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蒙古等游牧民族传统的住房。古称穹庐，又称毡帐、帐幕、毡包等。蒙古语称格儿，满语为蒙古包或蒙古博。游牧民族为适应游牧生活而创造的这种居所，易于拆装，便于游牧。自匈奴时代起就已出现，一直沿用至今。蒙古包呈圆形，四周侧壁分成数块，每块高130～160厘米、长230厘米左右，用条木编成网状 ，几块连接，围成圆形 ，长盖伞骨状圆顶，与侧壁连接。帐顶及四壁覆盖或围以毛毡，用绳索固定。西南壁上留一木框，用以安装门板，帐顶留一圆形天窗，以便采光、通风，排放炊烟，夜间或风雨雪天覆以毡。蒙古包最小的直径为300多厘米，大的可容数百人 。蒙古汗国时代可汗及诸王的帐幕可容2000人。蒙古包分固定式和游动式两种。半农半牧区多建固定式，周围砌土壁，上用苇草搭盖；游牧区多为游动式。游动式又分为可拆卸和不可拆卸两种，前者以牲畜驮运，后者以牛车或马车拉运。中华人民共和国建立后，蒙古族定居者增多，仅在游牧区尚保留蒙古包。除蒙古族外，哈萨克、塔吉克等族牧民游牧时也居住蒙古包。在辽阔的蒙古高原上，寒风呼啸，大地点缀着许多白色的帐篷。它们就是蒙古包，即蒙古人所称的“格尔斯”。自从有蒙古族以来，人们就开始使用蒙古包。这已经有很长时间了。但究竟是何时开始使用的，无人知道确切的时间。蒙古包成为蒙古人的日常居所。大多数蒙古人是游牧部落，终年赶年他们的山羊、绵羊、牦牛、马和骆驼寻找新的牧场。蒙古包可以打点成行装，由几头双峰骆驼驮着，运到下一个落脚点，再重新搭起账篷。西藏的传统民居，与西藏的其他文化形态一样，具有其独特的个性。藏族民居丰富多彩，藏南谷地的碉房、藏北牧区的帐房、雅鲁藏布江流域林区的木构建筑各有特色，就连窑洞也能在阿里高原上寻见。藏族最具代表性的民居是碉房。碉房多为石木结构，外形端庄稳固，风格古朴粗犷；外墙向上收缩，依山而建者，内坡仍为垂直。典型的藏族民居用土石砌筑，形似碉堡，通称碉房。一般为2至3层，也有4层的。通常底层做畜舍，上层住人，储藏物品，还有设经堂的。平面布置逐层向后退缩，下层屋顶构成上一层的晒台。厕所设在上层，悬挑在后墙上，厕所地面开一孔洞，排泄物可直落进底层畜舍外的粪坑中，以免除清扫的麻烦；设有两层厕所的，上下层位置错开，使上层污物能畅通无阻地落到底层粪坑。碉房具有坚实稳固、结构严密、楼角整齐的特点，既利于防风避寒，又便于御敌防盗。帐房与碉房迥然不同，它是牧区藏民为适应逐水草而居的流动性生活方式而采用的一种特殊性建筑形式。藏族帐篷有冬夏帐篷之分。冬帐篷，由牦牛毛编织而成，先编成一定宽厚的深棕色或黑色、白色毡条，然后根据需要尺寸缝织成帐篷，这种帐蓬能适应高原暴雨、风雪及高寒气候。大小不一，形状有长方、正方、六角、多角等形。用立架或支柱撑起。室内净高约1．6－2m。帐顶系好牦牛绳，四周钉堤桩牵牢，用木桩或牛羊角桩锚钉。帐顶留有天窗，可通风、采光、出烟，雨天可以遮盖。四周常用草皮或石块垒砌矮墙，以御风寒侵袭。夏帐篷，为夏天牧民外出时使用的一种轻便帐篷。它由白布帆布、藏布织成，有正方形、长方形。四周饰黝黑、褐或蓝色边。大型帐篷还饰有工艺精湛的吉祥八宝、五福捧寿、白云点狮、六道轮回等类图案。还有可容上百人聚会的大帐篷，由既保温又抗晒的双层帐篷等。具有浓厚的宗教装饰色彩，在青山绿茵的旷野，散布着点点白帐，缕缕炊烟，别具情趣，很具藏族文化特点。普通的帐房一般较为矮小，平面呈正方形或长方形，用木棍支撑高约2米的框架；上覆黑色牦牛毡毯，中留一宽15厘米左右、长1．5米的缝隙，作通风采光之用；四周用牦牛绳牵引，固定在地上；帐房内部周围用草泥块、土坯或卵石垒成高约50厘米的矮墙，上面堆放青稞、酥油袋和干牛粪作燃料用，帐房内陈设简单，正中稍外设火灶，灶后供佛，四周地上铺以羊皮，供坐卧休憩之用。帐房具有结构简单、支架容易、拆装灵活、易于搬迁等特点。富有浓厚的宗教色彩是西藏民居区别于其他民族民居的最明显的标志。羌族建筑以碉楼、石砌房、索挢、栈道和水利筑堰等最着名。历尽沧桑羌语称碉楼为“邓笼”。早在2000年前《后汉书'西南夷传》就有羌族人“依山居止，垒石为屋，高者至十余丈”的记载。碉楼多建于村寨住房旁，高度在10至30米之间，用以御敌和贮存粮食柴草。碉楼有四角、六角、八角几形式。有的高达十三四层。建筑材料是石片和黄泥土。墙基深135米，以石片砌成。石墙内侧与地面垂直，外侧由下而上向内稍倾斜。修建时不绘图、吊线、柱架支撑，全凭高超的技艺与经验。建筑稳固牢靠，经久不衰。1988年在四川省北川县羌族乡永安村发现的一处明代古城堡遗址“永平堡”，历经数百年风雨沧桑仍保存完好。版纳民居民居建筑是某个民族一定社会历史时期传统文化的一个组成部份，也是传统文化的缩影。西双版纳的傣族、哈尼族、布朗族、基诺族、拉祜族的民居建筑，因受气候、海拔、地形、建筑材料等自然环境以及人口、经济、宗教、科技、思想等社会环境的影响，有着多种不同的形式和建筑风格。雅桑木底盖竹楼远古时候，傣家人没有房子住，只能住山洞，是一个叫帕雅桑木底的人学会建盖房子后，才教大家建盖傣家竹楼的。村寨错落有致哈尼族居住在向阳的山腰，依傍山势建立村寨。村寨一般为三四十户，多至数百户。村寨背后是郁郁葱葱的古树丛林，周围绿竹青翠，棕樟挺拨，间以桃树梨树，村前梯田层层延伸到河谷底。离村寨不远有清澈酣凉的泉水井。一栋栋哈尼族住房结合地形沿坡布局，高低错落有致，别有一番朴实多变的景象。满山遍野长蘑菇传说远古时，哈尼人住的是山洞，山高路陡，出门劳作很不方便。后来他们迁徙到一个名叫“惹罗”的地方时，看到满山遍野生长着大朵大朵的蘑菇，它们不怕风吹雨打，还能让蚂蚁和小虫在下面做窝栖息，他们就比着样子盖起了蘑菇房。蘑菇房琳麋美观，独具一格。即使是寒气袭人的严冬，屋里也是暖融融的；而赤日炎炎的夏天，屋里却十分凉爽。以哈尼族最大的村寨红河州元阳县麻栗寨最为典型。蘑菇分层散香气哈尼族的蘑菇房状如蘑菇，由土基墙、竹木架和茅草顶成。屋顶为四个斜坡面。房子分层：底层关牛马堆放农具等；中层用木板铺设，隔成左、中、右三间，中间设有一个常年烟火不断的方形火塘；顶层则用泥土覆盖，既能防火，又可堆放物品。房屋建筑以土石为主要墙体材料。屋顶有平顶的“土掌房”和双斜面四斜面的茅草房。因地形陡斜，缺少平地，平顶房较为普遍，既可防火，又便於用屋顶晒粮，空间得到充分利用。客人来到，热情的主人就会请你围坐在火塘边，让你吸上一阵长长的水烟筒，饮上一杯热腾腾的“糯米香茶”，喝上一碗香喷喷的“闷锅酒”。趁着酒兴，主人敞开嗓子，向你展示哈尼人像哀牢山的竹子一样有枝有节有根的歌声，并祝愿宾客吉祥如意、情深谊长。有史以来，哈尼人迁徙到哪里，蘑菇房就盖到哪里，遍布哈尼山乡，经长期的发展与改进，现在的蘑菇房既有传统特色又日臻完善，与巍峨的山峰，迷人的云海、多姿的梯田，成了一幅奇妙的哀牢山壮景。
馨阳北京
直接搜索 Interchange 4th Edition torrent一个种子文件，包含全部第四版的PDF、音频、DVD视频，第四版是2012年更新的，国内出版的都还是第三版，过时的
囩囩囡囡
Lesson 1 A private conversation私人谈话 First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Why did the writer complain to the people behind him？ Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end， I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word！' I said angrily. 'It's none of your business，' the young man said rudely. 'This is a private conversation！' New words and expressions 生词和短语 private adj. 私人的conversation n. 谈话theatre n. 剧场，戏院seat n. 座位play n. 戏loudly adv. 大声地angry adj. 生气的angrily adv. 生气地attention n. 注意bear v. 容忍business n. 事rudely adv. 无礼地，粗鲁地 参考译文 上星期我去看戏。我的座位很好，戏很有意思，但我却无法欣赏。一青年男子与一青年女子坐在我的身后，大声地说着话。我非常生气，因为我听不见演员在说什么。我回过头去怒视着那一男一女，他们却毫不理会。最后，我忍不住了，又一次回过头去，生气地说：“我一个字也听不见了！” “不关你的事，”那男的毫不客气地说，“这是私人间的谈话！”Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch？ 早餐还是午餐？ First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Why was the writer's aunt surprised？ It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. 'What a day！' I thought. 'It's raining again.' Just then， the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy. 'I've just arrived by train，' she said. 'I'm coming to see you.' 'But I'm still having breakfast，' I said. 'What are you doing？' she asked. 'I'm having breakfast，' I repeated. 'Dear me，' she said. 'Do you always get up so late？ It's one o'clock！' New words and expressions 生词和短语 until prep. 直到outside adv. 外面ring v. （铃、电话等）响aunt n. 姑，姨，婶，舅母repeat v. 重复 参考译文 那是个星期天，而在星期天我是从来不早起的，有时我要一直躺到吃午饭的时候。上个星期天，我起得很晚。我望望窗外，外面一片昏暗。“鬼天气！”我想，“又下雨了。”正在这时，电话铃响了。是我姑母露西打来的。“我刚下火车，”她说，“我这就来看你。” “但我还在吃早饭，”我说。 “你在干什么？”她问道。 “我正在吃早饭，”我又说了一遍。 “天啊，”她说，“你总是起得这么晚吗？现在已经1点钟了！”Lesson 3 Please send me a card请给我寄一张明信片 First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。 How many cards did the writer send？ Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer， I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines， but I did not understand a word. Everyday I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly， but I did not send cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room， but I did not write a single card！ New words and expressions 生词和短语 send v. 寄，送postcard n. 明信片spoil v. 使索然无味，损坏museum n. 博物馆public adj. 公共的friendly adj. 友好的waiter n. 服务员，招待员lend v. 借给decision n. 决定whole adj. 整个的single adj. 唯一的，单一的 参考译文 明信片总搅得我假日不得安宁。去年夏天，我去了意大利。我参观了博物馆，还去了公园。一位好客的服务员教了我几句意大利语，之后还借给我一本书。我读了几行，但一个字也不懂。我每天都想着明信片的事。假期过得真快，可我还没有给我的朋友们寄过一张明信片。到了最后一天，我作出了一项重大决定。我早早起了床，买来了37张明信片。我在房间里关了整整一天。然而竟连一张明信片也没写成！Lesson 4 An exciting trip激动人心的旅行 First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Why is Tim finding this trip exciting？ I have just received a letter from my brother， Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs， a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there， he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before， so he is fending this trip very exciting. New words and expressions 生词和短语 exciting adj. 令人兴奋的receive v. 接受，收到firm n. 商行，公司different adj. 不同的centre n. 中心abroad adv. 在国外 参考译文 我刚刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信，他正在澳大利亚。他在那儿已经住了6个月了。蒂姆是个工程师，正在一家大公司工作，并且已经去过澳大利亚的不少地方了。他刚买了一辆澳大利亚小汽车，现在去了澳大利亚中部的小镇艾利斯斯普林斯。他不久还将到达达尔文去，从那里，他再飞往珀斯。我弟弟以前从未出过国，因此，他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心。Lesson 5 No wrong numbers无错号之虞 First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。 What does 'No wrong numbers' mean？ Mr.James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst. Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury， but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage， so he has just bought twelve pigeons. Yesterday， a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird covered the distance in three minutes. Up to now， Mr.Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. In this way， he has begun his own private 'telephone' service. New words and expressions 生词和短语 pigeon n. 鸽子message n. 信息cover v. 越过distance n. 距离request n. 要求，请求spare part 备件service n. 业务，服务 参考译文 詹姆斯。斯科特先生在锡尔伯里有一个汽车修理部，现在他刚在平赫斯特买了另一个汽车修理部。平赫特离锡尔伯里只有5英里，但詹姆斯。斯科特先生未能为他新的汽车修理部搞到一部电话机，所以他买了只鸽子。昨天，一只鸽子把第一封信从平赫特带到锡尔伯里。这只鸟只用了3分钟就飞完了全程。到目前为止，斯科特先生从一个汽车修理部向另一个发送了大量索取备件的信件和其他紧急函件。就这样，他开始自己的私人“电话”业务。Lesson 6 Percy Buttons珀西。巴顿斯 First listen and then answer the question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Who is Percy Buttons？ I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this， the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbour told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer. New words and expressions 生词和短语 beggar n. 乞丐food n. 食物pocket n. 衣服口袋call v. 拜访，光顾 参考译文 我刚刚搬进了大桥街的一所房子。昨天一个乞丐来敲我的门，问我要一顿饭和一杯啤酒。作为回报，那乞丐头顶地倒立起来，嘴里还唱着歌。我给了他一顿饭。他把食物吃完，又喝了酒。然后把一块乳酪装进衣袋里走了。后来，一位邻居告诉了我他的情况。大家都认识他，他叫珀西。巴顿斯。他每月对这条街上的每户人家光顾一次，总是请求给他一顿饭和一杯啤酒。
风荷丽景
Lesson 8 The best and the worst 最好的和最差的 First listen and then answer the question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Why is Joe's garden the most beautiful one in the town? Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's. Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe's garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!New words and expressions 生词和短语competition n. 比赛，竞赛neat adj. 整齐的，整洁的path n. 小路，小径wooden adj. 木头的pool n. 水池参考译文 乔.桑德斯拥有我们镇上最漂亮的花园。几乎每个人都参加每年举办的“最佳花园竞赛”，而每次都是乔获胜。比尔.弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大，他比乔也更为勤奋，种植的花卉和蔬菜也更多，但乔的花园更富有情趣。他修筑了一条条整洁的小路，并在一个池塘上架了一座小木桥。我也喜欢花园，但我却不愿意辛勤劳动。每年的花园竞赛我也参加，但总因是镇上最劣的花园而获得一个小奖！ Lesson 18 He often does this! 他经常干这种事！ First listen and then answer the question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 What had happened to the writer's bag? After I had had lunch at a village pub, I looked for my bag. I had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasn't there! As I was looking for it, the landlord came in. 'Did you have a good meal?" he asked. 'Yes, thank you,' I answered, 'but I can't pay the bill. I haven't got my bag.' The landlord smiled and immediately went out. In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me. 'I'm very sorry,' he said. 'My dog had taken in into the garden. He often does this!'New words and expressions 生词和短语pub n. 小酒店landlord n. 店主bill n. 帐单参考译文 我在一家乡村小酒店吃过午饭后，就找我的提包。我曾把它放在门边的椅子上，可这会儿不见了！当我正在寻找时，酒店老板走了进来。 “您吃得好吗？”他问。 “很好，谢谢。”我回答，“但我付不了帐，我的提包没有了。” 酒店老板笑了笑，马上走了出去。一会儿工夫他拿着我的提包回来了，把它还给了我。 “实在抱歉，”他说，“我的狗把它弄到花园里去了，他常干这种事！” Lesson 19 Sold out 票已售完 First listen and then answer the question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 When will the writer see the play? 'The play may begin at any moment,' I said. 'It may have begun already,' Susan answered. I hurried to the ticket office. 'May I have two tickets please?' I asked. 'I'm sorry, we've sold out,' the girl said. 'What a pity!' Susan exclaimed. Just then, a man hurried to the ticket office. 'Can I return these two tickets?' he asked. 'Certainly,' the girl said. I went back to the ticket office at once. 'Could I have those two tickets please?' I asked. 'Certainly,' the girl said, 'but they're for next Wednesday's performance. Do you still want them?' 'I might as well have them,' I said sadly.New words and expressions 生词和短语hurry v. 匆忙ticket office 售票处pity n. 令人遗憾的事exclaim v. 大声说return v. 退回sadly adv. 悲哀地，丧气地参考译文 “剧马上就要开演了，”我说。 “也许已经开演了呢，”苏珊回答说。 我匆匆赶到售票处，问：“我可以买两张票吗？” “对不起，票已售完。”那位姑娘说。 “真可惜！”苏珊大声说。 正在这时，一个男子匆匆奔向售票处。 “我可以退掉这两张票吗？”他问。 “当然可以，”那姑娘说。 我马上又回到售票处。 “我可以买那两张票吗？”我问。 “当然可以，不过这两张票是下星期三的，您是否还要呢？” “我还是买下的好，”我垂头丧气地说。 Lesson 26 The best art critics 最佳艺术评论家 First listen and then answer the question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Who is the student's best critic? I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures. Many people pretend that they understand modern art. They always tell you what a picture is 'about'. Of course, many pictures are not 'about' anything. They are just pretty patterns. We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. They notice more. My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. She came into my room yesterday. 'What are you doing?' she asked. 'I'm hanging this picture on the wall,' I answered. 'It's a new one. Do you like it?' She looked at it critically for a moment. 'It's all right,' she said, 'but isn't it upside down?' I looked at it again. She was right! It was!New words and expressions 生词和短语art n. 艺术critic n. 评论家paint v. 画pretend v. 假装pattern n. 图案curtain n. 窗帘，幕布material n. 材料appreciate v. 鉴赏notice v. 注意到whether conj. 是否hang v. 悬挂，吊critically adv. 批评地upside down 上下颠倒地参考译文 我是个学艺术的学生，画了很多画。有很多人装成很懂现代艺术的样子，总是告诉你一幅画的“意思”是什么。当然，有很多画是什么“意思”也没有的。它们就是些好看的图案，我们喜爱它们就像我们喜欢漂亮的窗帘布一样。我觉得小孩子们往往比任何人都更能欣赏现代绘画，他们观察到的东西更多。我的妹妹只有7岁，但她总能说出我的画是好还是坏。昨天她到我房里来了。Lesson 68 Persistent 纠缠不休 First listen and then answer the question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Why did Elizabeth tell Nigel that she was going to the dentist? I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Nigel Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning. 'Hello, Nigel,' I said. 'Fancy meeting you here!' 'Hi, Elizabeth,' Nigel answered. 'I was just wondering how to spend the morning -- until I saw you. You're not busy doing anything, are you?' 'No, not at all,' I answered. 'I'm going to...' 'Would you mind my coming with you?' he asked, before I had finished speaking. 'Not at all,' I lied, 'but I'm going to the dentist.' 'Then I'll come with you,' he answered. 'There's always plenty to read in the waiting room!New words and expressions 生词和短语persistent adj. 坚持的，固执的avoid v. 避开insist v. 坚持做参考译文 我穿过马路以便避开他，但他看到我并朝我跑过来。若再装作没看见他已是没有用了，我只好向他招手。我就怕遇到奈杰尔.戴克斯。他从来都是无事可做，不管你多忙，他总是坚持要跟你去。我得想办法不让他整个上午缠着我。 “你好，奈杰尔，想不到在这儿见到你。”我说。 “你好，伊丽莎白，”奈杰尔回答说，“我正不知道怎么消磨这一上午呢，正好见到好。你不忙，是吗？” “不，不忙，我打算去......”我回答。 “我跟你一道去行吗？”没等我说完话他就问道。 “没关系，但我准备去牙医那里。”我说了个谎。 “那我也跟你去，候诊室里总有很多东西可供阅读！”他回答。
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