sophocles作品英文

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616), English poet, player and playwright, was baptized in the parish church of Stratford upon-Avon in Warwickshire on the 26th of April 1564. The exact date of his birth is not known. Two. 18th-century antiquaries, William Oldys and Joseph Greene, gave it as April 23, but without quoting authority for their statements, and the fact that April 23 was the day of Shakespeare's death in 1616 suggests a possible source of error. In any case his birthday cannot have been later than April 23, since the inscription upon his monument is evidence that on April 23, 1616, he had already begun his fifty-third year. His father, John Shakespeare, was a burgess of the recently constituted corporation of Stratford, and had already filled certain minor municipal offices. From 1561 to 1563 he had been one of the two chamberlains to whom the finance of the town was entrusted. By occupation he was a glover, but he also appears to have dealt from time to time in various kinds of agricultural produce, such as barley, timber and wool. Aubrey (Lives, 1680) spoke of him as a butcher, and it is quite possible that he bred and even killed the calves whose skins he manipulated. He is sometimes described in formal documents as a yeoman, and it is highly probable that he combined a certain amount of farming with the practice of his trade. He was living in Stratford as early as 1552, in which year he was fined for having a dunghill in Henley Street, but he does not appear to have been a native of the town, in whose records the name is not found before his time; and he may reasonably be identified with the John Shakespeare of Snitterfield, who administered the goods of his father, Richard Shakespeare, in 1561. Snitterfield is a village in the immediate neighbourhood of Stratford, and here Richard Shakespeare had been settled as a farmer since 1529. It is possible that John Shakespeare carried on the farm for some time after his father's death, and that by 1570 he had also acquired a small holding called Ingon in Hampton Lucy, the next village to Snitterfield. But both of these seem to have passed subsequently to his brother Henry, who was buried at Snitterfield in 1596. There was also at Snitterfield a Thomas Shakespeare and an Anthony Shakespeare, who afterwards moved to Hampton Corley; and these may have been of the same family. A John Shakespeare, who dwelt at Clifford Chambers, another village close to Stratford, is clearly distinct. Strenuous efforts have been made to trace Shakespeare's genealogy beyond Richard of Snitterfield, but so far without success. Certain drafts of heraldic exemplifications of the Shakespeare arms speak, in one case of John Shakespeare's grandfather, in another of his great-grandfather, as having been rewarded with lands and tenements in Warwickshire for service to Henry VII. No such grants, however, have been traced, and even in the 16th-century statements as to " antiquity and service " in heraldic preambles were looked upon with suspicion. The name Shakespeare is extremely widespread, and is spelt in an astonishing variety of ways. That of John Shakespeare occurs 166 times in the Council Book of the Stratford corporation, and appears to take 16 different forms. The verdict, not altogether unanimous, of competent palaeographers is to the effect that Shakespeare himself, in the extant examples of his signature, always wrote " Shakspere." In the printed signatures to the dedications of his poems, on the title-pages of nearly all the contemporary editions of his plays that bear his name, and in many formal documents it appears as Shakespeare. This may be in part due to the martial derivation which the poet's literary contemporaries were fond of assigning to his name, and which is acknowledged in the arms that he bore. The forms in use at Stratford, however, such as Shaxpeare, by far the commonest, suggest a short pronunciation of the first syllable, and thus tend to support Dr Henry Bradley's derivation from the Anglo-Saxon personal name, Seaxberht. It is interesting, and even amusing, to record that in 1487 Hugh Shakspere of Merton College, Oxford, changed his name to Sawndare, because his former name vile reputatum est. The earliest record of a Shakespeare that has yet been traced is in 12 4 8 at Clapton in Gloucestershire, about seven miles from Stratford. The name also occurs during the 13th century in Kent, Essex and Surrey, and during the 14th in Cumberland, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Essex, Warwickshire and as far away as Youghal in Ireland. Thereafter it is found in London and most of the English counties, particularly those of the midlands; and nowhere more freely than in Warwickshire. There were Shakespeares in Warwick and in Coventry, as well as around Stratford; and the clan appears to have been very numerous in a group of villages about twelve miles north of Stratford, which includes Baddesley Clinton, Wroxall, Rowington, Haseley, Hatton, Lapworth, Packwood, Balsall and Knowle. William was in common use as a personal name, and Williams from more than one other family have from time to time been confounded with the dramatist. Many Shakespeares are upon the register of the gild of St Anne at Knowle from about 1457 to about 1526. Amongst these were Isabella Shakespeare, prioress of the Benedictine convent of Wroxall, and Jane Shakespeare, a nun of the same convent. Shakespeares are also found as tenants on the manors belonging to the convent, and at the time of the Dissolution in 1534 one Richard Shakespeare was its bailiff and collector of rents. Conjectural attempts have been made on the one hand to connect the ancestors of this Richard Shakespeare with a family of the same name who held land by military tenure at Baddesley Clinton in the 14th and 15th centuries, and on the other to identify him with the poet's grandfather, Richard Shakespeare of Snitterfield. But Shakespeares are to be traced at Wroxall nearly as far back as at Baddesley Clinton, and there is no reason to suppose that Richard the bailiff, who was certainly still a tenant of Wroxall in 1556, had also since 1529 been farming land ten miles off at Snitterfield. With the breaking of this link, the hope of giving Shakespeare anything more than a grandfather on the father's side must be laid aside for the present. On the mother's side he was connected with a family of some distinction. Part at least of Richard Shakespeare's land at Snitterfield was held from Robert Arden of Wilmcote in the adjoining parish of Aston Cantlow, a cadet of the Ardens of Parkhall, who counted amongst the leading gentry of Warwickshire. Robert Arden married his second wife, Agnes Hill, formerly Webbe, in 1548, and had then no less than eight daughters by his first wife. To the youngest of these, Mary Arden, he left in 1556 a freehold in Aston Cantlow consisting of a farm of about fifty or sixty acres in extent, known as Asbies. At some date later than November 1556, and probably before the end of 1557, Mary Arden became the wife of John Shakespeare. In October 1556 John Shakespeare had bought two freehold houses, one in Greenhill Street, the other in Henley Street. The latter, known as the wool shop, was the easternmost of the two tenements now combined in the so-called Shakespeare's birthplace. The western tenement, the birthplace proper, was probably already in John Shakespeare's hands, as he seems to have been living in Henley Street in 1552. It has sometimes been thought to have been one of two houses which formed a later purchase in 1575, but there is no evidence that these were in Henley Street at all. William Shakespeare was not the first child. A Joan was baptized in 1558 and a Margaret in 1562. The latter was buried in 1563 and the former must also have died young, although her burial is not recorded, as a second Joan was baptized in 1569. A Gilbert was baptized in 1566, an Anne in 1571, a Richard in 1 574 and an Edmund in 1580. Anne died in 1579; Edmund, who like his brother became an actor, in 2607; Richard in 1613. Tradition has it that one of Shakespeare's brothers used to visit London in the 17th century as quite an old man. If so, this can only have been Gilbert. During the years that followed his marriage, John Shakespeare became prominent in Stratford life. In 1565 he was chosen as an alderman, and in 1568 he held the chief municipal office, that of high bailiff. This carried with it the dignity of justice of the peace. John Shakespeare seems to have assumed arms, and thenceforward was always entered in corporation documents as " Mr " Shakespeare, whereby he may be distinguished from another John Shakespeare, a " corviser " or shoemaker, who dwelt in Stratford about 1584-1592. In 1571 as an ex-bailiff he began another year of office as chief alderman. One may think, therefore, of Shakespeare in his boyhood as the son of one of the leading citizens of a not unimportant. provincial market-town, with a vigorous life of its own, which in spite of the dunghills was probably not much unlike the life of a similar town to-day, and with constant reminders of its past in the shape of the stately buildings formerly belonging to its college and its gild, both of which had been suppressed at the Reformation. Stratford stands on the Avon, in the midst of an agricultural country, throughout which in those days enclosed orchards and meadows alternated with open fields for tillage, and not far from the wilder and wooded district known as the Forest of Arden. The middle ages had left it an heritage in the shape of a free grammar-school, and here it is natural to suppose that William Shakespeare obtained a sound enough education,' with a working knowledge of " Mantuan "2 and Ovid in the original, even though to such a thorough scholar as Ben Jonson it might seem no more than " small Latin and less Greek." In 1577, when Shakespeare was about thirteen, his father's fortunes began to take a turn for the worse. He became irregular in his contributions to town levies, and had to give a mortgage on his wife's property of Asbies as security for a loan from her brother-in-law, Edmund Lambert. Money was raised to pay this off, partly by the sale of a small interest in land at Snitterfield which had come to Mary Shakespeare from her sisters, partly perhaps by that of the Greenhill Street house and other property in Stratford outside Henley Street, none of which seems to have ever come into William Shakespeare's hands. Lambert, however, refused to surrender the mortgage on the plea of older debts, and an attempt to recover Asbies by litigation proved ineffectual. John Shakespeare's difficulties increased. An action for debt was sustained against him in the local court, but no personal property could be found on which to distrain. He had long ceased to attend the meetings of the corporation, and as a consequence he was removed in 1586 from the list of aldermen. In this state of domestic affairs it is not likely that Shakespeare's school life was unduly prolonged. The chances are that he was apprenticed to some local trade. Aubrey says that he killed calves for his father, and " would do it in a high style, and make a speech." Whatever his circumstances, they did not deter him at the early age of eighteen from the adventure of marriage. Rowe. recorded the name of Shakespeare's wife as Hathaway, and Joseph Greene succeeded in tracing her to a family of that name dwelling in Shottery, one of the hamlets of Stratford. Her monument gives her first name as Anne, and her age as sixty-seven in 1623. She must, therefore, have been about eight years older than Shakespeare. Various small trains of evidence point to her identification with the daughter Agnes mentioned in the will of a Richard Hathaway of Shottery, who died in 1581, being then in possession of the farm-house now known as " Anne Hathaway's Cottage." Agnes was legally a distinct name from Anne, but there can be no doubt that ordinary custom treated them as identical. The principal record of the It is worth noting that Walter Roche, who in 1558 became fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was master of the school in 1570-1572, so that its standard must have been good.

英文原版：

A：Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

B：Thou art more lovely and more temperate.

A：Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

B：And summer's lease hath all too short a date.

C：Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

D：And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;

C：And every fair from fair sometime declines,

D：By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed.

E：But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

F：Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;

E：Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,

F：When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.

G：So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

G：So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

中文翻译：

或许我可用夏日把你来比方，

但你比夏日更可爱也更温良。

夏风狂作常摧落五月的娇蕊，

夏季的期限也未免还不太长。

有时天眼如炬人间酷热难当，

但转瞬金面如晦，云遮雾障。

每一种美都终究会凋残零落，

难免见弃于机缘与天道无常。

但你永恒的夏季却不会消亡，

你优美的形象也永不会消亡。

死神难夸口说你深陷其罗网，

只因你借我诗行可长寿无疆。

只要人眼能看，人口能呼吸，

我诗必长存，使你万世流芳。

扩展资料：

这首诗出自《莎士比亚十四行诗》，本诗是第十八首，也是较为著名的一首。莎士比亚的十四行诗总体上表现了一个思想：爱征服一切。他的诗充分肯定了人的价值、赞颂了人的尊严、个人的理性作用。诗人将抽象的概念转化成具体的形象，用可感可见的物质世界，形象生动地阐释了人文主义的命题。

赏析：

诗的开头将“你”和夏天相比较。自然界的夏天正处在绿的世界中，万物繁茂地生长着，繁阴遮地，是自然界的生命最昌盛的时刻。那醉人的绿与鲜艳的花一道，将夏天打扮得五彩缤纷、艳丽动人。但是，“你”却比夏天可爱多了，比夏天还要温婉。

五月的狂风会作践那可爱的景色，夏天的期限太短，阳光酷热地照射在繁阴班驳的大地上，那熠熠生辉的美丽不免要在时间的流动中凋残。这自然界最美的季节和“你”相比也要逊色不少。

作者简介：

威廉·莎士比亚是欧洲文艺复兴时期最重要的作家，杰出的戏剧家和诗人，他在欧洲文学史上占有特殊的地位，被喻为“人类文学奥林匹克山上的宙斯”。 他亦跟古希腊三大悲剧家埃斯库勒斯(Aeschylus)、索福克里斯(Sophocles)及欧里庇得斯(Euripides)合称戏剧史上四大悲剧家。

参考资料：sonnet 18--百度百科

简介：

William Shakespeare (1564-1616), the foremost writer, prominent dramatist and poet in the European Renaissance. He created a large number of popular literary works, occupies a special position in the history of European literature, has been hailed as "Olympus Zeus in human literature." He is also known as the four great tragedies of ancient Greece, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides.

威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564－1616年），欧洲文艺复兴时期英国最重要的作家，杰出的戏剧家和诗人。他创作了大量脍炙人口的文学作品，在欧洲文学史上占有特殊的地位，被喻为“人类文学奥林匹斯山上的宙斯”。 他亦跟古希腊三大悲剧家埃斯库罗斯（Aeschylus）、索福克里斯（Sophocles）及欧里庇得斯（Euripides），合称为戏剧史上四大悲剧家。

趣闻：莎士比亚的女儿不识字

Two of the three Shakespeare children survived, namely Susannah and Judith. Sister looks barely able to sign their name, but Judith really can only use the pen as a marker painted painting. At that time, however, literacy skills were applied to specialized areas such as trade and most of them were male and female. Shakespeare's age does not value women's level of knowledge.

莎翁夫妇的三个孩子中，两个活了下来，也就是Susannah和Judith。大姐貌似可以勉强签下自己的名字，但 Judith 真的只能拿笔做做标记涂涂画画了。但在那个时期，读写能力是项运用于特定贸易等专业领域的技术，大多数传男不传女。莎士比亚的年代并不重视女性的知识水平。

作品梗概：《哈姆雷特》

Danish prince Hamlet suddenly took his father's death message while attending the University of Wuedenburg in Germany. After returning to his motherland, he encountered successively the succession of his uncle Claudius and the series of incidents that his uncle and mother, Jottulud, got rushed to marry one month after their father's funeral. This makes Hamlet full of doubts and dissatisfaction. Immediately after Horatio and Bonnetton stood there, the ghost of his father Hamlet was revealed, stating that he had been poisoned by Claudius and asked Hamlet to avenge himself. Subsequently, Hamlet use crazy to cover themselves and through the "play in the game" confirmed his uncle is indeed killing the enemy. Claudius tried to get rid of Hamlet by the King by mistakenly killing the beloved Ophelia's father, Polonnes, but Hamlet escaped to Denmark but learned that Ophelia committed suicide and had to accept it Duel with his brother Leo Tertis. Hamlet's mother, Jottulud, ducked in for poisoning Claudius for poisoned alcohol prepared by Hamlet, and both Hamlet and Leometis were among the poisoned swords, knowing that the poisoned Hamlet was killed before his death Claudius dies and exhorts a friend Horatio to tell his story later.

丹麦王子哈姆雷特在德国威登堡大学就读时突然接到父亲的死讯，回国奔丧时接连遇到了叔父克劳狄斯即位和叔父与母亲乔特鲁德在父亲葬礼后一个月匆忙结婚的一连串事变，这使哈姆雷特充满了疑惑和不满。紧接着，在霍拉旭和勃那多站岗时出现了父亲老哈姆雷特的鬼魂，说明自己是被克劳狄斯毒死并要求哈姆雷特为自己复仇。随后，哈姆雷特利用装疯掩护自己并通过"戏中戏"证实了自己的叔父的确是杀父仇人。由于错误地杀死了心爱的奥菲莉亚的父亲波罗涅斯，克劳狄斯试图借英王手除掉哈姆雷特，但哈姆雷特趁机逃回丹麦，却得知奥菲莉亚自杀并不得不接受了与其兄雷欧提斯的决斗。决斗中哈姆雷特的母亲乔特鲁德因误喝克劳狄斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而中毒死去，哈姆雷特和雷欧提斯也双双中了毒剑，得知中毒原委的哈姆雷特在临死前杀死了克劳狄斯并嘱托朋友霍拉旭将自己的故事告诉后来人。

索福克勒斯生 卒 年：前496年～前406年索福克勒斯，古希腊三大悲剧家之一。出身于兵器制造厂厂主家庭。生活于雅典极盛时期，是雅典民主派领袖伯里克利的朋友，曾任雅典税务委员会主席，被选为雅典十将军之一。但他在艺术上的成就远远胜过政治上的业绩。他从事戏剧创作60多年，写了120多部剧本。获奖24次。但是流传完整的剧本只有7部悲剧。其中最著名的是《俄狄浦斯王》。当罗马人马蒂乌斯征服了雅典后，索福克勒斯就如同他戏剧中的英雄一样坦然面对自己的命运，作为被俘者，他和妻子保持了自己的尊严，坦然赴死。对大多数人来说，他们所知道的索福克勒斯，是和一个谜语联系在一起的。这个著名的谜语就是斯芬克斯之谜。一头人面狮身的怪物斯芬克斯，向过往行人提出谜语：“什么东西早晨用四条腿走路，中午用两条腿走路，晚上却用三条腿走路。”谜底是人。因为人在幼年是四肢爬行，青年则两腿行走，老年就要拄着拐杖。索福克勒斯的作品，其中心就和谜底一样，最重要的是人。埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯是最杰出的三位古希腊悲剧作家，索福克勒斯，他取消了三联剧的形式，将演员从两人发展为三人。他是三位悲剧大家中最多产的一位，索福克勒斯的创作标志着希腊悲剧进入了成熟的阶段，是雅典民主制盛极而衰时期社会生活的反映。在艺术上，索福克勒斯的悲剧结构比较复杂，布局非常巧妙，被文学史家们誉为“戏剧艺术的荷马”。古希腊悲剧在索福克勒斯手里已经达到了成熟的境界。情节集中，结构完整，人物性格鲜明，语言朴质精练，富有表现力。合唱队减少抒情成分而参加戏剧动作，发挥演员的作用。索福克勒斯处理的主题是伟大人物的悲剧命运，他一方面哀叹人类的命运多舛，一方面又感叹人类的可怕力量，因此，在他的作品中时常充满着特殊情感的张力。剧作取材于神话和传说，多描写理想化的英雄人物与命运的冲突，但终究不能挣脱命运的摆布而走向毁灭的悲剧结局，索福克勒斯的命运观，有它必然形成的客观基础。剧作家生逢盛世，曾与著名民主派领袖伯里克利友善。然而物极必反，盛极一时的雅典城邦，横征暴敛，滥行霸权，直至发动伯罗奔尼撒战争；内部挥霍奢侈，分崩离析，终于迅速没落。索福克勒斯站在民主派领袖的个人立场上，无法理解忠诚的服务、善良的动机、无私的作为、一帆风顺的坦途，究竟为什么全部走向了反面？他迷惑、悲愤而无从解脱，只好归之于“命运”安排。他觉得包括自己在内的民主派志士仁人，与俄狄浦斯王太相像了。这是剧作家创作《俄狄浦斯王》的动机之一。俄狄浦斯王的命运悲剧，影射着雅典奴隶主民主派英雄的历史悲剧。《俄狄浦斯王》一剧中，俄狄浦斯正视现实，刚毅勇敢，体贴民众，敢于承担责任，是一个堂堂正正的英雄，也是一个理想的民主派领袖的形象。这样的英雄和领袖，下场竟如此悲惨，贴切地表现了英雄意志逃不脱命运桎梏的痛苦惶惑。这里，索福克勒斯对命运的合理性提出了怀疑，还表达了个人反抗命运的思想。在俄狄浦斯王身上，寄托着剧作家对民主派领袖的崇高评价和深厚同情。剧本热烈歌颂了俄狄浦斯的坚强意志和对国家的责任感，并对当时流行的命运观提出了怀疑。《俄狄浦斯王》不仅在艺术上给后世留下了典范，而且经由弗洛伊德的精神分析阐发，更引申出了一个新名词——俄狄浦斯情结，弗洛伊德认为它是各种心理症的基本点，由于婴儿时代和童年早期的环境状况，每个孩子都渴望从与自己异性的父亲或母亲身上满足性欲，而怨恨与他同性的父亲或母亲。原始的社会和文明的社会都有反对乱伦的严厉禁忌，每个人都知道这个禁忌；因此这些渴望在暗中被感觉到，却一生永远地埋藏在潜意识深处。俄狄浦斯情结以伪装的形式表现在我们的生活里。它不仅影响一个人的生活方式，也表现在我们的艺术、流行歌曲、文学、幽默、亵渎神圣和其他许多方面上。俄狄浦斯情结像其他精神分析理论的元素一样，暗示着一般人有极为原始的感觉存在身上。

诗原文：

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate.

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date.

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;

And every fair from fair sometime declines,

By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed.

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;

Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

译文：

或许我可用夏日把你来比方，

但你比夏日更可爱也更温良。

夏风狂作常摧落五月的娇蕊，

夏季的期限也未免还不太长。

有时天眼如炬人间酷热难当，

但转瞬金面如晦，云遮雾障。

每一种美都终究会凋残零落，

难免见弃于机缘与天道无常。

但你永恒的夏季却不会消亡，

你优美的形象也永不会消亡。

死神难夸口说你深陷其罗网，

只因你借我诗行可长寿无疆。

只要人眼能看，人口能呼吸，

我诗必长存，使你万世流芳。

扩展资料：

莎士比亚十四行诗特点及赏析：

莎士比亚的十四行诗总体上表现了一个思想：爱征服一切。他的诗充分肯定了人的价值、赞颂了人的尊严、个人的理性作用。诗人将抽象的概念转化成具体的形象，用可感可见的物质世界，形象生动地阐释了人文主义的命题。

诗的开头将“你”和夏天相比较。自然界的夏天正处在绿的世界中，万物繁茂地生长着，繁阴遮地，是自然界的生命最昌盛的时刻。那醉人的绿与鲜艳的花一道，将夏天打扮得五彩缤纷、艳丽动人。但是，“你”却比夏天可爱多了，比夏天还要温婉。

五月的狂风会作践那可爱的景色，夏天的期限太短，阳光酷热地照射在繁阴班驳的大地上，那熠熠生辉的美丽不免要在时间的流动中凋残。这自然界最美的季节和“你”相比也要逊色不少。

而“你”能克服这些自然界的不足。“你”在最灿烂的季节不会凋谢，甚至“你”美的任何东西都不会有所损失。“你”是人世的永恒，“你”会让死神的黑影在遥远的地方停留，任由死神的夸口也不会死去。

“你”是什么？“你”与人类同在，你在时间的长河里不朽。那人类精神的精华——诗，是你的形体吗？或者，你就是诗的精神，就是人类的灵魂。

诗歌在形式上一改传统的意大利十四行诗四四三三体，而是采用了四四四二体：在前面充分地发挥表达的层次，在充分的铺垫之后，用两句诗结束全诗，点明主题。全诗用新颖巧妙的比喻，华美而恰当的修饰使人物形象鲜明、生气鲜活。

参考资料来源：百度百科-sonnet 18