橄榄球裁判英文

Aquatics（水上运动） Swimming 游泳 freestyle 自由泳 backstroke 仰泳 breaststroke 蛙泳 butterfly 蝶泳 individual medley 个人混合泳 freestyle relay 自由泳接力 medley relay 混合泳接力 Water polo 水球 Diving 跳水 10m platform event 十米跳台 3m springboard event 三米跳板 synchronised diving from 10 m platform 双人十米跳台 synchronised diving from 3 m springboard 双人三米跳板 Synchronised swimming 花样游泳 Archery（射箭） Individual events 个人赛 Team events 团体赛 Athletics（田径） Track 径赛 100 m, 200 m, 400 m 100米，200米，400米 800 m, 1,500 m, 5,000 m, 10,000 m 800米，1500米，5,000米，10,000米 110 m hurdles, 400 m hurdles 110米栏，400米栏 3,000 m steeplechase 3000米障碍赛 4 x 100 m relay, 4 x 400 m relay 4×100米接力，4×400米接力 Jumping 跳跃 high jump 跳高 pole vault 撑杆跳高 long jump 跳远 triple jump 三级跳远 Throwing 投掷 shot put 推铅球 discus 掷铁饼 hammer 掷链球 javelin 标枪 Decathlon 男子十项全能 Heptathlon 女子七项全能 Road events 公路赛 marathon 马拉松 walk 竞走 Ball Games（球类运动） Badminton 羽毛球 men's singles 男子单打 women's singles 女子单打 men's doubles 男子双打 women's doubles 女子双打 mixed doubles 混合双打 Baseball 棒球 Basketball 篮球 Football 足球 Handball 手球 Hockey / Field Hockey 曲棍球 Softball 垒球 Table Tennis 乒乓球 Tennis 网球 Volleyball 排球 Beach Volleyball 沙滩排球 Cycling（自行车） Road cycling 公路自行车赛 Track cycling 场地自行车赛 sprint 追逐赛 time trial 计时赛 points race 计分赛 pursuit 争先赛 Mountain bike 山地自行车赛 Equestrian（马术） Jumping 障碍赛 Dressage 盛装舞步 Eventing 三日赛 Fencing（击剑） Foil 花剑 Epee 重剑 Sabre 佩剑 Gymnastics（体操） Artistic Gymnastics 竞技体操 Floor Exercises 自由体操 Pommel Horse 鞍马 Rings 吊环 Vault 跳马 Parallel Bars 双杠 Horizontal Bar 单杠 Uneven Bars 高低杠 Balance Beam 平衡木 Rhythmic Gymnastics 艺术体操 Gymnastics Trampoline 蹦床 Modern Pentathlon（现代五项） Shooting 射击 Fencing 击剑 Swimming 游泳 Riding 马术 Cross-country running 越野跑 Sailing（帆船） Windsurfer men / women - Mistral one design 男子/女子帆板米氏级 Single-handed Dinghy Women - Europe 女子帆船欧洲级 Single-handed Dinghy men - Finn 男子帆船芬兰人级 Single-handed Dinghy open - Laser 激光级 Double-handed Dinghy men / women - 470 男子/女子帆船470级预赛 Double-handed Dinghy open - 49er 49人级 Multihull open - Tornado 龙卷风级 Keelboat men - Star 男子星光级 Keelboat women - Yngling 女子索林级 Shooting（射击） 10 m air rifle 10米气步枪 10 m air pistol 10米气手枪 Men's 10 m running target 男子10米移动靶 Men's 50 m rifle prone position 男子50米步枪卧射 50 m rifle three positions 50米步枪3种姿势 Men's 50 m pistol 男子50米手枪 Women's 25 m pistol 女子25米手枪 Men's 25 m rapid fire pistol 男子25米手枪速射 Trap 多向飞碟 Double trap 双多向飞碟 Skeet 双向飞碟 Triathlon（铁人三项） Swimming 游泳 Cycling 自行车 Running 跑步 Weightlifting（举重） Snatch 抓举 Clean and jerk 挺举 Wrestling（摔跤） greco-roman 古典式摔跤 free style 自由式摔跤 Rowing（赛艇） Boxing（拳击） Canoeing（皮划艇） Judo（柔道） Taekwondo（跆拳道）

touch judge (橄榄球)裁判

动物的考拉--koala狮子——lion 豹——leopard 熊猫——panda 老虎——tiger 狼——wolf 斑马——zebra 公牛——bull 母牛——cow 小牛——calf 水牛——buffalo 山羊——goat 绵羊——sheep 羊羔——lamb 熊——bear 骆驼——camel 鹿——deer 大象——elephant 狐狸——fox 长颈鹿——giraffe 马——horse 猪——pig 狗——dog 猴子——monkey 蝙蝠——bat 猫——cat 袋鼠——kangaroo 刺猬——hedgehog 松鼠——squirrel 兔子——rabbit 老鼠——rat 海豚——dolphin 鲸——whale 海豹—— seal 乌龟——tortoise 鳄鱼——crocodile 河马——hippopotamus 鱼——fish 虾——shrimp 螃蟹——crab 龙虾——lobster 蜗牛——snail 蛙——frog 蛇——snake 蚯蚓——worm 公鸡——cock 母鸡——hen 小鸡——chick 鸭子duck 小鸭——duckling 鹅——goose 蜘蛛spider 蚂蚁ant 蜜蜂bee 蝴蝶butterfly 蜻蜓dragonfly 老鹰eagle 猫头鹰owl 乌鸦crow 鸽子dove 鸟bird 驼鸟ostrich 鹦鹉parrot 燕子swallow 麻雀sparrow 甲虫beetle 天鹅swan 鹤crane 孔雀peacock 企鹅penguin 蚕silkworm 苍蝇fly 蚊子mosquito 蟑螂roach 蚱玛grasshopper 火鸡turkeys 晰蜴lizard 獾badger 蟾蜍toad 鼹鼠mole Mouse 鼠 rat 大老鼠cow 母牛Tiger 虎Rabbit 兔Dragon 龙Snake 蛇 Horse 马sheep 绵羊 Monkey 猴子 Chicken 鸡 Dog 狗 cat 猫Pig 猪Bird 鸟 eagle 老鹰 pigeon 鸽子 dove 鸽子owl 猫头鹰 gull 海鸥 sparrow 麻雀Parrot 鹦鹉 Penguin 企鹅 goose 鹅 duck 鸭 Bat 蝙蝠Frog 青蛙 cricket 蟋蟀 Bee 蜜蜂 butterfly 蝴蝶 fly 苍蝇 flea 跳蚤 Bear 熊 panda 猫熊 Elephant 大象 Deer 鹿 hippo 河马 wolf 狼Donkey 驴子 kangaroo 袋鼠 koala 无尾熊Giraffe 长颈鹿 zebra 斑马 lion 狮子 Crab 螃蟹 shrimp 虾fish 鱼whale 鲸鱼 dolphin 海豚turtle 乌eel 鳗鱼starfish 海星 sea horse 海马 Dinosaur 恐龙 jellyfish 水母squid 乌peacock 孔雀 食物的：meat 肉 beef 牛肉 veal 小牛肉 lamb 羊肉 sirloin 牛脊肉 steak 牛排 chop 连骨肉,排骨 cutlet 肉条 stew 炖肉 roast 烤肉 pork 猪肉 ham 火腿 bacon 咸肉 sausage 香肠 black pudding, blood sausage 血肠 cold meats 冷盘 (美作:cold cuts) chicken 鸡 turkey 火鸡 duck 鸭 fish 鱼 vegetables 蔬菜 dried legumes 干菜 chips 炸薯条,炸土豆片 (美作:French fries) mashed potatoes 马铃薯泥 pasta 面条 noodles 面条,挂面 macaroni 通心粉 consommé 肉煮的清汤 broth 肉汤 milk 奶 cheese 奶酪 butter 奶油 bread 面包 slice of bread 面包片 crust 面包皮 crumb 面包心 egg 蛋 boiled eggs, soft-boiled eggs 水煮蛋 hard-boiled eggs 煮硬了的蛋 fried eggs 煎蛋 poached eggs 荷包蛋 scrambled eggs 炒鸡蛋,摊鸡蛋 omelet 煎蛋卷 pastry 糕点 sponge cake 奶油鸡蛋,蜂糕 tart 果焰糕点 biscuits (英)饼干,(美)小面包 C. 肉品类 (鸡, 猪, 牛) Fresh Grade Legs 大鸡腿 Fresh Grade Breast 鸡胸肉 Chicken Drumsticks 小鸡腿 Chicken Wings 鸡翅膀 Minced Steak 绞肉 Pigs Liver 猪肝 Pigs feet 猪脚 Pigs Kidney 猪腰 Pigs Hearts 猪心 Pork Steak 没骨头的猪排 Pork Chops 连骨头的猪排 Rolled Pork loin 卷好的腰部瘦肉 Rolled Pork Belly 卷好的腰部瘦肉连带皮 Pork sausage meat 做香肠的绞肉 Smoked Bacon 醺肉 Pork Fillet 小里肌肉 Spare Rib Pork chops 带骨的瘦肉 Spare Rib of Pork 小排骨肉 Pork ribs 肋骨可煮汤食用 Black Pudding 黑香肠 Pork Burgers 汉堡肉 Pork-pieces 一块块的廋肉 Pork Dripping 猪油滴 Lard 猪油 Hock 蹄膀 Casserole Pork 中间带骨的腿肉 Joint 有骨的大块肉 Stewing Beef 小块的瘦肉 Steak & Kidney 牛肉块加牛腰 Frying steak 可煎食的大片牛排 Mimed Beef 牛绞肉 Rump Steak 大块牛排 Leg Beef 牛键肉 OX-Tail 牛尾 OX-heart 牛心 OX-Tongues 牛舌 Brantley Chops 带骨的腿肉 Shoulder Chops 肩肉 Porter House Steak 腰上的牛排肉 Chuck Steak 头肩肉筋、油较多 Tenderized Steak 拍打过的牛排 Roll 牛肠 Cowheels 牛筋 Pig bag 猪肚 Homey come Tripe 蜂窝牛肚 Tripe Pieces 牛肚块 Best thick seam 白牛肚 D. 海产类 Herring 鲱 、服装类clothes 衣服，服装wardrobe 服装clothing 服装habit 个人依习惯，身份而着的服装ready-made clothes, ready-to-wear clothes 成衣garments 外衣town clothes 外衣double-breasted suit 双排扣外衣suit 男外衣dress 女服tailored suit 女式西服everyday clothes 便服three-piece suit 三件套trousseau 嫁妆layette 婴儿的全套服装uniform 制服overalls 工装裤rompers 连背心的背带裤formal dress 礼服tailcoat, morning coat 大礼服evening dress 夜礼服dress coat, tails 燕尾服，礼服nightshirt 男式晚礼服dinner jacket 无尾礼服（美作：tuxedo）full dress uniform 礼服制服frock coat 双排扣长礼服gown, robe 礼袍tunic 长袍overcoat 男式大衣coat 女大衣topcoat 夹大衣fur coat 皮大衣three-quarter coat 中长大衣dust coat 风衣mantle, cloak 斗篷poncho 篷却（南美人的一种斗篷）sheepskin jacket 羊皮夹克pelisse 皮上衣jacket 短外衣夹克anorak, duffle coat 带兜帽的夹克，带风帽的粗呢大衣hood 风帽scarf, muffler 围巾shawl 大披巾knitted shawl 头巾，编织的头巾 fur stole 毛皮长围巾muff 皮手筒housecoat, dressing gown 晨衣（美作：duster）short dressing gown 短晨衣bathrobe 浴衣nightgown, nightdress 女睡衣pyjamas 睡衣裤（美作：pajamas）pocket 衣袋lapel （上衣）翻领detachable collar 假领，活领wing collar 硬翻领，上浆翻领V-neck V型领sleeve 袖子cuff 袖口buttonhole 钮扣孔shirt 衬衫blouse 紧身女衫T-shirt 短袖圆领衫，体恤衫vest 汗衫（美作：undershirt）polo shirt 球衣middy blouse 水手衫sweater 运动衫short-sleeved sweater 短袖运动衫roll-neck sweater 高翻领运动衫round-neck sweater 圆领运动衫suit, outfit, ensemble 套服twinset 两件套，运动衫裤jerkin 猎装kimono 和服ulster 一种长而宽松的外套jellaba, djellaba, jelab 带风帽的外衣cardigan 襟毛衣mac, mackintosh, raincoat 橡胶雨衣trousers 裤子jeans 牛仔裤short trousers 短裤knickers 儿童灯笼短裤knickerbockers 灯笼裤plus fours 高尔夫球裤，半长裤braces 裤子背带（美作：suspenders）turnup 裤角折边,挽脚breeches 马裤belt 裤带skirt 裙子divided skirt, split skirt 裙裤underskirt 内衣underwear, underclothes 内衣裤underpants, pants 内衣裤（美作：shorts）briefs 短内裤,三角裤panties 女短内裤knickers 女半短内裤，男用灯笼短裤brassiere, bra 乳罩corselet 紧身胸衣stays, corset 束腰，胸衣waistcoat 背心slip, petticoat 衬裙girdle 腰带stockings 长袜suspenders 袜带（美作：garters）suspender belt 吊袜腰带（美作：garter belt）socks 短袜tights, leotard 紧身衣裤handkerchief 手帕bathing trunks 游泳裤 bathing costume, swimsuit, bathing suit 游泳衣bikini 比基尼泳衣apron 围裙pinafore （带护胸）围裙shoe 鞋sole 鞋底heel 鞋后跟lace 鞋带moccasin 鹿皮鞋patent leather shoes 黑漆皮鞋boot 靴子slippers 便鞋sandal 凉鞋canvas shoes, rope soled shoes 帆布鞋clog 木拖鞋galosh, overshoe 套鞋glove 手套运动类manager 经纪人instructor 教练,技术指导guide 领队trainer 助理教练referee, umpire (网球.棒球)裁判linesman, touch judge (橄榄球)裁判contestant, competitor, player 运动员professional 职业运动员amateur 业余运动员,爱好者enthusiast, fan 迷,爱好者favourite 可望取胜者 (美作:favorite)outsider 无取胜希望者championship 冠军赛,锦标赛champion 冠军record 纪录record holder 纪录创造者ace 网球赛中的一分Olympic Games, Olympics 奥林匹克运动会Winter Olympics 冬季奥林匹克运动会stadium 运动场track 跑道ring 圈ground, field 场地pitch (足球、橄榄球)场地court 网球场team, side 队race 跑middle-distance race 中长跑long-distance runner 长跑运动员sprint 短跑 (美作:dash)the 400 metre hurdles 400米栏marathon 马拉松decathlon 十项cross-country race 越野跑jump 跳跃jumping 跳跃运动high jump 跳高long jump 跳远 (美作:broad jump)triple jump, hop step and jump 三级跳pole vault 撑竿跳throw 投掷throwing 投掷运动putting the shot, shot put 推铅球throwing the discus 掷铁饼throwing the hammer 掷链锤throwing the javelin 掷标枪walk 竞走gymnastics 体操gymnastic apparatus 体操器械horizontal bar 单杠parallel bars 双杠rings 吊环trapeze 秋千wall bars 肋木side horse, pommelled horse 鞍马weight-lifting 举重weights 重量级boxing 拳击Greece-Roman wrestling 古典式摔跤hold, lock 揪钮judo 柔道fencing 击剑winter sports 冬季运动skiing 滑雪ski 滑雪板downhill race 速降滑雪赛,滑降slalom 障碍滑雪ski jumping competition 跳高滑雪比赛ski jump 跳高滑雪ice skating 滑冰figure skating 花样滑冰roller skating 滑旱冰bobsleigh, bobsled 雪橇football 足球rugby 橄榄球basketball 篮球volleyball 排球tennis 网球baseball 垒球handball 手球hockey 曲棍球golf 高尔夫球cricket 板球ice hockey 冰球goalkeeper 球门员centre kick 中线发球goal kick 球门发球throw in, line-out 边线发球to score a goal 射门得分to convert a try 对方球门线后触地得分batsman 板球运动员batter 击球运动员men's singles 单打运动员in the mixed doubles 混合双打swimming pool 游泳池swimming 游泳medley relay 混合泳crawl 爬泳breaststroke 蛙式backstroke 仰式freestyle 自由式butterfly (stroke) 蝶泳diving competition 跳水water polo 水球water skiing 水橇rowing 划船canoe 划艇boat race 赛艇yacht 游艇kayak 皮船sailing 帆船运动outboard boat 船外马达汽车拉力赛riding 骑马racecourse, racetrack 跑马场,赛马场jockey, polo 马球rider 马球运动员show jumping competition 跳跃赛steeplechase 障碍赛fence 障碍trotter 快跑的马电器类：flashlight 手电筒fluorescent lamp 日光灯electric calculator 计算器tube 真空管electric fan 电风扇dictaphone, dictating machine 录音机tape recorder 磁带television 电视机electric iron 电熨斗electric foot warmer 暖脚器electric shaver 电动剃须刀electric cooker 电饭锅electric heater 电暖气electric vacuum cleaner 吸尘器bulb 电灯泡electronic oven 电烤箱radio 收音机microphone 麦克风loud-speaker 扩音机refrigerator 冰箱air conditioning 空调microwave oven 微波炉dry cell 干电池tap 电线搭接处broiler 烘烤机can opener 开罐头刀compactor 捣碎器defroster 除霜装置dicer 切块机dishwasher 洗碗机dryer 干衣机eggbeater 打蛋器fan 风扇air-condition 空调vertical disinfection cabinetfficehorizontal disinfection cabinetpasteurize cupboarddisinfectant Tank消毒碗柜household gas stove 煤气炉smoke exhauster 抽油烟机air exhauster 抽气机soybean milk grinder / soybean milking 豆桨机food blender 搅拌机juice extractor 榨汁机filter purifier 净水器water dispenser 饮水机freezer 冷冻箱furnace 壁炉humidifier 湿度调节器iron 烫斗juicer 榨汁机oven 烤箱/炉percolator 过滤器range hood 抽油烟机refrigerator 冰箱rotisserie 电转烤肉架shaver 电动剃须刀stove 炉子toaster 烤面包机vacuum cleaner 吸尘器希望能够帮到你 O(∩_∩)O

Football History —Just What Sport are We Talking About Anyway? Mention the term “football” and depending on just where you are one of two entirely different games might come to mind. In North America, people will picture a smash-mouth game played by large men wearing pads and helmets on a field with goal posts at each end. The ball is moved down the field by running and passing. In most of the rest of the world “football” means a sport played by shorts-clad men and women on a pitch, or field, with netted goals at each end. It is a game that primarily involves the feet as the ball is kicked up and down the pitch. For the purpose of this article, we will focus on the history of football, american style, the first type mentioned. Association football, or soccer as it’s commonly called, is addressed on a different page on this website. Has football always been this confusing? In a nutshell, yes.Soccer, Rugby and MoreAmerican Football (let’s make it simple and just call it plain ol’ “football”) has it roots in both soccer and rugby. A form of soccer was played as early as 206 BC in the Han Dynasty of China when teams competed in a game called Tsu Chu to celebrate the emperor’s birthday. The roots of rugby-type games go back to 11th century England when young boys played a tackle game with an inflated cow bladder. This child’s play evolved into violent clashes between men from opposing villages. Hundreds of players from each town would attempt to run the bladder into the middle of the their opponent’s town. Injuries and even death were such a common part of the game that the King of England eventually outlawed the sport. In 1623, football resurfaced (legally) in England as a soccer-type game played on a field rather than in the town streets. Players were not allowed to touch the ball with anything except their feet. At about the same time, Irish teams took up a form of football that allowed players to hit the ball with their fists. One of the biggest changes in the game happened at Rugby College in 1823. According to legend, William Ellis suddenly stopped kicking the ball, picked it up and ran down the field and across the goal line. Sure, Ellis had broken one of the fundamental rules of the game, but the crowd loved it. Rugby College recognized that Ellis had a good idea and began allowing players to run with ball. This was the official beginning of rugby and the catalyst for what we know today as football.