loveless0122
英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课，接下来我为你整理了英语语言学知识点，一起来看看吧。
1.语言学Linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.普通语言学General Linguistics
The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.
3.语言language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design Features
It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多产性
Duality双重性
Displacement移位性
Cultural transmission文化传递
⑴arbitrariness
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions
⑵Productivity
Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.
⑶Duality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.
⑷Displacement
Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
⑸Cultural transmission
Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.
5.语言能力Competence
Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
6.语言运用performance
Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics
The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics
The study of a given language at a given time.
9.语言langue
The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
10.言语parole
The realization of langue in actual use.
11.规定性Prescriptive
It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.
12.描述性Descriptive
A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.
语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。
2.几种观点和现象的提出者：
⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别
⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky
in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance
⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家
Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.
Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.
⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett
提出了语言的识别特征design features
3.the word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.
Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。
4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.
5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题
6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。
1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?
Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.
Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.
Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.
Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.
Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
2.why do we say language is arbitrary?
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.
The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.
A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.
3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。
traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language.
传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。
4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why
Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.
现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。
5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings?
Speech enjoys for the following reasons:
⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.
⑵A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.
⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.
6.how is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ?
Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study
龙发集团
从狭义地来说，语言学告诉了我们字词句的组成，有了这个理论基础，我们当老师或者家教的时候，可以更好地解释语言现象。（而不是一再告诉学生说：这是个固定搭配，背下来就可以） 从广义来说，你可以更清晰地认识整个社会文化。
比如，语言学第七章，很多学校都很爱考的一个章节，“语言和社会”。其中就解释了女性说话方式和男性说话方式为什么不同？女性说话有些什么特点？（即女性语体）男人和女人本是同一人种，导致他们说话不同的是社会因素。在学习语言学之前，你可能从来都没有想过，语言学和社会文化还有诸多联系吧？所以说，它能发人深省啊。迄今，还很少有人从语言学的角度来观察和探索世界，这需要大家更多地沉淀自己、发自内心地热爱语言学，而不是仅仅视它为一门需死记硬背的考试。
大多数读linguistics的学生，毕业后都从事着和它南辕北辙的工作。我现在在研究生即将入学之余，自己制作了语言学的视频、和三五好友分享学习资源、开设YY语音上的语言学答疑小组、过的非常充实和丰富，但我也不敢说一定毕生从事语言学事业（也有学术尚浅的因素在内）。对于职业发展，或许语言学对学子的贡献并不显著。
但，倘若真的静心研读，它一定对你的气质修养、为人处世、生活心态起到了很大的帮助。不管从事哪行哪业，我都将非常热爱语言学。
午夜的咖啡香
语言学（linguistics）是以人类语言为研究对象的学科，探索范围包括语言的性质、功能、结构、运用和历史发展，以及其他与语言有关的问题。语言学被普遍定义为对语言的一种科学化、系统化的理论研究。并且语言是人类最重要的交际工具，是思想的直接现实。
语言是人类特有的沟通方式，在生物或心理层面上反映人类高度演化的心智能力，在社会文化层面上反映人类文明进步。语言学就是要研究人类最核心本能的语言能力，透过对口语、书面语甚至手语进行分析和研究，进而了解人类的本质。除了认识人类语言本质外，语言学研究还具有多种应用价值。在语言教育方面，借由对于语言本身的了解，编成各种词典、文法书、教科书供人学习语言，也有助于改善应对语言学习过程中遭遇到的困难与错误的能力。
在不同语言翻译方面，语言学理论对于笔译和口译有更多具体的指导，也有助于利用科技来进行机器翻译。
cafa晓晓
英语语言学的范畴和类别的区别：研究范畴:普通语言学、语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语言学)、人类语言学、神经语言学、计算机语言学。英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行,内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。英语（英语：English）是一种西日耳曼语支，最早被中世纪的英国使用，并因其广阔的殖民地而成为世界使用面积最广的语言。英国人的祖先盎格鲁部落是后来迁移到大不列颠岛地区的日耳曼部落之一，称为英格兰。这两个名字都来自波罗的海半岛的Anglia。该语言与弗里斯兰语和下撒克森语密切相关，其词汇受到其他日耳曼语系语言的影响，尤其是北欧语（北日耳曼语），并在很大程度上由拉丁文和法文撰写。
