封建君主专制英文

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1.西欧封建等级制度(feudal hierarchy)，一般指西欧封建主之间依据土地占有和人身依附关系而形成的一种等级关系。封建等级制度又称为中世纪等级制度。在这种制度下，等级的划分及其之间的关系首先以一种人身的依附关系为依托，这种人身依附关系，在西欧典型地表现为封君封臣制度。

西欧的封建制度是从6世纪开始，到11世纪前后基本确立的一种新的社会制度。西欧封建制度，是在特定的历史条件下两个不同的社会历史交叉，两种社会历史因素相互综合的结果。

2.等级君主制是王权借助等级代表会议实施统治的一种政权形式，贵族和市民阶层共同参政，并在一定程度上分享权力。这是西欧“封建制度”的重要特征之一。在等级君主制时期司法和军事等方面的权利渐渐集中到中央，等级代表会议则主要掌控国家赋税的批准权和分摊权，市民阶层的利益和要求开始受到重视。等级君主制相对于中世纪早期的政治混乱和割据状态而言，具有历史进步意义，推动了社会经济的进一步发展。1265年召开的英国议会和1302年举行的法国三级会议，标志着英、法两国等级君主制的初步形成。

3.封建君主制是对5-17世纪中叶西欧封建国家的主要的政治形态的一种统称。它是西欧封建社会的产物。君主专制，实行君主独裁的政体形式。主要特点是：君主拥有无限的权力，他的意志就是国家的法律，臣民必须绝对服从。君主依靠官僚军事机构，维护其专制统治，对人民进行残酷的剥削和压迫。

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Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the guidelines of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution. This form of government differs fromabsolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government.

The Constitutional Monarchy The political system of UK is constitutional monarchy, a system of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State, while the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected parliament. Contrary to absolutism or absolute monarchy where a monarchy rules with total power, the power of the monarch under constitutional monarchy is restrained by a parliament, by law or by custom; as in the United Kingdom the Sovereign reigns but does not rule. The hereditary monarchy is the oldest secular institution of government in the UK, with roots that can be traced back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th until the Norman Conquest in 1066. In over 1000 years, its continuity has been broken only once by Cromwell’s “Commonwealth”, which lasted from the execution of Charles I to the restoration of Charles II. The origins of the constitutional monarchy, however, go back to the time when the leading nobles of England succeeded in forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. Until the end of 17th century, British monarchs were executive monarchs, enjoying the rights to make and pass legislation. The real sense constitutional monarchy started from the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights of 1689, which established basic tenets such as the supremacy of parliament. By the reign of George V, the principle of constitutional monarchy was firmly established in Britain. The constitutional monarchy we know today really developed in the 18th and 19th centuries, as day-to-day power came to be exercised by ministers in Cabinet and by Parliaments by a steadily-widening electorate. In modern Britain, where class and privilege are no longer as important as they used to be, an institution like monarchy might seem obsolete. However, any serious attempt to abolish the monarchy would meet with violent opposition from all sectors of British society. What then is the use of having a Monarch? As a system of government, constitutional monarchy has its strengths. One is that it separates out the ceremonial and official duties of Head of State from party politics. Walter Bagehot, one of the most important Victorian writers on the subject of constitutional monarchy, describes the way in which monarchy symbolize the unity of the national community. “The nation is divided into parties, but the crown is of no party. Its apparent separation from business is that which removes it both from enmities and from desecration, which preserves its mystery, which enables it to combine the affection of conflicting parties...” Besides, from the point of view of political power, according to Bagehot, the main influence of Sovereign is during a political ministry, for Sovereign has three rights: “the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn”. A Sovereign would, over the course of a long reign, accumulate far more knowledge and experience than any minister. Even though the Queen could do nothing to alter Cabinet decisions and never refuses her assent to something she disagrees with because she knows this would be unconstitutional, she sometimes has a definite and beneficial influence on the kind of decisions taken. More than this, the constitutional monarchy focus, as a long-established tradition, provides a sense of stability, continuity and a national focus, since the Head of State remains the same even as governments and politicians come and go according to elections won or lost. The Monarch is always there, above party quarrels, representing the nation as a whole, and lending dignity and significance to all things done in her name. The system bridges the discontinuity in times of political and social change. With more than five decades of reading State papers, meeting Heads of State and ambassadors and holding a weekly audience with the Prime Minister, The Queen has an unequalled store of experience upon which successive Prime Ministers have been able to draw. The British Monarchy is the supreme illustration of the way British institutions develop. Violent upheavals are rare. Instead, the existing is slowly modified to suit fresh conditions, until in the end the impossible is achieved—a completely new system which still looks exactly like the old. And the pride of the British is that although it is illogical, it works.译文：君主立宪制英国的政治体制是君主立宪制，即国王或王后担任国家元首的政府制度，而制定和通过立法的能力则由选举产生的议会负责。君主专制统治下的君主专制主义或专制君主政体，君主立宪制下君主的权力受到议会、法律或习俗的制约；在英国，君主统治但不统治。世袭君主制是英国最古老的世俗政体，其根源可追溯到第五至1066年诺尔曼征服的撒克逊人。在1000多年的时间里，克伦威尔的“联邦”一次打破了它的连续性，从查尔斯一世的执行到查理二世的复辟。君主立宪制的渊源，然而，回去的时候，英国的贵族，成功地迫使约翰国王1215签署大宪章。直到十七世纪底，英国君主都是行政君主，享有制定和通过立法的权利。真正意义上的君主立宪制是从1688的光荣革命和后来的《1689权法案》开始的，该法案确立了议会至上等基本原则。乔治五世统治时期，英国确立了君主立宪的原则。我们今天所知道的君主立宪制确实发展于第十八和第十九世纪，因为内阁和议会中的部长们的日常权力由不断扩大的选民行使。在现代英国，阶级和特权不再像过去那么重要了，像君主政体这样的机构似乎过时了。然而，任何废除君主制的严肃企图都会遭到英国社会各阶层的强烈反对。那么，拥有君主又有什么用呢？君主立宪制作为一种政体，有其自身的优势。其一是将国家元首的礼仪和公务从政党政治中分离出来。Walter Bagehot，一个在君主立宪制的主体最重要的维多利亚时代的作家，介绍的方式，王权象征民族共同体的统一。这个国家分为两个党派，但这个国家没有党派。其表观与商业分离，删除它从仇恨和亵渎，保留它的神秘，这使它能够将冲突双方的感情…此外，从政治的角度来看，Bagehot认为，主权的主要影响是政治部期间，主权有三项权利：“商量权，正确的鼓励，警告权”。在漫长的统治过程中，君主会比其他大臣积累更多的知识和经验。即使女王不能改变内阁的决定，也从不拒绝她不同意的东西，因为她知道这是违反宪法的，她有时对所做的决定有明确和有益的影响。更重要的是，君主立宪制作为一个由来已久的传统，提供了一种稳定、连续性和国家重点的意识，因为国家元首仍然是相同的，即使政府和政治家根据选举的胜利或失败而来或去。君主总是站在那里，超越党派纷争，代表整个国家，为她所做的一切事情赋予尊严和意义。在政治和社会变革的时代，这一体系是桥梁的桥梁。拥有超过五年的阅读报纸，国家和大使首脑会议持每周的观众与首相，女王有一个无与伦比的存储经验的历届首相已经能够得出。英国君主政体是英国制度发展的最高例证。暴力剧变是罕见的。相反，现有的慢慢修正以适应新的条件，直到最后不可能取得完全的新系统看起来完全一样。英国人的骄傲是，尽管它不合逻辑，但它确实有效。

意思是做事情的时候完全从自己个人的意愿，感受，需要出发，而不考虑其他人或者事物的存在和需要。

其中“独裁”意为独自裁断。多指独揽政权，实行专制统治，如独裁者，个人独裁，独裁统治等。专制多泛指独断专行，或者是由剥削阶级统治的国家中由个别独裁者独断专横的统治制度，如法西斯专制，也指一些以革命或者所谓为人民的名义复辟帝制。

独裁最为突出的阶段是奴隶制时期和封建社会时期，当时的贵族们为了维护自身的利益，凌驾于法律之上，以个人意志左右国家意志。

扩展资料：

独裁（英语：Autocracy）的英文字根，来自于古希腊文：αὐτοκρατία（Autocrates） ，其中，αὐτός意为独自、个人的，κρατείν则是统治的意思，因此它可以译为：由他自己个人来统治。

在古希腊，与独裁相对的，有寡头统治（由少数人统治），与民主（由人民统治）。在古希腊，独裁跟僭主一样是一个具有负面意思的字。在古希腊哲学家柏拉图的《理想国》一书中，提及君主、寡头、共和及僭主四种政体，其中，僭主被认为是一种最容易形成独裁统治的政体。

在亚里斯多德《政治学》中，提出六种政体，独裁制与君主制相同，统治权都集中在一人身上，但是君主制是以公利为出发点，独裁制则是以统治者自身利益为出发。

独裁意为独自裁断。多指独揽政权，实行专制统治，如独裁者，个人独裁，独裁统治等。《晋书·李绩载记》：“ 慕容恪欲以绩为尚书右仆射， 暐憾绩往言，不许。 恪屡请，乃谓恪曰：‘万机之事委之叔父； 伯阳 （ 李绩）一人， 暐请独裁。’ 绩遂忧死。”

独裁最为突出的阶段是奴隶制时期和封建社会时期，当时的贵族们为了维护自身的利益，凌驾于法律之上，以个人意志左右国家意志.

词语解释

(1)独自裁断；独自决定。

毛泽东《农业合作化的一场辩论和当前的阶级斗争》：“许多同志口里赞成集体领导，实际上十分爱好个人独裁，好像不独裁就不像一个领导者的样子。”

(2)独揽政权，实行专制统治。

邹韬奋 《奥国的教训》：“ 奥总理陶尔斐斯摧残社会民主党的力量，勾结侵略国意大利来支持他的独裁统治。”

毛泽东《抗日战争胜利后的时局和我们的方针》：“ 蒋介石要坚持独裁和内战的反动方针，我党曾经及时地指明了这一点。”

(3)独裁（英语：Autocracy），也译为专制，政治学名词，是一种政府的形式，由一个拥有无限威权的统治者，在不受法律及传统的制衡下，以个人意志来进行统治。这个具备无限权力的统治者，称为独裁者（英语：autocrat）。以独裁统治为统治方式形成的政治制度，称为独裁政体（英语：dictatorship）。

扩展资料

制度表现

专制制度的另一个重要表现，便是君权高于神权，这是中国古代社会政治生活区别于西欧大陆的一个显著特征。在古代中国，既不存在贵族分权执政的共和制，也没有神权凌驾于皇权之上的教皇制。

这是因为，一方面，中国古代社会是建立在以宗法血缘为纽带的家族关系基础之上的，据考古证明中国早期国家的形成并没有像古希腊、古罗马那样建立在氏族血缘关系瓦解的基础上，而是在氏族血缘关系保留的情况下直接进入文明阶段。

因此，国家关系、君臣关系只是家族关系、父子关系的扩大和延伸，在君父权威以及家族伦理教化环境下成长起来的历代中国人，陶然于伦理亲情，注重对现实人际关系的把握，视天下如家庭，并通过自然经济陶冶出来的君臣伦理亲情与臣民沟通，直接干预臣民的生活，使自己的权利和威势渗透于社会机体的每一个角落。

他们所强调的是“普天之下，莫非王土；率土之滨，莫非王臣”是“六合之内，皇帝之土......人迹所至，无不臣者”，决不容许妨碍皇权专断的政治因素横置其间，更不能容忍神权凌驾于皇 权之上。

参考资料来源：百度百科-独裁

参考资料来源：百度百科-专制制度

Britain was the world's first country to establish constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom are British "Glorious Revolution" and built up. At around the mid-13th century, nobles in the same King Henry III to win the struggle, the establishment of Parliament. 13 after the end of the century, the regular convening of Parliament, Members of the aristocracy, the public and the Knight of the benefits from all walks of life because of different, usually not with a meeting after the 14th century, gradually divided into upper and lower houses of parliament. Since then, the lower house of the power of expanding, 15 century, the lower house of the motion has been put forward financial and legal powers of the motion. However, during this period the feudal nature of Parliament is still the representative body of the Level. The United Kingdom before and after the bourgeois revolution, the Parliament has become the representative of the bourgeoisie with the feudal forces in the struggle against Stuart political center. After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament passed one after another "bill of rights" and "the law of succession to the throne," from a legal confirmation on the "parliamentary sovereignty" principle, to further restrict the kingship. Without the consent of Parliament, the King shall not be approved by law, the abolition of the law or the suspension of application of the law; and provides for the king must profess the Anglican Church, Catholics or Catholic marriage shall not inherit the throne.