汀臭崽儿
英语共有16种时态， 时态测试重点主要有：完成时态——现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态——现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。 一、一般时态 1、一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词 usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week 等连谩＠�纾? 1）The moon moves round the earth.. 2）Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. （2）在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment 以及 if，unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1）I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2）I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. （3）某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave 等。例如： 1）The plane leaves at three sharp. 2）The new teachers arrive tomorrow. （4）在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as 等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1）Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2）You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow. 2．一般过去时 （1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. （2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如： 1）He always went to class last. 2）I used to do my homework in the library. （注意与be used to doing短语的区别） 3．一般将来时 1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2）几种替代形式： 1）be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如： I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money. 2）be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3）be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如： He was about to start. 4）be due to +v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5）be on the point/verge of +v – ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 二、进行时态 1．现在进行时 （1）表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如： Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. （2）表示现阶段经常发生的动作， 常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如： My father is forever criticizing me. （3）表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. （4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，（表示感觉的词）；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive（表示感情的动词）；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain（表示存在状态的动词）；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form（表示占有与从属的动词）；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember（表示思考理解的动词）。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如： 1）Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? （look 在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”） 2）Tom is looking for his books. （look 在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”） 2． 过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如： 1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3． 将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如： 1）This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2）What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4． 完成进行时 （现在、过去、将来）完成进行时是（现在、过去、将来）完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为： 1． 现在完成时 （1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如： 1）I have just finished my homework. 2）Mary has been ill for three days. （2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： 1）I haven’t been there for five years. 2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation. 3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978. （3）完成时态可用在下列结构中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如： （1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. （2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2． 过去完成时 （1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如： 1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. （2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是： 1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t. 2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. （3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2）no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 3． 将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如： 1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock. 3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4． 完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。 （1）现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it. （2）过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. （3）将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 四：时态一致 时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是： 1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态 He says that he lives in Wuhan. We hope that there will be many people at your party today. “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.” “There’s a lot of excitement on the street.” “There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?” 2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态 He said he was writing a novel. The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. He said his father had been an engineer. 3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如： The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。 4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况 利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如： We insisted that we do it ourselves. 动词的语态 语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 1）We use electricity to run machines. （主动语态） 2）Electricity is used to run machines. （被动语态） 1． 不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 （1）在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词（包括短语）容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 （2）某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。 2． 被动语态的时态形式 常用的被动语态有表1 所列的几种时态形式。 表1 时间 一般时 进行时 完成时 现在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 过去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 将来 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 过去 should be asked should have been asked 将来 would be asked would have been asked 3． 短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如： 1）So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2）All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4．“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如： get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（离婚） get engaged（订婚） get confused（迷惑不解） get lost（迷路） get washed（洗脸） get married（结婚） 5． 能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态 （1） 能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如： 1）We showed the visitors our new products.（主动语态） 2）The visitors were shown our new products.（被动语态） 3）Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被动语态） （2）能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如： 1）The teacher appointed him League secretary.（主动语态） 2）He was appointed League secretary.（被动语态） 6． 被动语态与系表结构的区别 （1）The novel was well written.（系表结构） （2）The novel was written by Diskens.（被动语态） 7． 少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思 例1：The book is selling remarkably well. 例2：The song sounds very beautiful. 能这样用的动词还有read（读起来），clean（擦起来），wash（洗起来），write（写起来）。 例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。 例4：The meat is cooking. 例 5：The book written by the professor is printing
～*诗情画意*～
look out向外看；当心look at看着look down向下看look like看起来像……look through透过……看look around环视四周look right/left 向右看/左看 look down on(upon) 看不起、经视 look over 检查 look up 向上看、查（字典） look up and down 上下打量 look into 往里看 look for 寻找 look after 照看、照顾 go about 从事....... go after 追求 go for 批评 go in for 参加 go round 流传 go through 遭受、经历go over 1) 复习 2) 察看 bringbring about 1. 引起; 致使; 造成; 达成2. 【航海】改变航向3. 使康复bring along 1. 带来2. 协助训练; 培养3. 帮助快速生长或开花bring on 1. 带来2. 协助训练; 培养3. 帮助快速生长或开花bring around 1. 使复苏; 使恢复健康2. 使相信; 说服; 使改变观点3. 顺便把(某人)带来作客4. 【航海】使转至相反方向5. 把谈话渐引到自己的话题上bring round 1. 使复苏; 使恢复健康2. 使相信; 说服; 使改变观点3. 顺便把(某人)带来作客4. 【航海】使转至相反方向5. 把谈话渐引到自己的话题上bring back 1. 回忆; 使忆起2. 使返回; 归还; 带回来3. 恢复; 还原bring before 向...提交讨论bring down 1. 使落下, 使倒下, 击落2. 射杀; 射倒3. 使垮台; 使倾覆4. 减低; 降低5. 挫折(傲气)6. 一直记录到...7. (通常与on连用)使(灾祸, 惩罚等)落在...8. 【数】移下bring forth 1. 引起; 提出2. 产生; 致使; 造成3. 结(果); 生产(婴儿)bring forward 1. 提出2. 出示; 展示3. 把…提前; 使前进4. 【会】将前页底的总数转至次页顶bring in 1. 产生(利益); 赚到2. 介绍; 引进; 推广; 吸收参加3. 收割; 收获4. 逮捕; 宣判5. [口](棒球击球员)使跑垒员得分bring in on 准许参加; 通知bring low 1. 使下跌; 使恶化; 使衰落(指健康情况, 地位, 财富等)2. 使降低身分; 使低声下气bring off 1. 拯救2. 经营成功; 完成; 实现3. 孵4. 运走bring on 1. 导致; 引起; 促成; 造成2. 介绍登场3. 培养; 促进(作物等)生长4. 提 出供讨论bring out 1. 揭露; 显示, 解释; 说明2. 出版; 演出3. 使罢工4. 使免除5. 带(年轻女子)参加社交活动6. 使开花7. 说出; 暴露8. 诱导; 引出bring over 1. 使相信; 说服; 使人改变看法2. 把…带过来3. 进口; 从外国运来bring through 救活, 治愈(病人), 使脱险bring to 1. 使复苏2. 停止; 阻碍3. 使达到某一总数4. 【航海】(船)停下bring together 使和解bring under 降服; 制服; 把…控制住bring up 1. 养育2. 提出3. 教养4. 使突然停止5. 提升6. 开赴前线7. 【律】使到法庭受审8. [俗]呕吐9. 【航海】抵达航行终点; 下锚bring up against 使面对givegive about 分布; 传播(谣言)give again 归还give as good as one gets 回敬; 以牙还牙give away 1. 背弃, 出买2. 泄露(秘密), 暴露3. 散掉, 给掉; 赠送, 分送; 颁发4. 放弃(机会); 牺牲give back 1. 归还; 送回; 报复2. 后退, 往后站; 凹陷give down (牛等)使奶流出give for 牺牲; 交换give forth 1. 发[放]出(声音, 气味等)2. 发表, 公布give in 1. 屈服, 投降, 退让(to)2. 交[呈]上3. 宣布, 发表give into 通向give off (散)发出(蒸气), 发散(光线)give on 1. (门、窗等)向[朝]着2. 俯瞰, 下面对着give upon 1. (门、窗等)向[朝]着2. 俯瞰, 下面对着turnturn about 1. 转向相反的方向, 掉转方向2. 轮流, 更替3. 反复思考turn against 1. (使)变成和...敌对2. 使(事情)对...不利turn around(=turn round) 1. 转过去, 转身2. 改换意见; 改变宗旨; 采取新政策3. (船只)下完乘客[卸完货]开船turn away 1. 转过脸去, 背过脸去2. 把...打发走, 把...驱逐出去; 解雇3. 离开4. 避开, 防止turn back 1. 转回去, 往回走2. 挡回, 使折回3. (to)翻回书页; 回溯到4. 折转turndown 1. (使)折起来; (使)翻下来2. 调低, 关小(灯光)3. 拒绝, 摒弃; 驳回4. 转入(另一条路)5. 把纸牌面朝下摆着6. (经济等)走下坡, 衰退turn forth 驱逐, 赶走turn in 1. 拐进去; 转身进去2. (使)向里弯曲3. [口]交还; 上缴4. [口]上床, 就寝5. 告发; 检举; 出卖6. [口]抛弃, 放弃7. 作出, 取得turn off 1. 关(自来水、电灯、收音机等)2. 辞退, 解雇3. (人)转入另一条路, 拐弯; 岔开(路)4. 岔开(话题等)5. 生产, 制造6. (用车床)削掉, 车出7. 处理掉; 抛售8. [俚]绞死9. 变质, 变酸, 坏掉10. [口](使)沮丧, (使)不感兴趣11. 变成, 转为12. [口]使成婚; 使嫁出turn on 1. 拧开(自来水、电灯、收音机)2. 要看...而定, 以...为转移3. 反对, 攻击; 对...怀敌意4. [口](使)感到兴趣; (使)兴奋激动5. [美俚](使)服用麻醉品; (使)变得兴奋turn out 1. (使)向外弯曲2. 关上(自来水、电灯等)3. 生产, 制造; 培养出4. 驱逐(某人)出去; 解雇(某人)5. 翻转[出], 倒空6. 出动; 出席, 参加7. [口]起床8. 证明是..., 结果是...; 发展为...9. 打扮, 装束; 装备10. 把(牛、羊等)赶出栏外放牧turn over 1. (使)翻过来; (使)翻倒, (使)打滚2. 交给, 移交3. 熟思, 再三考虑4. 营业额为..., 做(多少钱的)生意5. 周转6. (货物等)大量卖出, 有销路7. 发动(机器等); 转动8. 翻阅(书刊)9. 把...接转到下一行10. (胃)恶心; (心)乱跳turn to 1. 指向, 转向2. 求取于, 依赖3. 变成; 结果成为4. 着手; 开始工作; 积极行动turn up 1. 向上; 向上翻; 使朝上2. 开大; 扭亮(灯火等); 加快(速度等)3. 翻起, 翻掘4. 露面, 来到; 发生, 出现; (东西)被找到5. 发现, 找到6. [口]使呕吐7. 结果是..., 证明是8. [英]参考, 查阅; 寻找, 查9. 拐入, 转入; 转身登上10. 杀死11. [英]放弃; 释放; 放松, 放掉12. 转速达到, 功率达到13. 【航海】(船)抢风转变航向turn upon 1. 有赖, 取决于; 随...而定2. 突然攻击, 突然责骂; 对...翻脸gogo about 1. 走来走去, 四处走动2. 着手或忙于(工作)3. (谣言等)流传4. 转身[向]5. (与...)来往密切go after 追求, 设法得到; 追捕go against 反对, 违背, 不利于go ahead 1. 先走, 走在前面; 继续前进2. 进步[展]; 成功3. 干吧, 说吧, 开始干go along 前进go at 1. 攻击; 冲向2. 精力充沛地开始工作go away 离去, 带走, 拐逃(with)go back 1. 回去2. 追溯到(to), 回顾3. 走下坡路go behind 1. 调查, 摸底2. 亏本3. 进一步斟酌go between 作中间人, 调停go beyond 超出[过]go by 1. 走过, 过去2. 遵照, 依循, 以...为根据3. 称为, 名叫4. 受...所控制5. [美]顺道访问go down 1. 下去, 降下2. (船)沉没, (飞机)坠落, (日、月)落下, (价格)下跌3. (风、海浪)平息4. 吞下, 接受5. 受欢迎[赞许](with)6. 被记下[载入](in)7. 延续到(to)8. 倒下, 垮台, 破产9. (英牛津与剑桥两大学用语)退学, 离校go for 1. 去拿[喊, 找, 请], 尽力得到2. 拥护, 支持, 赞助3. 被认为; 适用于4. [口]猛烈攻击, 袭击,【戏】批评go for much 被认为大有用处[毫无用处]go for nothing 被认为大有用处[毫无用处]go forth 1. 出发2. 发布[表], 宣布go forward 1. 前进2. 发生go hard with sb. 使某人为难go home 1. 回家2. 击中, 命中3. 腐败, 用坏go in 1. 进入, 放得进2. 参加, 参加比赛; (纸牌赌博中)开价3. (日、月、星辰等)被云遮盖4. (钱)用于5. (板球戏等)开始一局比赛6. 被理解go into 1. 进[加, 参, 纳]入, 通向2. 考虑, 研究讨论, 详细阐述3. 从事, 参加(某一行业)4. 调查, 查究5. 穿着6. 变为, 进入...状态; 发作go off 1. 离去, 走掉,【戏】(角色)下、退场2. 经过, 进行得3. 爆炸; (枪、爆竹)响起; (话等)突然冒出4. (电流等)停掉, 消失; 死5. (货物)销售; 售出6. (食物等)变坏7. 睡着, 昏过去8. [口](女儿)出嫁; 渐渐忘怀, 变得淡薄9. 对...失掉兴趣go off with 拿[抢, 拐]走, 同(某人)私奔go on 1. 往前走, 继续下去(with, doing); 日子过得(well, badly)2. 发生, 进行, 进展[行](情况)3. 接着做某事(go to do sth.); [口]接近4. 升学; 穿[戴]进5. (时间)过去; 消逝6. (运动员, 演员)上场, 登台7. 责骂(at)8. 受救济[支持, 资助]9. 依据10. (板球)投球go out 1. 出去[国]; (妇女)离家工作2. 辞职; 退职; 下台3. (灯, 炉火)熄灭4. 不再流行; (衣服样式等)过时5. 参加社交活动, 交际6. 出版7. (时间)过去8. 罢工9. [美]垮下, 倒塌10. [美]参加?? (心)向往(to)11. 失去知觉; 入睡12. 对...充满同情go over 1. 越[渡]过; 走完; 转向(to); 改变立场; 车(翻倒)2. 复习; (仔细)检查; 审阅; 研究3. [美]受欢迎; 成功4. (提案等)延期讨论go round 1. 四处走动; 绕道走2. 顺便或非正式去拜访3. (消息等)流传4. 够用, 够分配5. (带子)长得够绕一圈go straight 1. 笔直地走2. 老老实实地做人; 改过自新go through 1. 通过(考试等); 经过2. 审阅; 检查3. 经历(困难、痛苦等), 忍受4. 做完(工作); 耗尽5. 举[履]行; 参加6. (提案等)被通过; 被接纳[认可]7. (书)销售突破(第...版)8. (生意等)成交9. 修毕(课程等); 参加(考试等)go through with 完成(工作计划等); 实现, 贯彻(诺言等)go to 1. 总共2. 相当[有助]于; 促成3. 付出4. 求助于, 诉诸(法律等)go together 1. 陪同; 相配2. [口]经常作伴; 形影不离; 恋爱go too far 过火, 走极端go under 1. 沉没; 没落, 破产; 失败; 屈服; [美俚]死2. 被称为...; 装扮成...go up 1. 上升; 攀登; 增长2. 被烧[炸]毁, [美]破产; 死, [美]失败3. [英]上大学, 上城市去go upon 1. 据...来判断(行动)2. 着手go with 1. 陪...同行, 同...一致[协调]; 同...谈恋爱2. 带有3. 领会, 了解go without 没有...也忍受过去getget about 1. 旅行; 走动2. (消息等)传播3. 忙于工作4. (病后)下床活动了get above oneself 变得自高自大get abroad (消息等)传播(开)get across 1. 使通过2. 讲清楚, 使人了解3. 触犯; 与...搞坏关系get after 1. 追击; 追捕; 训诫; 攻击2. 敦促get ahead 进步[展]; 成功; 长进get along 1. 过日子, 过活2. 相处3. 进展[步]4. [口]走开get among 加入get around 1. 走动2. 避开(规章等)3. 传开4. 忙于工作5. 影响; 说服; 哄骗get around to [getround to]抽出时间(做某事); 考虑(某事)get at 1. 得到2. 暗示, 意指3. 了解; 发现4. [口]贿赂, 收买5. [俚]挖苦, 嘲弄; 取笑; 攻击; 欺骗get away 1. 逃脱; 离开, 出发2. 把...带[送]走get away from 1. (使)摆脱, (使)离开; 无视, 对...置之不理2. (把某人[物])从...争取过来, 从...吸引过来get away with 1. 逃避惩罚[责备, 追究]2. 拿[抢、带]走get away with it 侥幸成功; 逃脱处罚get back 1. 回来2. 取回3. [俚]报复(on)get back at [俚]实行报复get behind 1. 落后2. 支持, 帮助3. 识破, 看穿4. 回避5. 拖欠get behindhand 拖欠; 拖 延, 延搁be behindhand 拖欠; 拖 延, 延搁get by 1. 维持生活2. 走动, 通过3. [美]勉强混过去, 侥幸成功4. 躲过5. [口]欺骗(某人)get by on 靠...过活get clear of 摆脱, 避开; 离开; 还清(债务等)get down 1. 降[落、打]下2. 记[写]下3. 吞下; 放下4. 击败5. 使沮丧get down on 对...产生恶感; 不喜欢getdown to 开始认真考虑; 着手办理(某事)get forward 进步, 促进get in 1. 进站; 到达; 回来2. 收集[割]; 收回借款[税]3. 请...来做4. 当选(议员)5. 加[插]入, 进入6. (使)陷入, (使)卷入get in on [口]参加, 加入get into 1. 进入; 穿上2. 陷入; 染上(习惯)3. 学会4. 结交5. (酒劲)冲脑get in with 1. [口]与...交往2. 参加; 加入get it 1. 了解, 懂得2. 挨骂3. 受处分get it across [口]使...被人理解; 使为观众所欣赏get it all together [美、俚]沉着冷静, 对人生采取积极、坚定的态度get it on [美俚]兴奋, 激动get it out [口]清除紧张情绪, 轻松轻松get next to 1. 知道(某事), 了解(某事)2. 接近, 亲昵3. 随手拿走, 擅用get off 1. 下来; 下车2. 起飞; (动身)离开3. 不受惩罚, 被放过4. 脱下(衣服)5. [口]讲(笑话)6. 演讲7. 发出; 送走8. 使入睡9. 弄好; 弄错get on 1. 上车[马]; 穿[安]上2. 过日子, 生活(情况)3. 进行下去, 继续进行4. 相处5. 顺利发[进]展; 投好, 向上爬get on for 靠近, 接近get on to 靠近, 接近get on towards 靠近, 接近get on to 1. 识破; 理解, 明白过来2. 同...接触, 联络get on with 1. 继续(做某事)2. 与...和眭相处get out 1. 下车, 走出, 离开; 摆脱2. 说出; 公布; 传出去; 泄漏3. 取[拔, 弄]出4. (命令语)出去!5. 出版get out of 1. 逐渐放弃, 避免2. 拔出; 弄出3. 问出, 打听出get over 1. 越[爬]过2. 克服; 忍受3. 复原, 痊愈4. 完成; 走完5. [口]忘记6. [俚]说服, 使了解get over with [口]一劳永逸地做完(不愉快但不得不做的事), 把...做完了事get round 1. 传开2. 绕过, 回避3. 哄骗; 说服get around 1. 传开2. 绕过, 回避3. 哄骗; 说服get round to sth . (较重要的事处理完后)处理某事get round to doing sth . (较重要的事处理完后)处理某事get at it [口]取笑(某人)get sb. at it [口]取笑(某人)getsb. where one wants him 强使某人顺从[赞同]己意get sth. over with 做完get through 1. 完成2. 及格3. 到达4. 通过5. 用尽[完]6. 打通(电话)get through to 1. (通过电话、无线电等) 与......联系; 与......通话2. 使......了解get through with 完成, 干完get to 1. 到达2. 开始, 着手3. 接触, 抓住(要害)4. [美俚]贿赂, 收买get together 1. 收集, 积累2. 聚集get under 镇压; 控制get up 1. (使)起床[立]2. 举办; 安排; 组织; 起草出版3. 登上4. 打扮; 理发5. (风)变强; (火车)增加速度6. 念到, 读到7. 追上; 胜过8. 鼓励9. 钻研10. 整理; 修理11. 增进; 演出12. 玩弄(诡计)get with it 1. 注意, 机警; 加紧干2. 赶上时代setset against 1. 使与...不和; 使憎恶; 使反对2. 从...中扣除; 抵偿3. 权衡; 把...与...进行比较set apart 1. =set aside2. 使显得突出, 使...显得与众不同set aside [apart] 1. 把...另外存起来, 存储, 拨出2. 分开, 放在一边3. 撇开, 置之不理, 拒绝考虑4. 【律】驳回, 撤消, 宣布为无效set at 1. 攻击, 猛烈抨击2. 估计; 定价; 评价set back 1. 使倒退, 使受挫折; 推迟2. 拨回(钟表的针)3. [口]使(某人)花费4. 使(建筑物)往后缩set before 1. 把...放在...面前; 把...展示在...面前2. 把...放在...之先set beside 与...相比set by 把...搁在一旁; 把...留作将来之用set down 1. 放下, 搁下2. 让(乘客)下车; 把(东西)卸下车3. 记下, 登记4. [与as连用]认为是..., 看作是...5. [与to连用]把...归于; 把...解释为...6. 制定, 规定7. [口]谴责, 申斥8. 使飞机着陆set forth [out] 1. 动身, 出发, 起程2. 陈列, 展出3. 提出; 发表; 陈述; 阐明4. 表彰, 称道, 赞扬5. 出版set forward 1. 出发, 出动2. 把钟表时间向前拨, 拨快3. 发表; 提出4. 促进, 推动set in 1. (季节, 时期等)开始, 来临; 患上(某种疾病)2. (潮汐)上涨, 涌入; 向岸吹来; [喻]流行, 盛行3. 插入; 嵌进; 缝进4. 使(船)向岸边驶去set off 1. 出发, 动身2. 使爆炸, 点燃, 发射3. 使(某人)开始做, 使发火; 触发, 引起4. 衬托, 使更鲜明, 使显得美观5. 分开, 隔开, 划出6. 平衡; 弥补, 以...抵消...(against)7. (未干油墨)传污(另一印张)set on [upon] 1. 攻击, 袭击2. 使攻击, 唆使3. 开始, 着手4. 倾心于, 决心要5. 雇用set oneself against 坚决反对; 坚决与...为敌set out 1. 出发, 开始2. 陈述.阐明, 提出(理由)3. 摆出, 陈列, 布置4. 栽种, 移植5. 打算, 计划6. (潮水)退出, 向外流7. (工程)布局, 设计, 放样set over 1. 把...放在...上面2. 指派(某人)管理或负责3. 让渡, 转让set sth. (to sth.) (为某曲调)配词; (为某诗词)谱曲set ... to 用... 把...点燃; 用(笔)去写set to 1. 认真干起来, 大干起来; 大吃起来2. [主语用复数]大打出手; 大吵其架set up 1. 竖起; 建起2. 安装3. 设立, 开办4. 资助(某人), 扶持(某人)建立事业; 使自立; 使立足5. 贴出; 悬出6. 提出(意见、建议、新的学说), 创造7. 大声发出8. 排版, 排印9. 引起, 导致10. 使恢复健康[精神]11. [与as, for, to be连用]自命为..., 自称是...12. 拥立, 使居首脑地位, 使掌权13. [口][常用被动语态]骄傲, 自负, 自命不凡14. [常用被动语态]供给, 供应15. 使锻练得体格健壮16. 招待; 馈赠set up as 当上了...., 干...的工作set up with 向... 提供
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念念花语
初中英语语法一般过去时测试题
一、写出下列动词的'过去式
isam_________ fly_______ plant________ are ________ drink_________
play_______ go________ make ________ does_________ dance________
worry________ ask _____ taste_________ eat__________ draw________
put ______ throw________ kick_________ pass_______ do ________
二、用be动词的适当形式填空
1. I ______ an English teacher now.
2. She _______ happy yesterday.
3. They _______ glad to see each other last month.
4. Helen and Nancy ________ good friends.
5. The little dog _____ two years old this year.
6. Look, there ________ lots of grapes here.
7. There ________ a sign on the chair on Monday.
8. Today _____ the second of June. Yesterday ______ the first of June. It _____ Children's Day. All the students ______ very excited.
三、句型变换
1 There was a car in front of the house just now.
否定句：__________________________________________________________
一般疑问句：__________________________________________________________
肯定回答：__________________________________________________________
否定回答：__________________________________________________________
2 They played football in the playground.
否定句：__________________________________________________________
一般疑问句：__________________________________________________________
肯定回答：__________________________________________________________
否定回答：__________________________________________________________
四、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.
2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night.
3. We _________ to zoo yesterday, we _____ to the park. (go)
4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?
5. ______ he _______ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he ______.
6. Gao Shan _______ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday.
7. I ____________ (sweep) the floor yesterday, but my mother ______.
8. What _________ she _________ (find) in the garden last morning?
She _________ (find) a beautiful butterfly.
9. It _________ (be) Ben's birthday last Friday
10. 10. We all _________ (have) a good time last night.
11. He _________ (jump) high on last Sports Day.
12. 12. Helen _________ (milk) a cow on Friday.
13. She likes _________ newspapers, but she _________ a book yesterday. (read)
14. He _______ football now, but they _______ basketball just now. (play)
15. Jim's mother _________ (plant) trees just now.
16. _______ they ________ (sweep) the floor on Sunday? No, they _________.
17. I _______ (watch) a cartoon on Monday.
18 We ____ (go) to school on Sunday.
19. It ____ (be) the 2nd of November yesterday. Mr White ___ (go) to his office by car.
20. Gao Shan ________ (put) the book on his head a moment ago.
21. Don't ______ the house. Mum _______ it yesterday. (clean)
22. What _________ you ______ just now? I _______ some housework. (do)
23. They _________ (make) a kite a week ago.
24. I want to ______ apples. But my dad _______ all of them last month. (pick)
25. _______ he ______ the flowers this morning? Yes, he _____. (water)
26. She ____ (be) a pretty girl. Look, she _____ (do) Chinese dances.
27. The students often _________ (draw) some pictures in the art room.
28.What ______ Mike do on the farm? He ________ cows. (milk)
五、句型转换
1、Lucy did her homework at home.
（改否定句）Lucy ___________ ___________ her homework at home.
2、He found some meat in the fridge（冰箱）.（变一般疑问句)
___________ he __________ ___________ meat in the fridge?
3、She stayed there for a week.（对划线部分提问）
__________ ___________ __________ she __________ there?
4、There was some orange in the cup.（变一般疑问句)
_________ there ___________ orange in the cup?
六、中译英
1．我的故事书刚才还在手表旁边。 ___________________________________________________________
2．他们的外套上个礼拜放在卧室里了。 ___________________________________________________________
3．一会以前花园里有两只小鸟。 ___________________________________________________________
4.. 格林先生去年住在中国。 ________________________________________________________
5. 昨天我们参观了农场。 ________________________________________________________
6. 他刚才在找他的手机。 ________________________________________________________
7. 我过了一个忙碌但却刺激的周末。
I _________ _________ __________ __________ exciting weekend.
8. Jenny喜欢看书。昨晚她看了一本英语书。
Jenny likes _________ __________. She _________ an English book last night.
9. Emma每天都看电视。可是昨天他没有看。
Emma __________ TV every day. But he _________ ___________ yesterday. 10. 上周六他们做什么了？他们做作业和购物了。
What ________ they _________ _________ Saturday?
They _________ __________ homework and _________ __________.
吃吃吃吃吃Chen
这个题考查的是间接引语的用法。直接引语和间接引语的区别？ 引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ ”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢? 1、人称的转变 1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry. 2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——> My father told me that I should be more careful the next time. 3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——> She said to her son that she would check his homework that night. 4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如： He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——> He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。 2、时态的转换 直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下： 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般过去时 过去完成时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去进行时 过去进行时 一般将来时 过去将来时 例如： “I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——> She said she was very glad to visit our school. Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” ——> Tom said that they were listening to the pop music. Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” ——> Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” ——> He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus. “Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——> The teacher asked why she had refused to go there. Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” ——> Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——> Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before. He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.” ——> He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days. 3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况 1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如： He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out. 2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如： He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me. 3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如： He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994. 4）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如： He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——> He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school. 5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——> Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如： He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect. 7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如： 例如： The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——> The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water. He said, “She must be a teacher.”——> He said that she must be a teacher. He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”——> He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then. The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”——> The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions. She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”——> She asked if she had to take the medicine. 〔注〕：此处用had to代替must更好 8）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变。如： Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon. Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor? Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon. 4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化 1）时间状语： 直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语 now （then）； tomorrow （the next / following day ） today (that day）； next week （the next / following week / month / year） yesterday（the day before） two days ago（ two days before ） last week /month/ year (the week/month/ year before) this week/month/year (that week/month/ year) 2）指示代词：these 变成those 3）地点状语：here变成there She said, “I won't come here any more.”——> She said that she wouldn’t go there any more.. 4）动词：come变成go，bring变成take 5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 1）陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如： He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” ——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall. He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”——> He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that） 此外主句中的谓语还常有： repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如： He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”——> He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic. 如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。 The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——> The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。 He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”——> He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation. He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”——> He asked whether I was interested in English. 3） 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…. 如： He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——> He asked me whether I spoke English or French.. I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——> I asked him whether he would take bus or take train. 4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如： He asked，“What's your name?”——> He asked（me）what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”——> He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country. 5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如： He said，“Be seated, please.”——> He asked us to be seated. “Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. ——> He told me to be careful with my handwriting. “Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. ——> The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again. “Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. ——> The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission. 6）有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述，如： He said, “Let's have a rest.”——> He suggested our having a rest. He said, “Let me help you.”——> He offered to help me. 7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如： “Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. ——>He asked me to open the door. “Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ——> He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk. 8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如： She said, “What a lovely day it is!”——> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day. 嵌套间接引语的从句： 如果间接引语当中还镶嵌有另一句从句，则被称为嵌套间接引语的从句，英文叫：the subordinate clause in indirect statement。这时，这样的从句要使用虚拟语气。从句动词的时态与主句动词的时态相关联。如： Dux dicebat militem qui fugisset poenas daturum esse. 统帅曾常说，那个逃跑的士兵将要受到惩罚。 qui fugisset[逃跑] 是一句关系从句，修饰militem “士兵”，由于处在dicebat [说]后面的间接引语当中，因此需使用虚拟语气。间接引语的动词是不定式 daturum esse[将受到]，为将来时，因为动作发生在主句动词“说”之后，而 fugisset [逃跑]为虚拟语气的过去完成时，表示在统帅“说话”之前已经逃走了如何把直接引语变间接引语 “一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如： She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。 变时态： 直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。 现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如： 1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen 2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so. 3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。 但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 ①直接引语是客观真理。 "The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。 ②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如： Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。 ③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。 ④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。 ⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如： Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。 三、如何变状语： 直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如： He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.[编辑本段]如何变句型 ①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. ②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim. "You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework. "Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. ③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner. ④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如： "Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. ⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如： He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film. 引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如： John said, "I’m going to London with my father." 约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语） John said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）
优质英语培训问答知识库
