多用于非正式文体。 However much you regret doing that， there is nothing you can do about it now. 无论你可能多么懊悔你曾经做过的事，现在也无济于事了。 However high it may be，it can’t reach the sky. 它不论有多高，也高不到天上去。 (11) whenever/no matter when引导的让步状语从句 whenever和no matter when用法相同，都作“无论何时”解，后者多用于非正式文体。如： Whenever I’m unhappy，he cheers me up. 每当我不高兴时，他就给我鼓劲儿。 (12)(no matter) whether...or引导的让步状语从句 whether...or和no matter whether...or用法相同，都作“不论……还是”解，后者的语气强一些。如： When it rains or not, we’re playing football on Sunday. 无论下不下雨，我们星期天一定踢足球。 (13) as引导的让步状语从句 as在引导让步状语从句时作“虽然；尽管”和“即使”解，但是它不位于句首，在它前面的可以是形容词、名词、副词等。如： Strong as you maybe, you cannot lift it. 虽然你可能很有力气，你却无法把它提起来。 Late as it was, they continued to study. 时间尽管不早了，他们仍继续学习。 状语从句-方式状语从句 (1) as引导的方式状语从句 as在引导方式状语从句时意为“以……方式；如同……那样”，从句有时是省略句。如： Do as I say. 要照我说的做。 I did just as you told me. 我正是照你说的办的。 Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。 (2) as if/as though引导的方式状语从句 as if和as though的用法相同，都作“好像，仿佛”解。如： 二者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。as if比as though更为常用。但也可用陈述语气，表示所说的情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。如： They looked at me as if ‘as though I were mad. 他们瞧着我好像我发疯了似的。 They look as if/as though they know each other. 他们看来好像互相认识。 状语从句-比较状语从句 (1) as...as 引导的比较状语从句 as...as表示同级比较，主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式，从句常常为省略句。如： We were as fortunate as them (they were) 我们和他们一样幸运。 I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done). 我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。 (2) not so/as...as 引导的比较状语从句 not so/as...as表示同级比较，主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式，从句常常为省略句。如： That’s not so/as simple as it sounds. 那件事情不像听起来那么简单。 (3) than引导的比较状语从句 than引导的比较状语从句表示同等比较，主句中用形容词或副词的比较级形式，从句常常为省略句。如： He has lived here longer than I(has lived). 他在这儿住的时间比我长。 They love the girl than(they love) him. 他们爱这个女孩而不爱他。 (4) the..., the...引导的比较状语从句 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 英语听得越多就越容易。
芬达果味十足
状语从句： 用一个句子（从句）来作另一个句子（主句）的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。例如：条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。 状语从句的分类： （1）时间状语从句 凡是从句都必须有引导词，引导时间状语从句的词有when，before，after，until，as soon as，while 等。 （2）条件状语从句 主要看一下由if引导的条件状语从句。if 意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，表示假如有从句的动作发生就（不）会有主句的动作发生。例如： If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。 If I get there early，I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。 3）地点状语从句用法要点 常用where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里）eg. Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 We will go wherever the motherland need us most. 我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。 （4）原因状语从句用法要点 常用的引导连词有because，as和since，三者的区别是：在回答问题的时候，使用because；对于显而易见的原因，常用as或since；as和since的从句常放在主句之前，而because的从句常放在主句之后。eg. Why did you go？ I went because Tom told me to go. 你为何去？那是因为汤姆叫我去。 He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise. 他很生气不是因为我们来迟了，而是因为我们弄出了声音。 As it was raining hard，we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。 Since you feel ill，you'd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。 （5）目的状语从句用法要点 常用的引导连词有so that，that和in order that译为：以便，为了，目的是。eg. Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes. 请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。 I shall write down your address that I may not forget. 我要把你的地址记下来，以免忘记。 I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。 注：目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。eg. We work harder than usual finish it in a week. 我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周内完成工作。 三、主句与从句时态一致的问题。 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分下列两种情况： 1. 若主句是祈使句，或主句中有情态动词，或主句中谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如： Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。 Put up your hand if you have any questions to ask. 如果你们有问题要问的话，请举手。 The traffic must stop when the lights are red. 红灯亮时，车辆必须停下。 2. 若主从句谓语动词都是陈述过去，那么主从句都可以用一般过去时。例如： She could sing when she was four years old. 她四岁的时候就会唱歌。 宾语从句： 宾语从句是用来充当宾语成分的句子。其构成为"引导词+主语+谓语+其它"，其语序是陈述句语序。引导宾语从句的连接词很多，多有实在意义，称为有意连词；that也可以引导宾语从句，但本身没有实在意义，称为无意连词。 1.that引导的宾语从句可以作动词、形容词等的宾语。主句中常见的谓语动词有say, know, hear, see, hope, think, believe, write, tell等。系动词加形容词afraid, worried, sure等后，也可用that引导的宾语从句。 如：I hope that he will come back soon. 我希望他能快点回来。 2.在由that引导的宾语从句中，由于连词that只起引导功能，无具体意义，不作句子成分, 因此在口语或非正式文体中常可省略,省略之后不影响原句性质和意义。 3.由that引导的宾语从句中的时态，通常分三种情况：若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句可根据具体情况选用时态；若主句是过去时，从句一般用相应的过去时态；若从句表示的是客观真理、名言、自然现象等，从句时态不受主句限制。 4.主句若是I/We think (believe, guess, suppose, imagine...)时，后面的宾语从句若要表示否定概念时，一般应将否定词not 转移到主句的谓语中。 如：I don't think (that) you are right. 我认为你不对。 5.含that宾语从句的复合句在变成反意疑问句时，如果主句的谓语动词为think，believe, guess, suppose, imagine等且主语是第一人称时，附加疑问部分要由从句决定；反之，附加疑问部分由主句决定。 如：I don't think that he can answer this question, can he?我认为他答不出这个问题，不是吗？ 定语从句： 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 .
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