英语定语从句语法

一、定义

用来修饰句子中的名词或代词或其短语的从句，就叫做定语从句。其实，就是拿句子来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如：

It's a book.

I bought the book yesterday.

以上两句话中，都有book一词，所以可以用定语从句把两句话连起来。即：

It's the book that I bought yesterday.

这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是一个定语从句，用来修饰the book。

二、两个概念

要想学好定语从句，得先弄清楚两个基本概念，即：先行词和关系词。

（一）先行词

所谓先行词，就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的，为什么？因为先行词永远出现在定语从句的前面，总是先走一步的，呵呵！

（二）关系词

所谓关系词，就是指用来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是，关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的，所以是不可或缺的'，尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，经常可以省略（本文会继续讲到这个情况）。

我们在来看一下在第一节里出现的句子：

It's the book that I bought yesterday.

句中的the book就是先行词，被后面的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。而that就是关系代词，用来连接I bought yesterday，同时又在从句作bought的宾语，而且可以省略。

定语从句的学习，其实就是有关根据先行词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。

三、分类

按照定语从句与先行词的关系紧密与否，可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

（一）限定性定语从句

限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用，是不可或缺的。如：

These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.

（二）非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句对先行词起着补充说明作用，可要可不要。非限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先行词隔开。如：

They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.

【注意】

1、当先行词具有唯一性的时候，就只能采用非限定性定语从句，否则就会产生歧义或误解。如：

限定性定语从句：His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.

非限定性定语从句：His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.

因为限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用，所以具有特指功能，所以第一句中的限定性定语从句意味着是特指他在巴黎的妻子，其潜台词就是他不只一个妻子，也许在上海或者在纽约等其他地方还有妻子。

而非限定性定语从句只对先行词起着补充说明作用，没有特指功能，所以第二句中的非限定性定语从句只是用来补充说明他的妻子现在人在巴黎这个事实。

2、that和why不能用来引导非限定性定语从句

that不能用来连接非限定性定语从句，具体的请看下一节的内容。

而why因为总是紧跟先行词reason，所以也不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。如：

That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.

在reason和why之间，不能插入逗号。

四、关系代词

英语里能够用来连接定语从句的关系代词主要有：

that：表人或物

which：表物

who：表人（主格或宾格）

whom：表人（宾格）

whose：表人或物（所有格）

that引导的定语从句

that引导定语从句时，其先行词既可能是人，也可能是物。如：

This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.

He is the man that will visit our school next week.

【注意】

1、当that的先行词表物时，可以用which来替换。此外，当that在从句中作宾语时，可以省略。如：

This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.

This is the photo I took during the trip in France.

句中的先行词the photo在从句I took during the trip in France中作took的宾语，所以可以省略。

2、不能用that的情况

1）当定语从句以介词开头时，一般不用that，而要用which或whom。如：

This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.

She is the girl to whom I talked just now.

两句话的定语从句分别以介词for和to开头，所以后面不能再用that，而要采用which和whom。

2）当先行词是that时，往往用which来替换。如：

We have that which we need.

此时，that which往往可以用what来替换，因此我们可以把上面的句子改为：

We have what we need.

3）在非限定性定语从句中。如：

错误：His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.

正确：His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.

3、只能用that的情况

1）当先行词为everything、all，little、much等不定代词时。如：

All that glitters is not gold.

2）当先行词被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修饰时。如：

Don't waste any water that is reusable.

3）当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last修饰时。如：

They are the only students that will attend the meeting.

4）当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：

This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.

5）当先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时。如：

There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.

6）当先行词有人又有物时。如：

We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.

7）当主句是以who或which及其-ever结构开头的特殊疑问句时。如：

Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.

4、多用who、不用that的情况

1）当先行词为anyone、one、ones时。如：

He is the one who will teach us English.

2）当先行词为those、he和people时。如：

Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.

英语定语从句语法知识（精选）

定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系代(who, whom, whose, which, that, as )或关系副词(when, where, why)等引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，还在从句中指代前面的先行词，并在从句中担任一定的成分。下面是我为大家带来的关于定语从句的语法知识，欢迎阅读。

1、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，表示对先行词起修饰限制作用;而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开，是对先行词进行补充说明，相当于并列句。

如：He is the man who has a strong personality. 他是个个性很强的人。(限定性定语从句)

My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在国外工作，他下周将回来。(非限定性定语从句)

注：

1) 非限定性定语从句不能用that来引导，一般用which，as或who(指人)。用which或as引导时，既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。如：

He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. (which指代整个主句，在从句中作主语)

2) as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。如：As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people‘s life greatly.

3) 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略;但在 非限定性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。如：

The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)

She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)

2、只用关系代词that，不用 which，who或whom的几种情况

1)当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时。如：All that you want are here.

2) 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时。如：There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.

3)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.

4)当出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时。如： We are talking about the people and countries that we have

visited.

5) 当主句是以which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the person that is standing over there?

6) 当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只用that，

但经常可以省略。如： I know the difference (that) there is between you.

7)当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用that。如：He does not seem to be the man that he was

他似乎和过去不一样了。

3、 as 与其他词连用引导的定语从句

as 引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与the same，such，so等连用，形式为：the same… as，such… as，as …as，so… as。As在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：

She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。(as代替事，作宾语)

I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书。(as代替物，作主语)

注：the same… as 和the same… that的用法不同。as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物;that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”，指同一事物。如：

This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的`笔一样。(类似的笔)

This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。(同一支笔)

4、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

在“介词+which/whom”结构中，介词的选择取决于3种情况：

1)定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配。如： This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking.

2)先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter.

仪表上显示出这台机器运转的速度。

3)当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which; 否则用其他介词。如： I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.

注：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with;有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with/to，compare with/to等。

有时为表意清楚，还可以在关系副词where/ when前加介词from, to等。如：

China is the birthplace of kites, from

where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.

中国是风筝的故乡，从这里，放风筝的运动传到了日本、韩国、泰国和印度。

注定语从句和同位语从句的区别

定语从句在复合句中的功能相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。而同位语从句则属于名词性从句，对与它有同位关系得名词作进一步解释，使其内容具体化。例如：

She felt very sad because of the news that her husband was killed in an aircraft crash. (同位语从句)

The fact that she told me made me very angry. (定语从句)

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语） 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。 18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 18.5 介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A. that B. which C. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 18.7 先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)18.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything What you want has been sent here. Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who （错）Who breaks the law will be punished. （错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. （对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3) that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。 I think (that) you will like the stamps. What we need is more practice. 18.9 关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。举例： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 这些全在这了 够了吧？