9月8客馆
这是《科学美国人》杂志上的《PLASTICS GET WIRED》Like many technological advances, the innovations in the field ofconducting polymers began by accident. While attempting tomake an organic polymer called polyacetylene in the early1970s, Hideki Shirakawa of the Tokyo Institute of Technology mistakenlyadded 1,000 times more catalyst than the recipe called for. What he producedwas a lustrous, silvery film that resembled aluminum foil butstretched like Saran Wrap—something that sounds more like a new andimproved way to keep leftovers fresh than a potential breakthrough inmaterials science.The substance appeared so unusual that when Alan G. MacDiarmidspied it, he wondered if it would be a candidate for his goal of making“synthetic metals”—nonmetallic substances that could transmit electricity.In 1977 Shirakawa joined MacDiarmid and Alan J. Heeger in their laboratoryat the University of Pennsylvania to investigate this form of polyacetylene.After mixing in some iodine, the group found that the material’sconductivity subsequently jumped by a factor of several million.Durable, cheap, manufacturable and flexible, conducting polymers inspiredvisions of a future of transparent circuits, artificial muscle and electronicdisplays that conveniently roll up under the arm. Researchers haveauditioned various demonstration devices, including components thatcould be useful for new displays, such as plastic transistors and light-emittingdiodes (LEDs). Although such a future is about as dreamy as it gets,many investigators see broad marketing opportunities possible now—inantistatic coatings, electromagnetic shielding, lights for toys and microwaveovens, among others. Perhaps mundane, such applications are nonethelesspromising enough that universities are collaborating with corporations,and scientists have initiated start-ups.Although the pace of technological innovation has been impressivelybrisk, whether the materials will have an effect on commerce remains unclear.Firms are unlikely to invest in new equipment if the devices performonly marginally better than existing instruments. Polymer-based batteries,for instance, have a longer shelf life than do conventional ones, but theyhave penetrated the market in only a limited way. Flat-panel displays andLEDs made of organic substances face entrenched competition from existinginorganic liquid crystals and semiconductors.Still, optimism pervades the field. Because plastic and electrical deviceshave become integral parts of the modern world, researchers are confidentthat at least some profitable uses will emerge. Conducting polymers constitutea radically novel market area, points out Ray H. Baughman of Allied-Signal in Morristown, N.J., who predicts confidently, “Fortunes aregoing to be made.”Polymers, the constituents of familiar plastic materials and syntheticfibers, are large organic molecules built out of smaller ones linked togetherin a long chain. Generally, they are insulators, because their moleculeshave no free electrons for carrying current. To make these substances conductive,workers exploit a technique familiar to the semiconducting industry:doping, or adding atoms with interesting electronic properties. Theadded atoms either give up some of their spare electrons to the polymerbonds or grab some electrons from the bonds (and thereby contribute positivecharges called holes). In either case, the chain becomes electrically unstable.Applying a voltage can then send electrons scampering over thelength of the polymer.《MICROPROCESSORS IN 2020》Unlike many other technologies that fed our imaginationsand then faded away, the computer hastransformed our society. There can be little doubtthat it will continue to do so for many decades to come. Theengine driving this ongoing revolution is the microprocessor,the sliver of silicon that has led to countless inventions, suchas portable computers and fax machines, and has added intelligenceto modern automobiles and wristwatches. Astonishingly,the performance of microprocessors has improved25,000 times over since their invention only 27 years ago.I have been asked to describe the microprocessor of 2020.Such predictions in my opinion tend to overstate the worthof radical, new computing technologies. Hence, I boldly predictthat changes will be evolutionary in nature, and not revolutionary.Even so, if the microprocessor continues to improveat its current rate, I cannot help but suggest that 25 yearsfrom now these chips will empower revolutionary software tocompute wonderful things.《HOW THE SUPERTRANSISTORWORKS》Although it is rarely acknowledged,not one but two distinctelectronic revolutionswere set in motion by the invention ofthe transistor 50 years ago at Bell TelephoneLaboratories. The better knownof the two has as its hallmark the trendtoward miniaturization. This revolutionwas fundamentally transformed in thelate 1950s, when Robert N. Noyce andJack Kilby separately invented the integratedcircuit, in which multiple transistorsare fabricated within a single chipmade up of layers of a semiconductormaterial. Years of this miniaturizationtrend have led to fingernail-size sliversof silicon containing millions of transistors,each measuring a few microns andconsuming perhaps a millionth of a wattin operation. 如果需要更多跟我联系，我有pdf版的资料。
moon黄月月
Today, nuclear threats around the world are very real risks to global security. Reducing threats of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism are critical to our national security.Los Alamos National Laboratory, a leader in nuclear science and national security, is at the forefront of nonproliferation via multilateral research across the Lab: satellite explosion monitoring, intelligent sensors, worldwide materials detection and protection, bioscience radiation research, and ensuring the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear deterrent.One prominent Lab method that protects the world detects nuclear explosions in atmosphere and space.The world is full of nuclear-weapons knowledge and materials, providing many terrorists with the ability to make weapons. While many nuclear sensors exist worldwide, they are frequently incapable of distinguishing millions of natural events and background data—lightning flashes, cosmic collisions-from a true nuclear signal. Lightning strikes the earth approximately 100 times per second, confusing traditional detectors.Ground-based supercomputers and human analysts might be capable of the critical but confusing task, but Los Alamos scientists and engineers have built intelligent instruments that can rapidly assess data in space-making nuclear detonation detection faster, easier and more accurate. The Lab's Satellite Nuclear Detonation Detection (SNDD) program team members also used advanced technology to make instruments smaller, lighter, inexpensive, and highly adaptable to different host satellites.Detecting nuclear explosions is a difficult task. The surface area of the Earth is more than half a billion square kilometers; with atmosphere tacked on, there are about 50 billion cubic kilometers to monitor. New technologies, including the current system of 24 Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, provide complete coverage that also increases troublesome background data.The SNDD program's exceptional talent combines extensive knowledge of nuclear physics, engineering, space weather, computation, atmospheric and planetary sciences. The group developed strong ties with NASA, universities, and dozens of other institutions to lead the way in reducing threats. For example, Los Alamos Fellow Ed Fenimore designed the gamma-ray trigger for nuclear-event detection and designed the sensor that alerts NASA's SWIFT satellite of a gamma-ray burst.Marc Kippen, SNDD x-ray instrumentation Project Leader, and histeam developed the combined x-ray spectrometer and particle dosimeter (CXD) by using advanced technology to integrate the two instruments into a single, more-capable x-ray sensor system. The particle detectors monitor the space environment and the system provides intelligent nuclear detection data. Another team, led by Dave Smith of the Lab's Space and Remote Sensing group, engineered a next-generation electromagnetic pulse sensor-the burst detector-verification (BDV) sensor-that will carry a huge amount of computation and data storage compared with its predecessors.The SNDD's newest instrument, built by Eric Dors' team, is the space and atmospheric burst reporting system (SABRS), a highly modular package for detecting neutrons and gamma rays. It combines the 10 instruments on a satellite into one compact package that consumes less power, and weighs half as much as the old suite of instruments. Employing advanced on-board signal processing, SABRS autonomously evaluates a signal.Consequences of a nuclear bomb explosion are high. Los Alamos National Laboratory's experts play a key role in preventing a nuclear war.翻译见：
ALONI爱洛尼家居
第一篇Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old.Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human beings.Research scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings.第二篇Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old.Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human beings.Research scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings.第三篇The authors develop and test a multiclassifier-based near-real-time face detection system based on the premise that a three-part strategy is necessary for designing real-time face detection systems that provide high detection rates. The critical factors for real-time face detection are based on a framework of multiple classification functions: (1) a skin classification function is used as the preliminary stage in order to prune the search, localize the computation, and therefore improve performance time; (2) subsequently, three coarse-to-fine statistical model based classifiers are used to scan the windows and discard most non-face windows; and (3) finally, faces and non-faces are verified from images. The bagging ensemble algorithm (bootstrap aggregating) is also applied to improve the performance of detection rates. 第四篇Want a glance of the future of health care? Take a look at the way the various networks of people about patient care are being connected to one another, and how this new connectivity is being exploited to deliver medicine to the patient —no matter where he or she may be. Online doctors offering advice based on normal symptoms(症状) are the most obvious example. Increasingly, however, remote diagnosis(远程诊断) will be based on real physiological data(生理数据) from the actual patient. A group from the University of Kentucky has shown that by using personal data assistance plus a mobile phone, it is perfectly practical to send a patient’s important signs over the telephone. With this kind of equipment, the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past. Other medical technology groups are working on applying telemedicine to rural(countryside) care. And at least one team wants to use telemedicine as a tool for disaster need—especially after earthquakes. On the whole, the trend is towards providing global access to medical data and experts’ opinions. But there is one problem. Bandwidth(宽带) is the limiting factor for sending complex(复杂的) medical pictures around the world — CT photos being one of the biggest bandwidth users. Communication satellites may be able to deal with the short-term needs during disasters such as earthquakes or wars. But medicine is looking towards both the second-generation Internet and third-generation mobile phones for the future of remote medical service. Doctors have met to discuss computer-based tools for medical diagnosis, training and telemedicine. With the falling price of broadband communications, the new technologies should start a new time when telemedicine and the sharing of medical information, experts’ opinions and diagnosis are common.（这片有点长） 第五篇High-Tech Expo will be quietly into the footsteps of our campus, the annual "scientific and technological Month" activities started! We look forward to the most interesting is the High-Tech Expo will be it! Day after day passed, and finally to Saturdays! It is with emotion sitting in their seats, Hao teacher "order", we will quickly pick up the experimental equipment in high spirits to start the experiment. "We have to do is this group of 'interesting siphon' welcome to visit!" I cried loudly, Sun Xuhui only curiosity left over, we looked suspicious, I did not miss a good opportunity for each, said: " , Take a look at our test! "You do not want to see the glass reversed, changing the water will be able to go to it? "I like the" bombard "like to introduce a non-stop," Oh, look carefully! First of all, the pipe filled with water, followed after a glass of water, access to water 1 cup on the table, the empty 2 cup lightly boosting, and low point, "Bai Baishou I let Yan Kai-day 2 cups hold air at the same time Fanlianniejin the end of the tube, I gently hose and hold the other end, went on to say: "I have to do a good job of this process, and then look! Now, we were put on both ends of the glass are No. 1 and No. 2 empty cup, there have been wonderful scene, 1 cup of water flow on a 2 cup. Gradually, you will find that 1 cup of the air, on the contrary, the 2 cups filled with 1 cup of water. You want to know why? "Sun Xuhui see Huale Yan, Siyousiwu nodded, as if a child's desire for knowledge, taking advantage of this time, I had to step up the" attack ":" The principle is to siphon hose in the liquid, and the two ends are Niejin So Guanzi have a negative pressure, and then put them into two cups, to promote access to the water hose, which is siphon! "I nod after presentation, Sun Xuhui nodded, satisfied to leave our team. High-Tech Expo will, "visit" the group more and more people, this could be really popular science projects ah! High-Tech Expo will be the end, I think wistfully: Qin minds, our life is full of interesting, original, primary and secondary school students which we can hold our own, "Cobo" Yes!
高小贱大琪琪
关于核安全峰会的，如果要，还有好多其它的，见参考资料No nuclear security until every country is secureBy Han Dongping ( chinadaily.com.cn)Updated: 2010-04-20 14:25 Comments(0) PrintMail Large Medium Small President Obama has presided over the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, with 47 nations present recently. During the summit, President Obama sounded the alarm of nuclear attacks from some terrorist organizations which, according to him, have been seeking to acquire nuclear capabilities. Our world is no doubt becoming an increasingly dangerous place, with more nations aspiring to have nuclear bombs and more non-state actors also trying to challenge the existing world order. Yes, the world is facing a big crisis involving terrorism and nuclear proliferation.But for the sake of argument, the crisis we are facing today is also providing us a good opportunity to reflect on our human history, our human behaviors in the past, and to have a dialogue about the potentials to build a better world. In this time of crisis, we need leadership and new thinking about our security, peace and our common future. Related readings: S Korea to hold next nuclear summit; DPRK welcomed President Hu meets with Obama in Washington Debate: Nuclear summit Nuclear security summit opens in WashingtonIt really does not matter how many security measures we take to secure the nuclear materials and how many nations cooperate with one another. We will never be secure unless everybody else is also secure in this world. The way out of our current crisis with terrorism and nuclear proliferation is not more military spending and not more sanctions against the so-called violators of nonproliferation treaties. As far as I can see, in order to get rid of the nuclear threat to this world, we need to stop using nuclear weapons to threat anybody, including the violators of non-proliferation treaty as the first step. President Obama has recently revised US nuclear policy, in which the US pledged that it would not use nuclear weapons against any non-nuclear armed nations in the world except the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Iran. Comparing with Bush's doctrine of preemptive strike, this new policy is apparently a progress. However, a still better policy would be to extend our pledge of nuclear nonaggression even to Iran and DPRK. If we care about human rights and human lives, we should not distinguish between whether it is a Korean life or an Iranian life. All human life should be equally valuable. Also it should not be such a hard thing to do, since China has already adopted that policy as soon as it acquired the nuclear capability. China has made it clear in 1964 that it would never be the first to use its nuclear weapons against anybody, nuclear armed or not.One of the goals of the summit is to get other countries, particularly China, to support the US sponsored sanctions against Iran. Sanctions have been a tool that the powerful use against the weak nations in this world. The powerful use the sanctions to impose their wills on the weak by inflicting sufferings on the people of the weak nations. The people who suffer the most as a result of sanctions are often the ordinary and poor. Sanctions can seldom change the behaviors of the national leaders. Giving in under outside pressure is a clear sign of weakness, and no national leaders want to show the sign of weakness in front of their people. That is why I advised the Chinese government not to support more sanctions against Iran. I also want to advise President Obama to use some new thinking in dealing with Iran's nuclear program. US attempts to threaten Iran have not worked in the past, and will probably not work now. How about trying something different for a change, negotiating with them, on a more equally footing? Please show and convince the Iranian leaders and Iranian people that the US government does not harbor any intention of aggression against the Iranian government and Iranian People. As a noble peace prize winner, I hope that President Obama will live up to the honor of it.The possibility of "terrorists" using nuclear weapons as a means to hurt the US and other nations is also a topic President Obama talked at the nuclear summit. "Terrorists" are very special groups of people, and they are often willing to die to make a point. The US government's response to terrorists has been war and no negotiations. The world media often make the "terrorists" look like a group of ruthless and evil people, willing to kill innocent people to get their point across. In dealing with the terrorists, the conventional warfare has not done much good so far. The US efforts in Iraq, in Afghanistan, in Pakistan and elsewhere seem to feed more terrorists' responses and reactions. In fighting the terrorists we have already paid a very high price: both in terms of human lives and money. We need to reflect and rethink our strategies to deal with the terrorists.The world needs to learn as much as possible about the crisis of terrorism in order to deal with it effectively. We need to know what drive these people to resort to targeting innocent people as a means to achieve their goal. The world does not have to agree or accept their demands, but it is important for the world to know their demands. Talking to them is a better way to solve the difference than fighting a war to terminate them. The powerful US military can kill many of them. But they have also been able to inflict huge casualties on the US and other nations as well. If we care about human lives, we should not refrain from talking with terrorists in an effort to make the world a more peaceful place. If we care about our environment, we should ban all aggressive warfare because wars cause huge environmental damages. Dongping Han is Professor of History and Political Science at Warren Wilson College, NC. The opinions expressed are his own.
