初三英语被动语态

（一） 语态的基本概念和种类语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。所以英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。如：They built the bridge. The bridge was built by them.(二)被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught 一般过去时：was／were＋taught 一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught 现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught 过去进行时：have／has been＋taught 现在完成时：have／has been＋taught 歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。情态动词的被动语态是常考的一个知识点：情态动词+be+过去分词(三)被动语态的用法1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如： Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981. 这本书出版于1981年。 (2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him. 这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。 歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要； 动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到（四）主动语态变被动语态的方法与注意事项 歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。(1) 通常的办法是：将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，将主动结构中的谓语动词变为“be / get +过去分词”形式，将主动结构中的主语变为介词by的宾语(若动作的执行者没有必要说明则可以省略该by短语)。如：Li Lei planted the tree last year. → The tree was planted by Li Lei last year. 这棵树是李蕾去年栽的。Workers made the machines in Changsha. → The machines were made in Changsha. 这些机器是长沙造的。(2) 将含有复合宾语的句子变为被动语态时，应将宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语的补足语则留在原处成为主语补足语。如：He painted the door green yesterday. →The door was painted green yesterday. 昨天门被漆成绿色了。注意：表示“使、让”的动词make, have等，以及感官动词see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等，在主动语态中，接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式前的 to 要省略，而变为被动语态时，成为主语补足语的不定式，则必须带to。如：I saw him go into the teachers’office. →He was seen to go into the teachers’office. 看见他进入了教师办公室。(3) 带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而在间接宾语前加to 或for留在动词之后；也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，而直接宾语留在动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。如：He gave me the pen last year. →I was given the pen last year. / The pen was given to me last year. 这支笔是去年给我的。【说明】一般说来，间接宾语前带to的动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, post, send, show, take, teach, tell, write, throw等；间接宾语前带for的动词有：book, buy, call, cook, do, get, make, save等。(4) 动词believe, consider, declare, expect, know, report, say, suppose, think等的被动语态，常有两种结构形式。如：He was said to get hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。It was said that he got hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。(5) 短语动词变被动语态时，短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。如：She has never been operated on before. 她从未动过手术。The baby was looked after by her sister. 这婴儿由她的姐姐照顾。His plan was laughed at by everyone. 他的计划大家都嘲笑。（6）动词不定式的被动语态：即把to do 变成to be done（五）不用被动语态的情况1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear, die, disappear, end , fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand ,break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good. 4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.

楼上两人回答十分完整，补充一下情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be done如should be done（过去分词）

表示“使、让”的动词make,have等，以及感官动词see,watch,observe,feel,hear,listento,lookat等，在主动语态中，接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式前的to要省略，而变为被动语态时，成为主语补足语的不定式，则必须带to。如：Isawhimgointotheteachers’office.→Hewasseentogointotheteachers’office.看见他进入了教师办公室。(3)带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而在间接宾语前加to或for留在动词之后；也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，而直接宾语留在动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。如：Hegavemethepenlastyear.→Iwasgiventhepenlastyear./Thepenwasgiventomelastyear.这支笔是去年给我的。一般说来，间接宾语前带to的动词有：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,post,send,show,take,teach,tell,write,throw等；间接宾语前带for的动词有：book,buy,call,cook,do,get,make,save等

被动语态4步曲第1步：被动语态结构被动语态的时态通过助动词be的变化来表示。经常考查的被动语态结构有：一般现在时：am/is/are+及物动词的-ed形式一般过去时：was/were+及物动词的-ed形式一般将来时：will/shall+be+及物动词的-ed形式现在完成时：have/hasbeen+及物动词的-ed形式含情态动词的被动句：情态动词（can/should/must等)+be+及物动词的-ed形式第2步：主动句变被动句☆主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语。当宾语含双宾语时，一般把代表人的宾语（即间接宾语）变为被动句的主语，而把直接宾语留作被动句的宾语。如果把主动句的直接宾语变为被动句的主语，则间接宾语前须加上介词（一般是for或to）。常接to的动词有：give,tell,lend,show,pass,hand等；常接for的动词有make,buy等。☆主动句的谓语动词变为被动形式，要注意助动词be的时态与主动句的时态保持一致，数与被动句的主语保持一致。☆主动句的主语变为被动语态中by的宾语（如为代词，主格要变为宾格）。第3步：被动语态特例展示特例1主动句中的谓语是“一感觉(feel)”、“两听(hear,listento)”、“三使(make,let,have)”、“四看(see,watch,look,notice)”时，其后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不用to，但变为被动句时，动词不定式符号to要补上。如：SomeonenoticedMrYuleavetheofficeatabout9am.→MrYuwasnoticedtoleavetheofficeatabout9am.特例2短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动句时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词，也不能将其拆开。如：Theworkersputupatallteachingbuildinginourschoollastyear.→Atallteachingbuildingwasputupinourschoollastyear第4步：考点预测训练将下列句子改为被动句。1.TheprofessorwillgivethestudentsanEnglishspeechtomorrow.AnEnglishspeechtothestudentsbytheprofessortomorrow.2.Theyhavepaintedtheirnewhouseblue.Theirnewhousebluebythem.3.MomboughtmeanMP4playerlastweekend.IanMP4playerbyMomlastweekend.AnMP4playerbyMomlastweekend.4.ThejokeLisatoldmadeallofuslaugh.AllofusbythejokeLisatold.5.Youshouldtakegoodcareofthesebooks.Thesebooks.参考答案：1.willbegiven2.hasbeenpainted3.wasbought;wasboughtforme4.weremadetolaugh5.shouldbetakengoodcareof

①. Trees are planted (by us) every year。②. Rice is grown (by famers) in the south 。③.The police are called yesterday。④. Her grangma will be visited tomorrow。⑤. Many words have been learned (by students)。⑥. The work can be finished (by you) next day。⑦. The work should be allowed (by us) next day。⑧. I was given a present (by my mother) / A present was given to me (by my mother)。⑨. He was made to study (by his father) all the time。⑩. He was heard to sing in his room just now.