大宝儿0619
1。与常用介词连用的介词是一种结构词,不能单独担任句子成分。介词的作用是表示它后面的宾语同句中其他词语之间的关系。介词与它的宾语构成介词短语可以充当多种句子成分。如: The cost of food is rising. (定语) She was ill during the meeting. (状语) I found him in very good shape.(宾语补足语) 通常介词可分为四类: 简单介词:at, in, from, on 复合介词:upon, inside, outside 双重介词:from behind, from among 短语介词:in case of, according to 1.表示时间的介词 in表示“在某一时间段”,或“在……某一时候”,如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面,或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。 In July/summer/2000/ancient times/the 1999’s In the morning/afternoon/evening In也可以指“在……之后”,表示从说话起的若干时间内,如: The bus will be here in ten minutes. On表示“在特定的某一天”,也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如: on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st at表示“在某一时间点”,或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如: at six o’clock, at Easter 介词over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。 Stay over the Christmas. 介词for, since for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度,为“长达……”之意;since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间;两者往往用于完成时。 I have been there for six years. We have not seen each other since 1993. During指“在……时期/时间内”,必须以表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。 She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little. 2.表示地点的介词 介词above, over, on, on top of. Above和below分别表示高于和低于的意思,不一定指垂直方向上的上下;over和under分别表示垂直方向上的上下和高低;on/on top of和beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三对介词互为反义词。 The temple stands on top of the hill. The pen is beneath the book. There is a lamp over the desk. 介词at指小地点或集会场合;on表示线或面上的位置;in表示在立体、区域或环境内,特别是那些教大,能够容纳相应事物的环境。 He works at Peking University. Your radio is on the desk. The boat is in the lake. 介词in, on, off, to表示相当于某个区域或某个物体的位置关系:in表示在区域的里面;on表示在区域的边界附近,可以是属于这个区域的一部分或相互接壤;off也表示在区域的边界附近,但一般不是属于这个区域的一部分;to表示在区域的边界更远些的附近,所以不是属于这个区域的一部分或不互相接壤。 Japan is to the east of China and Mongolia is on the north. Taiwan is in the east of China but is off the mainland. 介词between用来说明“在……两者之间”或“三个以上人物或事物中的两者之间的相互关系”;among用来说明“在……两者以上之间”的相互关系;amid(amidst)和among都可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系,amid多用于正式文体。 There is a small river between the two villages. The book is the best among these modern novels. 介词in front of和behind指前、后的相对位置。 She always looks in front of and behind the car before she starts it. 介词round, pass指“绕过”;其中pass指“从……旁边经过”;through指“从……之中穿过”。 The movie theater is round the corner. He lives in the village past the bus stop through the park. 3.表示原因的介词 for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。 They will reward you for your help. Due to常常用来引导形容词性的短语,作定语或表语。 Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences. From和out of常常表示动机或原因;through表示消极或间接的原因。 He feels weak from lack of sleep. He broke down through overwork. 4.表示目的的介词 for表示拟定的接收人或目的;to表示实际的接收人或目的。 I bought the gift for my little sister. I gave the gift to my little sister. For和to都可以引导目的地。For跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后,如:leave, set out, start, depart, sail等;to跟在含有来来往往地行动的意义的动词后,如:go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。 We have left for Hong Kong. He flew to America via Hong Kong. At还可引导行为的目标或精力的集中点。 He shot at the bird. 5.表示“关于……”的介词 一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体;on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中;of用于动词talk, read, know, say, hear, boast等的后面。如: What are you talking about? A paper on selfdom in Russian. In terms of natural resources 6.表示原料的介词 of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质;with表示制成产品的一种成分;from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质;in表示制成品的材料的色调或特殊性。 His house was built of brick. He made these toys out of old cigar-boxes. A fruitcake is made with fruit. Steel is made from iron. We have furniture of this design in oak and in walnut. 7.表示价格的介词 at和for都可表示价格,at仅表示价格,for还表示“交换”,如: Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here. I bought it for five pounds. 8.表示其他意义的介词 in spite of, despite, for(all…),with(all…)等表示让步意义的介词。其中:despite较为正式,in spit of较为普通,for/with(all…)较为口语化。 In spite of / despite the bad weather 尽管天气不好 For / with all his shortcomings 尽管他有许多缺点 except和but表示不包含的意义,只是单纯地将其后面所接的人或事物排除在外,一般不用于句首,多跟在表示一个集体的名词或代词后作定语。 He gets up early every day except Sunday. Who would do such a thing but Peter? Except for和apart from表示不包含的意义,所引导的短语,主要用于状语,以修饰全句,意为“除了有……之外”,“只是……”等,用于引出一个相反的细节或原因,因而部分地修正了全句的主要意思。 Except for Jack, the whole class passed the test. Apart from its cost, the plan was a good one. Except for和but for表示不包含的意义,可以引导有否定意义的条件状语从句。 Except for/But for the storm we should have arrived earlier. Except指从整体中除去一部分,而besides则表示“除……之外还有……”的意义。 Nobody was late except me. He had few friends besides us. 表示超过或不足的介词有:above, beyond, over, past; below, beneath, under等,如: beyond description 难以形容 below/under the average 低于平均水平 表示状态的介词有:at,off, in, under, out of等,如: on fire 着火 off duty 下班 out of fashion 过时 表示支持的with, for和表示反对的against I’m with you in all you say. Are you for or against the plan? 三、介词的搭配 1.介词与动词的搭配 同一介词可以与不同的动词搭配,表示不同的意思。以of为例: Jack reminds her grandma of her husband because he looks just like him.(使……想起) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (听说) She often spoke of her life in China. (谈起) The lady was robbed of 10 dollars on her way home. (抢劫) Thanks for thinking of me. (思念) 同一动词可以与不同的介词搭配使用,表示不同的意思。以look为例: Look after the children. (照顾) He looked at the timetable. (看) What are you looking for? (寻找) The police are looking into the case. (调查) 在许多动词+介词的结构只能感,介词实际上是动词的一部分,与动词一起构成短语动词。 2.介词与形容词的搭配 介词短语是形容词补语的一种,下面介绍几个常与形容词搭配的介词。 At: (1)表示对某种因素在情绪上的反应,如:I am angry at their not telling me.这类形容词还有:amazed, pleased, hurt, disappointed, excited, delighted, worried等; (2)表示在某方面的能力,如:He’s good at tennis.这类形容词还有:adept, expert, show, hopeless, useless等。 In表示方面,如:He is successful in everything he does.这类形容词还有:lacking , interested, efficient, lucky等。 About表示对象,如:I am curious about her motives.这类形容词还有:certain, careful, careless, happy, pleased, sure, anxious等。 To表示目标,如:Your arguments are contrary to reason.这类形容词还有:acceptable, answerable, equal, hateful, kind, natural, painful, peculiar, pleasant, polite, rude, similar, strange, used等。 With表示伴随,如:Your arguments are not consistent with your previous remarks.这类形容词还有:complete, content, angry, busy, consistent, horrified, pleased, upset等。 For: (1)表示对象,如:We are eager for news.这类形容词还有: bound, adequate, famous, fit, necessary, sorry, ready等;(2)表示分离,如:She was absent from the meeting.这类形容词还有:free, different, separate, safe等。 3.介词与名词的搭配 介词与名词的搭配常常用在由动词、形容词等转换而来的名词的后面。如: We can’t ignore their concern for the matter. His absence from school was caused by illness. 2。语法将来完成时 现在进行时 不用进行时的动词 过去进行时 将来进行时 一般现在时代替将来时 一般现在时代替过去时 一般现在时代替完成时 一般现在时代替进行时 现在进行时代替将来时 时态一致 时态与时间状语 动词的语态 let 的用法 短语动词的被动语态 表示"据说"或"相信"的词组 不用被动语态的情况 主动形式表示被动意义 被动形式表示主动意义 need/want/require/worth 句子的种类 句子的种类 感叹句结构 强调句结构 用助动词进行强调 反意疑问句 倒装 倒装句之全部倒装 倒装句之部分倒装 以否定词开头作部分倒装 so,either,nor作部分倒装 only在句首要倒装的情况 as,though引导的倒装句 其他部分倒装 主谓一致 并列结构作主语谓语用复数 主谓一致中的靠近原则 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 谓语需用单数 指代意义决定谓语的单复数 与后接名词或代词保持一致 虚拟语气 真实条件句 非真实条件句 混合条件句 虚拟条件句的倒装 特殊的虚拟语气词:should wish的用法 比较if only与only if It is (high) time that need"不必做"和"本不该做" 名词性从句 引导名词性从句的连接词 名词性that-从句 名词性wh-从句 if,whether引导的名词从句 否定转移 定语从句 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系副词引导的定语从句 判断关系代词与关系副词 限制性和非限制性定语从句 介词+关系词 as,which非限定性定语从句 先行词和关系词二合一 what/whatever/that... 关系代词that的用法 状语从句 地点状语从句 方式状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 条件状语从句 让步状语从句 比较while, when, as 比较until和till 表示"一…就…"的结构 连词 并列连词与并列结构 比较and和or 表示选择的并列结构 表示转折或对比 表原因关系 比较so和 such 情态动词 情态动词的语法特征 比较can 和be able to 比较may和might 比较have to和must must表示推测 表示推测的用法 情态动词+have+过去分词 should和ought to had better表示最好 would rather表示"宁愿" will和would 情态动词的回答方式 带to的情态动词 比较need和dare 否定句和一般疑问句 (1)常见的否定句做法 1.含有be动词的否定句: 规则:在be动词后面+not,另外is not可缩写成isn’t,are not可缩写成aren’t,was可缩写成wasn’t,were可缩写成weren’t,但am not不可缩写。 2.含情态动词的否定句: 规则:在情态动词后+not,必要时可缩写。 3.带有行为动词的句子否定句做法: (1)单数第三人称做主语(he she it或代表单个人或物的第三人称名词): 规则:要在行为动词前加上助动词doesn’t,然后找动词恢复原形。 (2)其它人称作主语: 规则:在行为动词前加don’t,句子中行为动词的用原形。 句型 1.含be动词的基本结构: be的现在形式为am,is,are. (1)主语是I,用am. (2)主语是he,she,is,一个人名或一个称呼(也就是第三人称单数),用is. (3)主语是复数或是you,用are. (4)在有助动词,情态动词句子和祈使句中用be原形。 2.动词have的基本句型: 谓语动词have表示拥有某物,有人称和数的变化。 当主语是第一人称(I,we),第二人称(you)以及第三人称复数(they及其他复数名词并列主语等),用have,当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it或单数名词),用has. (1)肯定句:主语+have/has+宾语+其他 (2)一般疑问句:Do/Does+主语+have+宾语+其他? (3)肯定句:主语+don’t/doesn’t+have+宾语+其他 3.There be结构: (1)there be的现在时是there is或there are,表示有。存在形式的有,其后加上地点,就是“在某处有什么”。there is表示有的东西为单数,或不可数形式。there are表示有的东西为复数。(另外there be句型有就近原则,即be动词随第一个名词的单数或复数形式的变化而变化) (2)some,any常用在there be句型中,some一般在肯定句中表示几个或一些,any一般在否定句或一般疑问句中使用。 (3)有的人或物是几种,以第一种的形式为准。 (4)特殊疑问句为How much / many …?和What’s …? 4. 祈使句 用来表示命令、请求或劝告的句子,称为祈使句,祈使句的否定式是在前面加Do not。 5. 感叹句 感叹句就是表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。 由how或what+被强调的部分+其余的陈述部分。 6. 反义疑问句 反义疑问句是问话的人对问的问题有一定的看法,需要答话的人给以证实,其结构一般为两部分,前边是陈述,后面是提问;如果前面是肯定形式,后面应是否定提问;而前边是否定形式;后面则是肯定提问。 7. 现在进行时 表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。结构为be(am / is / are)+动词的现在分词,现在分词的变化有三种,句式是: (1)肯定句:主语+am / is / are +v.ing (2)否定句:主语+am / is / are + not + v.ing (3)一般疑问句:Am / Is / Are + 主语+ v. ing 8. 一般现在时 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或目前存在的状态,也表示主语具备的特性和能力及客观真理。 (1)当主语是第一,第二和第三人称复数时, 肯定句:主语+动词原形+其他 否定句:主语+don’t +动词原形+其他 一般疑问句:Do+主语+动词原形+其他? (2)当主语是第三人称单数时 肯定句:主语+动词(单三——do+es 即does)+其他 否定句:主语+doesn’t+动词+其他 一般疑问句:Does +主语+动词+其他? (3)动词的第三人称单数有四种基本的变化规则。 (4)特殊疑问句的结构: 特殊疑问词+助动词do / does +主语+动词原形+其他? 祈使句及there be句型 (一)祈使句 1. 祈使句的特点及构成。 (1)祈使句是提出请求、建议、命令、号召等的句子。 (2)祈使句的主语常常省略,句中的谓语动词放句首,或在谓语之前用please,please也可放在句末。 (3)祈使句中的动词后面通常用一介词,构成固定搭配,在句中作谓语。 (4)祈使句中谓语用原形动词。 2. 祈使句的级与包含意义(第一人称祈使句) 例: (1)原级open :Please your books . 请打开你们的书。 有礼级:Would you please open your books ? 请打开你们的书好吗? 否定式:Would you please don’t open the door ? 请你不要打开门好吗? (2)第一人称祈使句 例:原级:Let’s read the book . 让我们看书吧。 否定式:Let’s not read the book . 让我们别看书了。 3. 提供帮助的Let …在句中的使用 例:Let me help you . 让我来帮助你吧。 Let me carry the box . 让我来拿这个大盒子吧。 4. 祈使句的否定形式:直接在句首加上Don’t。 例:Don’t throw it like that . 不要像那样子扔它。 Please don’t open this box . 请不要打开这个盒子 (二)there be句型 1. there be句型在句中的使用。 肯定陈述句: (1)There is a picture on the wall . (2)There are some hills in the picture . 否定陈述句: (1)There isn’t a picture on the wall . (2)There aren’t any hills in the picture . 疑问句及简略回答: (1)Is there a bird in that three ? Yes , there is . No , there isn’t . (2)Are there any books on the table ? 2. 对there be句型的分析 (1)there be句型表示“有”,there是引导词,be是谓语动词。 (2)在there be句型中,谓语be随后面的主语变化而变化,取得人称和数的一致。 3. 关于there be句型的几个例子。 例:There is a new E-mail in the mailbox . 在邮箱里有一封新的电子邮件。 There aren’t any cups on the table . 在桌上没有任何的茶杯。 Are there any children in the garden ? 在花园里有孩子吗? There is a pen and some books on the desk . 在课桌上有一支笔和一些书。 一、 被动语态的用法: 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤: 1. 先找出谓语动词; 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语; 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语; 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上to 。 例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse3 短语 已经这么多了。
听雨9014
简单介词:at, in, from, on 复合介词:upon, inside, outside 双重介词:from behind, from among 短语介词:in case of, according to
大锅饭饭饭饭
高中英语2000个固定短语搭配:
1. be fond of “喜爱,爱好” 接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。
He’s fond of swimming.
他喜欢游泳。
Are you fond of fresh vegetables.
你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗?
He is fond of his research work.
他喜爱他的研究工作。
2. hunt for = look for 寻找
I have found the book I was hunting for.
我找到了那本我在找的书。
hunt for a job 找工作
3. in order to/so as to:这两个词组都可引导不定式作目的状语, in order to可放于句首, so as to则不能, 其否定形式为in order not to / so as not to.
He went to Beijing in order / so as to attend an important meeting.
他去北京是为了参加一个重要会议。
In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.
为了让我们注意他, 他朝我们又是叫喊又是挥手。
4. care about
1) 喜欢,对……有兴趣 = care for
She doesn’t care about money.
她不喜欢钱。
2)关心 = care for
She thinks only of herself. She doesn’t care about other people.
她只考虑自己。她不关心别人。
3)在乎,在意(接从句或不接任何成分)
These young people care nothing about what old people might say.
这些年轻人根本不在乎老人说的话。
5. such as 意为“诸如……”,“像……”,是用来列举人或事物的。
She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry.
她教三门科目,像物理、化学。
6. drop a line 留下便条, 写封短信
7. make yourself at home 别客气;随便;无拘束
If you get to my house before I do, help yourself to a drink and make yourself at home.
如果你在我之前到我家,自己喝点饮料,随便一点。
Chowhound壹
A * about around round 作副词时都含“四处”、“遍地”的意思。 > about 系常用词, 如: look about 四处看。 > around 具有 about 的基本意思, 因此 look about=look around, 但在下列短语里 around没有 about正式, 如: travel around 各处旅行 > round 和 around在非正式用法中可以互换, 但一般用 round时更简练。在正式用语中, 一般用 round指“旋转”, 而用 around指“处处”, “到处”, 如: She turned round at such a noise. 听到这样的吵声, 她回头看。 I have been looking for it all around. 我到处都找过了。 > 另外, 英国人用 round的地方, 美国人倾向于用 around, 如: [英] Winter comes round. [美] Winter comes around. * above all;after all;at all > above all意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”,常位于句首或句中,作插入语,起强调作用。如: But above all tell me quickly what I have to do.可首先快些告诉我该做什么。 A clock must above all keeps good time.时钟最重要的是必须走得准。 > after all意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”,在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如: After all,your birthday is only two weeks away.毕竟,两周后就是你的生日。 He is,after all,a small child.他毕竟还是个小孩子。 He failed after all.他终于失败了。 > at all用于否定句时,意为“丝毫;根本”,用于疑问句时意为“究竟;到底”,用于条件句时,常译为“当真;实在”。用于肯定句中,表示说话人的某种情绪或情感(如怀疑或惊奇等),意为“竟然”等。如: He doesn’t like you at all.他根本不喜欢你。 Are you going to do it at all?你究竟做不做这件事? If you do it at all,do it well.若你真要做这件事,就得做好。 I was surprised at his coming at all.他竟然来了,我很惊讶。 * add; add to; add…to; add up to > add作“加,增加”解时,既可作及物动词,又可用作不及物动词;作“又说,补充说”解时,与直接或间接引语连用。如: If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water. 如果茶太浓了,再加点开水。 After a short while, he added that he would try his best. 过了一会儿,他又接着说他会尽力。 > add to意为“增添,增加,增进”。如: The bad weather added to our difficulties. 恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。 > add...to意为“把……加到……”,是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。如: Add two to seven, and you will get nine.七加二等于九。 > add up to意为“加起来总共是/累计得”,该短语不用于被动语态。如: All his school education added up to no more than one year. 他的学校教育加起来不过一年。 * affair; thing; matter; business > affair意为“事情、事件”, 含义较广,泛指已做或待做的事;复数affairs一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务,如财政管理、外交事务等。 > thing意为“事情、事物”,不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为thing,一般不能专指事务;复数things还可作“形势”解。 > matter侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。 > business作“事务、事情”解时,一般不能用复数,常常指所指派的任务、责任;有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。 * a great deal; a great deal of > a great deal用作名词,意为“大量”,“许多”,作主语、宾语;用作副词,意为“很”或“非常”,作状语,修饰动词或用来强调比较级。如: A great deal has been studied and this is the best way. 经过大量研究后,这(被认为)是最好的办法。 We are a great deal cleverer than before. 我们比以前聪明多了。 > a great deal of意为“大量的”,“非常多的”,相当于much,作定语,后接不可数名词。如: A great deal of time/money/energy has been spent on the project. 大量的时间/金钱/能源花在那个工程上了。 * agree on;agree to;agree with;agree that > agree on作“就……取得一致意见”解。例如: The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. 上月,就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。 > agree to有两层含义和用法: * 其一是to作为动词不定式符号,其后跟动词原形,作“同意(答应)做某事”解。 例如: My father agreed to buy a new pen for me. 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。 * 其二是to作为介词,之后跟表示“计划/条件/建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如: They have a greed to our plan. 他们已同意我们的计划。 > agree with作“同意某人的意见”解,其后可跟表示人的名词或代词,也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如: He agreed with my opinions. 他同意了我的意见。 We agreed with what he said at the meeting. 我们同意他在会上讲的话。 > agree that作“认为……”解,其后跟宾语从句。例如: I agree that your composition is very good. 我认为你的这篇作文写得不错。 * allow;let 二者均可作“允许”解,但各有侧重: > allow重在“允许”或“容许”,也可表示客气的请求。例如: He allowed me to take his dictionary.他允许我拿走他的词典。 Will you allow me to use your bike? 我可以用你的自行车吗? > let作“允许”或“让”解,主要用于口语,一般可与allow互换。作“允许”解时,常暗含“听任”、“默许”之意;作“让”解时,常含“祈使”或“建议”之意。 注意:let之后作宾补的不定式不带to,且不可用于被动语态,而allow则相反。例如: Please let me walk with you(=Please allow me to walk with you.).我(请允许我)跟你一起走。 注:allow常用于allow sb.to do sth.或allow doing sth.结构中。 * although; though; as 三者均可表示“尽管;虽然”,引导让步状语从句。although用法较正式,语气较强;though较常用;as则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意: > 状语从句由although, though或as引导,主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列连词,但可有yet或still等副词。although与though常可互换。例如: Although/Though he believes it, yet he will not act. 他虽然相信它,但却不肯有所行动。 > as表示“尽管;虽然”,只能用于倒装句,即:将表语、状语或谓语动词放在as之前。though也可这么用。例如: Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然年纪不大,却懂得很多。 注意:如果表语是单数名词,要省略a。例如: Child as/though he is, he can speak two foreign languages. 虽然他是个孩子,但他会说两门外语。 > though可以放在句末,表示“但是”,although却不能。例如: They said they would come; they did not, though. 他们说他们会来,可是他们并没有来。 > although只用来陈述“事实”,不能表示“假设”。因此可以说even though“即使”以及as though“好像(=as if)”,不能说even although或as although。例如: I believe you are on duty—even though you’re in plain clothes. 尽管你穿着便衣,我相信你是在值勤。 * among/between 这两个介词都有“在……之间”的意思。between常用于两者之间;among一般指三者或三者以上之间。若指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时,仍然要用between。 例如:The girl walked between her father and mother.这个女孩走在她父亲和母亲之间。 She is the tallest among her classmates.她在她同学之间是最高的。 Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany. 瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。 * argue debate dispute 都含“辩论”的意思。 > argue 着重“说理”、“论证”和“企图说服”, 如: I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to reason. 我和她辩论了好久, 但她还是不听。 > debate 着重“双方各述己见”, 内含“交锋”的意思, 如: We have been debating about the issue. 我们一直在就这个问题进行辩论。 > dispute 指“激烈争辩”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解决”之意,如: Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed. 他是否当选为主席, 仍然有争论。 * argue;quarrel;discuss 这三个动词均有“争”的意思,但“争”法不同。 > argue着重就自己的看法或观点,提出论证,同他人“争论”或“辩论”。例如: We heard them arguing in the other room.我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。 另外,argue同with搭配,其后接人;与about连用,其后接事物。例如: We argued with them about this problem for a long time.这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。 > quarrel是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配,其后接某人;和about连用,其后接某事。例如: He often quarrels about their housework with his wife.他常为家务事同妻子争吵。 > discuss是指认真交换自己的意见或看法的“讨论”。例如: We'll discuss the use of the articles tomorrow.明天我们将讨论冠词的用法。 * as (so) far as; as (so) long as > as(so)far as的意思是“就……而言(所知)”,as (so) far as sth.is concerned是其中一种具体用法,意为“就某事而言”;as (so) long as意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句。如: As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs. 就我所知,一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。 There is nothing that we can’t do so / as long as we keep on trying to do it. 只要我们不断地努力去做,就没有什么事干不成。 As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go. 就中国的旅游业而言,需要做的工作还很多。 * asleep/sleeping 二者都是形容词。asleep仅用作表语,不能作定语,表示“睡着,熟睡”的意思;而sleeping一般只能用作定语,放在名词前,表示“睡眠中的,休止的”意思。 如:我们不能说:an asleep baby,但可以说:a sleeping baby(一个熟睡的婴儿)。 再如:He was asleep with his head on his arms.他头枕着手臂在熟睡。 asleeping dog正在熟睡的狗 sleeping car卧车 sleeping bag睡袋 * assert,affirm,maintain > assert宣称、断言,常指某人主观自信,坚持己见,有时不顾客观事实而断言下结论。 > affirm指以事实为依据,深信不疑地肯定某种观点或看法。 > maintain指在相反的证据或论点面前,重申原来的某种观点、立场。 A.Despite all the policeman’s questions the suspect ___ that he had been at home all evening. B.It is nonsense to ___ that smoking does not damage people’s health. C.Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always ___ his innocence. Answers:A.affirmed?????? B.assert???????? C.maintained * as though;even though;though > as though(=as if),意为“好像;似乎”,引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如: He spoke as though(as if)he had been here before.他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。 It looks as if(as though)it is going to rain.看起来好像要下雨。 > even though(=even if),意为“即使”,引导让步状语从句。though也引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然”;even though有退一步设想的意味,与though不同。though引导的句子所说的是事实,even though引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如: He will not tell the secret even though(even if)he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。 He will not tell the secret though he knows it.他虽然知道这个秘密,但他不会说出来。 * at the beginning;in the beginning > at the beginning 在……初;在……开始的时候。常与of连用。例如: Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term. 学生们在开学初制定学习计划。 > in the beginning 相当于at first,表示“起初、开始”时,含“起初是这种情况,而后来却不是这种情况”之意,不与of连用。例如: In the beginning,some of us took no interest in physics. 起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。 * attack assail assault charge beset > 都含有"攻击"的意思。 > attack 是常用词, 指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人", 如: Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. 德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。 > assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击", 如: The enemy plane assailed our defence position. 敌机不断猛烈地攻击我们的阵地。 > assault 语气比 assail强, 指"突然猛烈地进攻", 暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思, 如:The enemy assaulted us at dawn. 敌人在黎明时向我进攻。 > charge 指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击", 如: The cavalry charged to the front. 骑兵猛烈向前线冲击。 > beset 指"围攻", 即从各个方向攻击, 如: In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes. 在沼泽地里, 我们受到蚊子的围攻。 * at the age of/by the age of > at the age of表示“在……岁时”,后面接基数词,强调某一时刻的情况或动作,用于一般过去时,作时间状语。例如: At the age of six,he began to learn English.他六岁的时候开始学英语。 She learned to play the piano at the age often.她十岁的时候学弹钢琴。 > by the age of表示“到……岁的时候”、“在……岁以前”,后面接基数词,强调到某一时刻为止的结果,用于过去完成时或将来完成时,作时间状语。例如: By the age of sixteen,he had learned to drive a car.到十六岁的时候,他已经学会了开小汽车。 You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age of fourteen. 到你十四岁的时候,你将学会2000多个英语单词。 * at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time > at the time通常用于过去时句子中,指某件事情发生的“当时”、“那时”。例如: Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time. 当时,许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。 > 有时,at the time的后面可接“of...”短语。这时,它表示“在(某事态)发生的时候”或“在……的时代”。例如: Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989? 1989年旧金山发生地震时,你在那里吗? It happened at the time of King Alfred. 事情发生在阿尔弗雷德国王时期。 > at that time 则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带“of...”短语。例如: In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and Sichuan.At that time (=At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded. > at one time=during a period of time in the past意为“过去有一段时期”,“曾经”。例如: They used to be good friends at one time. 他们曾经是好朋友。 > at a time则意为“一次”,表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用,表示频率。例如: Don’t speak all at once.One at a time, please. 不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。 Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time. 这些药每天服三次,每次服三粒。 * at ... speed / with ... speed > at the speed of或者at ... speed,意为“以……的速度”。而当speed被all, lightning, great等修饰时,介词应用with。我们可用一句口诀来帮助记忆:都(all)以闪电般(lightning)大(great)的速度行驶。如: Our car was running with all speed on the expressway. 我们的车在高速公路上全速行驶。 The Long March No.2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 11.2 kilometers per second. 长征二号火箭以每秒钟11.2公里的速度将卫星发射到太空。