君主专制制度英文

The Constitutional Monarchy The political system of UK is constitutional monarchy, a system of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State, while the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected parliament. Contrary to absolutism or absolute monarchy where a monarchy rules with total power, the power of the monarch under constitutional monarchy is restrained by a parliament, by law or by custom; as in the United Kingdom the Sovereign reigns but does not rule. The hereditary monarchy is the oldest secular institution of government in the UK, with roots that can be traced back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th until the Norman Conquest in 1066. In over 1000 years, its continuity has been broken only once by Cromwell’s “Commonwealth”, which lasted from the execution of Charles I to the restoration of Charles II. The origins of the constitutional monarchy, however, go back to the time when the leading nobles of England succeeded in forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. Until the end of 17th century, British monarchs were executive monarchs, enjoying the rights to make and pass legislation. The real sense constitutional monarchy started from the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights of 1689, which established basic tenets such as the supremacy of parliament. By the reign of George V, the principle of constitutional monarchy was firmly established in Britain. The constitutional monarchy we know today really developed in the 18th and 19th centuries, as day-to-day power came to be exercised by ministers in Cabinet and by Parliaments by a steadily-widening electorate. In modern Britain, where class and privilege are no longer as important as they used to be, an institution like monarchy might seem obsolete. However, any serious attempt to abolish the monarchy would meet with violent opposition from all sectors of British society. What then is the use of having a Monarch? As a system of government, constitutional monarchy has its strengths. One is that it separates out the ceremonial and official duties of Head of State from party politics. Walter Bagehot, one of the most important Victorian writers on the subject of constitutional monarchy, describes the way in which monarchy symbolize the unity of the national community. “The nation is divided into parties, but the crown is of no party. Its apparent separation from business is that which removes it both from enmities and from desecration, which preserves its mystery, which enables it to combine the affection of conflicting parties...” Besides, from the point of view of political power, according to Bagehot, the main influence of Sovereign is during a political ministry, for Sovereign has three rights: “the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn”. A Sovereign would, over the course of a long reign, accumulate far more knowledge and experience than any minister. Even though the Queen could do nothing to alter Cabinet decisions and never refuses her assent to something she disagrees with because she knows this would be unconstitutional, she sometimes has a definite and beneficial influence on the kind of decisions taken. More than this, the constitutional monarchy focus, as a long-established tradition, provides a sense of stability, continuity and a national focus, since the Head of State remains the same even as governments and politicians come and go according to elections won or lost. The Monarch is always there, above party quarrels, representing the nation as a whole, and lending dignity and significance to all things done in her name. The system bridges the discontinuity in times of political and social change. With more than five decades of reading State papers, meeting Heads of State and ambassadors and holding a weekly audience with the Prime Minister, The Queen has an unequalled store of experience upon which successive Prime Ministers have been able to draw. The British Monarchy is the supreme illustration of the way British institutions develop. Violent upheavals are rare. Instead, the existing is slowly modified to suit fresh conditions, until in the end the impossible is achieved—a completely new system which still looks exactly like the old. And the pride of the British is that although it is illogical, it works.译文：君主立宪制英国的政治体制是君主立宪制，即国王或王后担任国家元首的政府制度，而制定和通过立法的能力则由选举产生的议会负责。君主专制统治下的君主专制主义或专制君主政体，君主立宪制下君主的权力受到议会、法律或习俗的制约；在英国，君主统治但不统治。世袭君主制是英国最古老的世俗政体，其根源可追溯到第五至1066年诺尔曼征服的撒克逊人。在1000多年的时间里，克伦威尔的“联邦”一次打破了它的连续性，从查尔斯一世的执行到查理二世的复辟。君主立宪制的渊源，然而，回去的时候，英国的贵族，成功地迫使约翰国王1215签署大宪章。直到十七世纪底，英国君主都是行政君主，享有制定和通过立法的权利。真正意义上的君主立宪制是从1688的光荣革命和后来的《1689权法案》开始的，该法案确立了议会至上等基本原则。乔治五世统治时期，英国确立了君主立宪的原则。我们今天所知道的君主立宪制确实发展于第十八和第十九世纪，因为内阁和议会中的部长们的日常权力由不断扩大的选民行使。在现代英国，阶级和特权不再像过去那么重要了，像君主政体这样的机构似乎过时了。然而，任何废除君主制的严肃企图都会遭到英国社会各阶层的强烈反对。那么，拥有君主又有什么用呢？君主立宪制作为一种政体，有其自身的优势。其一是将国家元首的礼仪和公务从政党政治中分离出来。Walter Bagehot，一个在君主立宪制的主体最重要的维多利亚时代的作家，介绍的方式，王权象征民族共同体的统一。这个国家分为两个党派，但这个国家没有党派。其表观与商业分离，删除它从仇恨和亵渎，保留它的神秘，这使它能够将冲突双方的感情…此外，从政治的角度来看，Bagehot认为，主权的主要影响是政治部期间，主权有三项权利：“商量权，正确的鼓励，警告权”。在漫长的统治过程中，君主会比其他大臣积累更多的知识和经验。即使女王不能改变内阁的决定，也从不拒绝她不同意的东西，因为她知道这是违反宪法的，她有时对所做的决定有明确和有益的影响。更重要的是，君主立宪制作为一个由来已久的传统，提供了一种稳定、连续性和国家重点的意识，因为国家元首仍然是相同的，即使政府和政治家根据选举的胜利或失败而来或去。君主总是站在那里，超越党派纷争，代表整个国家，为她所做的一切事情赋予尊严和意义。在政治和社会变革的时代，这一体系是桥梁的桥梁。拥有超过五年的阅读报纸，国家和大使首脑会议持每周的观众与首相，女王有一个无与伦比的存储经验的历届首相已经能够得出。英国君主政体是英国制度发展的最高例证。暴力剧变是罕见的。相反，现有的慢慢修正以适应新的条件，直到最后不可能取得完全的新系统看起来完全一样。英国人的骄傲是，尽管它不合逻辑，但它确实有效。

Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution. This form of government differs fromabsolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government.

古埃及的政治制度是君主专制政体。

古埃及，四大文明古国之一，位于非洲东北部尼罗河中下游（今中东地区）。距今约7400多年前，以法尤姆地区为中心开始出现聚落组织城邦进而形成国家，古埃及文明最早形成于约7450年前下埃及的法尤姆地区（约公元前5450年），终止于（公元639年）阿拉伯帝国将其伊斯兰化。

扩展资料

君主专制政体介绍：

君主专制（英语：absolute monarchy），是政治学概念中定义的一种政体，又译为君主专政、绝对君主制、绝对君主专制、绝对主义王权、绝对王权等；支持君主专制的思想被归类为专制主义。

早期埃及、希腊、罗马至欧洲中古时代，其君主作为世人与神之间的神圣角色，不仅是世俗的首领，也是宗教的首领；中世纪欧洲则由于天主教的盛行，教宗的教权大大高于君权，君权很大程度上受到诸侯的限制，在英国甚至产生了大宪章这样限制君权的法律传统。

16至18世纪欧洲各国纷纷加强君权，国家教会的建立使君主专制受到强化、甚至出现了政教合一的君主制国家，但从17世纪英国及其他国家开始，君权受到立宪化规范，规定其权力从人民而来。

英国的新型君主制是指英国向近代社会转型时期出现的过渡性的君主制制度。

一、君主制：

君主制（英语：Monarchy）是国家元首为世袭君主的政体由单一国家领袖行使名义上或是绝对的政体权力，通常为世袭制，且为终身任期。从发展史上，罗马帝国和阿拉伯帝国时期，其王国多为绝对君主制，和现代国家不同。随着征服和被征服，很多演变为现代国家，并由此形成当今各种政治体制的国家，如君主立宪制的英国及部分君主专制（政教合一）的阿拉伯国家。

二、君主制的历史：

君主制（monarchy）以君主（皇帝、天皇、大汗、国王、大公、苏丹、沙皇和埃米尔等）为国家元首的政体形式。在君主制下，君主一般是世袭的，终身任职。

君主制是人类历史上最古老、最普遍的政体形式。它不仅是奴隶制国家和封建制国家的主要政权组织形式，还被少数资本主义国家所采用。君主制的具体形式并不单一，也不是一成不变的。

奴隶制国家普遍实行君主专制制，如古代埃及、巴比伦、中国的夏商和西周。君主专制制也是封建制国家最主要的政权组织形式。在欧洲封建社会，许多国家的君主专制制是由贵族君主制经等级君主制转变而来的。在资本主义时期，君主制是资产阶级与封建贵族妥协的产物，主要表现形式为君主立宪制，具体又分为二元制君主立宪制和议会制君主立宪制。君主制在当代日趋衰落。

古埃及是实行的是法老高度集权的专制统治，法老是国家政权的最高代表。掌握军、政、经、法、教权。全国军队由他掌握，官员由他任命，全国生产由他控制，产品由他分配，还要臣民纳税和服劳役，是绝对的中央集权。