原则问题的英文

汉译英相对英译汉要难很多，主要要把握好以下几点，希望能够对你有帮助：一、戒“从一而终”汉语言简意赅，句子灵活，往往是一个汉语词汇对应N个英语词汇，具体到在本句中应该采用哪个意项，务必抓住精神实质，不可以不变应万变。至于怎么应变，这就是显示译者功力的地方了。比如：都是“问题”，下面的翻译各不相同，几乎是打一枪换一个地方。共同关心的问题 questions of common interest解决问题solve a problem问题的关键 the heart of the matter关键问题a key problem原则问题a question/matter of principle没有什么问题 without any mishap摩托车有点问题Something is wrong with the motorcycle.问题不在这里That is not the point.译者要掌握这种汉英翻译中的“游击战术”，翻译家应是不同“文化王国”边境线上的“游击战略家”。沙博里将《水浒传》译为：Outlaws of the Marsh(沼泽地上的亡命之徒)，杨宪益译将屈原的《国殇》译为：For ThoseFallen for Their Country，北外出版社将《儒林外史》译为：TheScholars。这些都是译者吃透了原文的原意而译出的佳作。二、戒望文生义，机械直译这多半是初学者犯的毛病，他们易于被表面现象所迷惑。黄牛(yellowcow——ox前误后正，下同) 黄鹂(yellow bird ——oriole)黄瓜(yellow melon——cucumber) 紫菜(purplevegetable ——laver)红木(redwood——padauk) 红豆杉(redfir——Chinese yew)黑社会(blacksociety ——sinister gang)三、戒“水土不符”，习惯搭配失当这的确是难度系数较大的问题，它要求译者既有较高的中文修养，又要有较高的英文造诣，一知半解的人常常在此“翻车”。如：写罢，掷笔在桌上。又歌了一回，再饮数杯酒，不觉沉醉，力不胜酒，便呼酒保计算了，取些银子算还，多的都赏了酒保。And tossed the pen on the table. Heintoned the verses to himself, then downed a few more cups of wine. He was verydunk. Song-Jiang asked for the bill, paid, and told the waiter to keep thechange.(沙博里译《水浒传·浔阳楼宋江吟反诗》)目前，《水浒传》最好的英译本要数沙博里先生的本子了。沙博里出生在美国，青年时来到中国，一住就是半个多世纪。为了译好《水浒传》，据说他潜心研究了山东的地方志和旧时方言，可谓精诚所致，译著既“达”又“雅”。然而历史告诉我们，中国古人没有用过钢笔，宋朝时用的还是毛笔，故the pen 应改为the writing-brush。下面的译文就较好地照顾到了西方人的思维和理解习惯。美国把贸易和人权扯在一起，只会损害两国的经济利益。The US policy of linking trade withhuman rights can only bring harm to theeconomic interests of the two countries.关起门来搞建设是不成的，中国的发展离不开世界。 China can't develop in isolation from therest of the world.四、戒主语暗淡主语是句子的灵魂，定住译文的主语是关键的一步棋。主语定偏了，整个句子将显得松散乏力，甚至会误导读者。例如：如果这个问题不解决，势必影响两国的利益。Failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the twocountries seriously.If the problem is not solved, it issure to affect the interests between the two countries.在上面的两种译文中，显然第一种译文主语选得好，句子流畅。又如：厨房里少了一条鱼，主人发誓要一查到底，揪出偷鱼的贼。夏威夷的沙滩上，椰影婆娑，海风习习，一妙龄女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上养神。On the Hawaiian sandy beach, thecoconut palms are whirling, the congenial sea breeze is blowing, and a younglady is lying in the white plastic chair resting to restore energy.因为是轻松读本，又是描述性的文字，使用三个主语the coconut palms、the congenial sea breeze、a young lady仍是可取的。五、戒结构单调，组合生硬“拉郎配”由于汉英结构不同，表达方式迥异，“硬性翻译”不仅读起来别扭，而且会闹出笑话。这就要求译者在翻译时灵活使用整合的技巧，将句子整合，凸显汉语中所隐含的层次，补充所缺失的成分。有时要将简单句译成并列句，有时将并列句译成主从句。在纪念大学毕业20周年聚会时，我忽然问起原来的班主任：“我个子又不矮，怎么把我安排在了第一排呢？”At the reunion party for 20anniversary of graduation from university, I suddenly asked my former teacherin charge of our class then:" Since I am notof short stature, how did you arrange me at the first row?"一个高度近视的女博士去擦鞋店擦高统靴，秃头老板亲自蹲下来给她效劳。When a woman doctor who suffers asevere myopic went to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins，the bald boss squatted down to serve herpersonally.六、戒“愚忠”，不谙增减之道我们耳熟能详的东西外国人可能会感到一头雾水，译者需要增加必要的说明和补充或者减译。否则，外国人会不知所云。毕竟，汉译英最终是给外国人看的。例如：风水fengshui——the location of a house ortomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.七、戒语句重复汉语多重复，以强化语气；英语则要尽量避免重复。王曰：“此鸟不飞则已，一飞冲天；不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。”"The bird may not have flownyet", replied the King,"Once it does, it will soar to the sky. It maynot have cried out yet, but once it does, it will startle everyone."(杨宪益译《史记-滑稽列传》）中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。What is right is right and what iswrong is wrong, no matter what it concerns, the Chinese or foreigners, the deador the living.八、戒另起炉灶，走失精气神译文要力求其“信”，尽可能契合汉语原来句子的气势、情绪和结构。例如，元朝人王实甫写下了《西厢记》，张雪静改编后并作了翻译——掏出张生那封信，回头环视见梳妆台上的梳妆盒，眼睛一转，心里说有了，将信放了进去，合上盖时故意压了一角露在外面。Rose took out Zhang's letter, shethought, "It would be better to put it in her make-up case, and letterfind it herself." So she put the letter in the case, leaving a corner ofit sticking out, so that it would be quickly noticed.不难看出，译文与原文相去甚远，互不吻合，成了“两张皮”。你已经死在过深的怨愤里了吗？死？不，不，我还活着——请给我以火，给我以火！Have you perished in this deep rancorand bitterness?Death? No, no. I’m still alive.Please give me a light, give me alight!