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商务合同属于法律性公文,所以英译时,有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现,这种公文语副词通常被普通词语所代替,从而影响到译文的质量。下面来看一下商务合同的语言特点。
商务合同的语言特点
商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体,重在记实,用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。商务合同属于法律性公文,所以 英译时,有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词,就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。
实际上,这种公文语惯用副词并不多,而且简单易记。
常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词,构成一体化形式的公文语副词。
例如:从此以后、今后:hereafter;
此后、以后:thereafter;
在其上:thereon,thereupon;
在其下:there under;
对于这个:hereto;
对于那个:whereto;
在上文:hereinabove,hereinbefore;
在下文:hereinafter,herein below;
在上文中、在上一部分中:hereinbefore;
在下文中、在下一部分中:thereinafter.
现用两个实例,说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。
例 1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.
例 2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。
The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.
天堂猫ivy
合同翻译是一种专业的翻译,翻译的时候一定要慎重,很多细节需要注意一下。在英文合同翻译中,前提条件是弄懂合同的定义,包括合同中应有的基本要素。第一,英文合同的定义 在英文中,合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。 它们(要约和承诺构成的)由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 第二,英文合同的结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______(month),______(year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called “ Party A ”)and Party B(hereinafter called “ Party B ”) 然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS...THEREFORE ... It is hereby agreed as follows或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS... NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后是证明部分: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。 第三,英文合同翻译的用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:may,shall,must,may not(或shall not)的使用;may,shall, must,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。 权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候),must用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。may do不能说成can do,shall do,不能说成should do或ought to do, may not do正式用语(formal term) 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ”,远远多于“due to”,一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; “关于”用“regards”,“concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin"; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”,而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; 用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,用以上英语表达分别为defect,remedy,force majeure /Act of God,jurisdiction,damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ,such... as ,whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词,就其中几个细说: 比如:1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this之意,即特此,因此,兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语,在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明,如:The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中: ★hereby意为 by reason of this,特此的意思。 ★ therein意为in the Works在本工程中。 ★ such...as是关系代词,相当于that, which,把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确,避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。 其它的还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation” “不动产出让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate”“房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property”“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”。 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文为“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” “依照合同相关规定”一般说成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。2.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to _____all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____, 19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____,a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如: This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思,都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” 再例如:“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句的“release”和“discharge”的意思几乎相同。并列的词还有: ships and vessels ,support and maintenance ,licenses and permits ,charges, fees, costs and expenses, any and all ,any duties, obligations or liabilities ,the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns 。 第四,英文合同翻译中的注意事项 实践证明,英文合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说不是大的陈述性条款,而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。A. 限定责任 众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。 例1:如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。 The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. by and between 常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。 This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. B. 限定时间英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。 例3:自9月20日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20. 例4:我公司的条件是,3个月内,即不得晚于5月1日,支付现金。Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.3.2.2 not (no) later than用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。例5:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方须将货物装船。Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.include的相应形式 。常用include的相应形式:inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。例6:本证在北京议付,有效期至1月1日。 This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括1月1日在内,英译为till and not including January 1。大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。 Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY). 正确使用货币符号 。英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(,),因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。
lilyspirit00
The our country is since join the WTO, outward the business contract is gradually multifarious.Concerning foreign affairs the business companies with a contract for adopting primarily is request that English this, but English business contract as to it's the language has strictly, emphasize the phrase of 措 accurate, the construction is careful, format norm.Therefore, hold the contract phonetic and special, draft to the accurate comprehension, the translation contract is very the key.This text remits from the phrase, English language in contract in business in analysis in both side in sentence construction characteristic, the study translates with the some basic technique that induce contract English English-to-Chinese.The cent of text is divided into primarily three big part:The first part introduced the translation technique that English contract translation inside phrase remit, distinguishing to remit from the profession phrase, 缩 slightly the phrase, time phrase waits with the amount of money phrase four elaborate on. The second part expatiated the sentence construction technique of the English contract translation, and also from the passive sentence, negate sentence, long sentence and 惯s uses sentence etc. everywhere defeats in detail.The third part is from the English contract translation of on the other hand begin, generalize the characteristics that explained the contract translation.Finally, proceeded to translation technique and its characteristicses of the English contract the summary generalize, this text aim acquaints with the technique in told reader at hereafter of contract translation, lifting high-efficiency.
以哩哇啦
随着改革开放的不断深化和成功加入世贸组织,我国在国际经贸领域显示出巨大的活力,与世界上许多国家建立了互惠共赢的伙伴关系,对外经贸往来日益频繁。在涉外经贸合作中,双方通过谈判或函电协商达成协议后,大都需要另行签订正式的书面合同,来作为某项法律行为成立的依据。这类合同因其涉外交易性质,往往需要使用国际通用的英文来撰写,所以尽快熟悉国际商务英语的特点,提高撰写英文合同的水平,对于我国实践“走出去”的发展战略具有重要的意义。商务合同是在商务活动中签署的具有法律地位的法律文件,其在措辞上使用严谨准确的表达,以体现法律语言的严谨性;在行文上采用平铺直叙的方法陈述事理,以明确合同双方的权利义务。英文合同的词汇具有准确、严谨、正式、庄重、保守及规范等特点,具体体现在正式的书卷词语、专业词语、古体词语、外来词、同义词并列、模糊限制词的运用以及具有特定含义的常用词的使用。合同语言的语法特点是从句叠出,定语从句、状语从句广泛使用,状语位置常常出现在主句内部或从句的内部以保证法律语言的严密和清晰。合同语言将各种从属关系分句交织合并成一个冗长而独立的复合句,不使用省略句,不使用感叹句,很少使用简单句。合同语言的篇章特点是结构规范、条理清晰,采用法律文书的通用句子模式。