农业博览会英文

世博会（World's Fair）的起源是中世纪欧洲商人定期的市集，市集起初只牵涉到经济贸易，到19世纪，商界在欧洲地位提升，市集的规模渐渐扩大，商品交易的种类和参予的人员愈来愈多，影响范围愈来愈大，从经济到生活艺术到生活理想哲学……到19世纪20年代，这种具规模的大型市集便称为博览会（Expositions）。第一届世界博览会是在1851年于英国伦敦举行，当时英国国势全世界最盛，英国便希望透过一个大型的展览，去显示其国力。英国人自豪地把这次大型市集会称为“伟大的博览会”(Great Exhibition)。在展出的约10万件展品中，蒸汽机、农业机械、织布机等推动工业革命的机械引人瞩目；而这些当时崭新的展品，会后便成为两个博物馆的展品作为博览会的展品基础：包括在1852年成立的维多利亚与阿尔伯特博物馆，和1853年成立的坎星顿科学技术博物馆。初时的世博会多以大众化的综合博览为主题，例如庆祝某个国家成立百周年、法国大革命100年纪念等。到了近代，随着科技的进步，举办世界博览会亦趋向专业博览模式，去探讨新科技和生活的关系。而且，世界博览会的主题，多数以当时的科技成果，来配合当时社会气象的需求。例如在两次世界大战和冷战期间的世博会，多数博览会的中心思想是“和平”、“建设明天”；到了接近21世纪，环境保育的议题亦成为了当时的世博会上关注的焦点。世界博览会没有规定多少年才可以举办一次，不过，正式提出申办要求不得早于设想中的世界博览会开幕日子的前9年。基本上需要由申办的国家向国际展览局递交世界博览会申请书，提出举办时间和具体主题内容，由国际展览局于成员国大会上透过投票表决。当申办国成功申请后，便由该主办国作统筹，别国亦可以透过邀请参予世界博览会，以达至不同的国家可以在世博会这个大平台，去相互交流文化、科技，为全世界明天的进步出力。而主办世界博览会的国家/城市亦会高度重视这项大事，因为这是展示国家富强的一个指标。A brief history of the World's FairFurther information: List of world's fairs World's Fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. It was soon followed by other national exhibitions in continental Europe, and finally came to London where the first real international exhibition was held.Since their inception in 1851, the character of world expositions has evolved. Three eras can be distinguished:[citation needed] the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.[original research?][edit] Industrialization (1851–1938)The first era could be called the era of 'industrialization' and covered, roughly, the period from 1800 to 1950. In these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade and famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platform where the state of the art in science and technology from around the world was brought together. The world expositions of 1851 London, 1889 Paris, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893, 1900 Paris, 1904 St. Louis and 1915 San Francisco exhibitions can be called landmarks in this respect.[citation needed] Inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the Expo's current image stems from this first era.[edit] Cultural exchange (1939–1991)The 1939 New York World's Fair and the 1949 Stockholm World's Fair represented a departure from the original focus of the expositions. From then on, Expos became more strongly based on a specific theme of cultural significance, and began to address issues of humankind. They became more future oriented and 'utopian' in scope. Technology and inventions remained important, but no longer as the principal subjects of the Expo. Tomorrow's World (New York, 1939) and Sports (Stockholm, 1949) are examples of these 'new' themes. Cross-cultural dialogue and the exchange of solutions became defining elements of the expos. The dominant Expo of this era arguably remains Montreal's 1967 Expo67. At Expo 2000 in Hannover, a program called 'Projects Around the World' brought together sustainable initiatives and solutions from all over the globe. Expo 2005 of Aichi was probably the most thematic Expo to date.[edit] Nation branding (1992–present)From Expo '92 in Seville onwards, countries started to use the world expo more widely and more strongly as a platform to improve their national images through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France and Spain are cases in point. A large study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the primary participation goal for 73% of the countries at Expo 2000. In a world where a strong national image is a key asset, pavilions became advertising campaigns, and the Expo a vehicle for 'nation branding'. Apart from cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries (and the cities and regions hosting them) also utilize the world exposition to brand themselves. According to branding expert Wally Olins, Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underline its new position as a modern and democratic country and present itself as a prominent member of the European Union and the global community.Today's world expositions embody elements of all three eras. They present new inventions, facilitate cultural exchange based on a theme, and are used for city, region and nation branding.参考资料：“维基百科”之“World's Fair”