stonegossard
建议去百度文库虚拟语气,就是 表述一个与实际事实相反 或者 极不可能出现 的情况。 定语从句: 就是 用做定语的 一个句子。 有先行词和 从句, 从句由引导词和 1个句子组成
Vickey小姐
您好!希望能够帮助您!非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容,或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开,常常单独翻译。没有它,主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who, whom,whose等,作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when,where等,作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。 一、as引导非限制性定语从句时,可以代主句的全部或部分内容。常表说话人关于说话的依据、态度、评论、看法等。有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect,know,report,say,see等动词的主、被动语态句。 1. ____is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month. A.It B.As C.That D.What 2.Mike,as we expected,attended the meeting.像我们所期望的那样,迈克参加了会议。 3.He wasn't unconsicious,as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知觉,这从他的眼神可以判断出来。 二、which引导非限制性定语从句的情况很多。 I.指代主句的全部或部分内容时,常表事实、状态、起因等,有“这就使得、这一点”等意思,常置主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号分开。 1.Dorathy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,,of course,madethe others unhappy. A.who B.which C.this D.what II.指代先行词有多种情况。定语从句置先行词后面。 1.在“n./pron./num....+prep.+ which”,“prep.+which”定语从句里。 1)They talked about a movie,the name of which I've never forgotten.他们谈论过一部电影,我决不会忘记片名。 2)In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals,16.5 of which were won by women.在悉尼奥运会,中国队夺得了28枚金牌,其中16.5枚是女子夺得的。 3)China has thousands of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有数千个岛屿,其中最大的是台湾岛。 4)Chaplin went to the states in 1910,by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies.卓别林1910年去了美国,那时他已学会跳舞和演喜剧了。 2.表唯一性,或者就是指代先行词的事物时。 The dam,which is the biggest in the world,is 3,830 metres long.大坝长3,830米,是世界上最大的坝。 3.先行词是独一无二的事物时。 The moon,which doesn't give out light itself,is only a satellite of the earth.月球本身不发光,它只是地球的一个卫星。 4.先行词表示类属的事物时。 Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.足球是一项非常有趣的运动,全世界都踢足球。 5.先行词是专有名词时。 1)Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China,the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam, which is also in Egypt.世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城,埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝,它也在埃及。 2)The Nile,which used to flood every year,now runs more regularly below the dam.尼罗河年年涨洪水,现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了。 6.先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词,作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思。 Mike's brother is a policeman,which he isn't.迈克的哥哥是警察,他可不是。 7.先行词是形容词作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句含有对比的意思。 Li Ling is very clever,which Li Long isn't.李玲很聪明,李珑可不是。 8.先行词是集体名词表整体意思时。 My family,which has 35 people,is a large one.我家有35口人,是一个大家庭。 9.先行词是国家名词表地域概念时。 Last year he went to Egypt,which is in Africa.他去年去了埃及,埃及在非洲。 三、as,which是指代主句内容的非限制性定语从句时,表依据、评论与表事实、状态等没有多大差别,又在主句末时,有时可以通用。 1.He is quite pleased,as /which can be seen from his face.他非常高兴,从他的表情可以看出来。 2.You always work hard,as /which everyone knows.大家都知道,你一向勤奋学习。 但是,上面两句把定语从句置主句句首时,就只能用as。 3.This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.像任何人都能看见那样,这头象像条蛇。 4.Bamboo is hollow,which makes it very light.竹子是空的,这就使得它很轻。 在否定意义的非限制性定语从句里,一般用which引导。 5.He came to my birthday party,which I didn't expect at all.我完全没有想到,他来参加我的生日聚会了。 四、who,whom,whose等引导非限制性定语从句时,指代人的普通名词、专有名词等。表示正是或专指先行词等情况。在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。 1.Bob's father,who worked on the project,spent four years in Egypt.鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程,在埃及度过了四年。 2.Dad,this is Zheng Jie,who I knew in Paris.爸,这是郑杰,我在巴黎认识的。 这一句是用主格who代替宾格 whom。 3.His mother,whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.他非常爱戴他的母亲,她死于 1818年。 4.Mr King,whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.金先生的腿受了重伤,他很快就被送去住院了。 n./pron./num....prep.whom;prep. whom;in whose +n.;the +n.of whom等引导非限制性的定语从句。 5.He spoke of a pen-friend,the name of whom /whose name I've never forgotten.他提到过一个笔友,他的名字我从未忘记。 6.About 2,000people,many of whom were Europeans,worked on the project.大约两千人从事过这项工程,其中很多是欧洲人。 7.In his office there are nine clerks,the youngest of whom is Mr Liu.他办公室有9个职员,其中最年轻的是刘先生。 8.I decided to write about Chaplin,one of whose films I had seen several years before.我决定写有关卓别林的文章,他的一部电影我几年前就看过了。 9.We went to hear this famous singer, about whom we had heard many stories.我们去听这个著名的歌唱家演唱。我们已经听说了有关他的很多故事。 品黄黑MYK 10.Mr Pattis,in whose office Ms King was working,was very surprised when he found out her secret.金女士在帕蒂思办公室工作。他发现她的秘密时感到非常惊奇。 五、when,where引导非限制性定语从句时,作定语从句的状语。when =and then, where =and there。why不引导非限制性定语从句。 1.He was quickly taken to hospital,where a doctor wanted to examine Mr King's legs.金先生很快被送去住院,在那里一个医生要检查他的腿。 2.We will put off the outing until next week,when we won't be so busy.我们把郊游推迟到下个星期,那时我们不会那么忙了。 3.He went to America in 1912,where and when he was noticed by an important film director.他在1912年去了美国,当时他在那里引起了一个重要电影导演的注意。 在prep.where /when非限制性定语从句里,where =there,when =then。 4.His head soon appeared out of the second storey windows,from where he could see nothing but trees.他的头很快从第二层楼的一个窗户伸出来了,从那里他只能看见树木。 5.That was in 1929,since when things have been better.那是在1929年,从那时起情况就已经好转了。 6.I went to bed at ten,before when I was reading for an hour.我10点去睡觉,在那时以前我看了1小时的书。 有时候where /when可以用prep.which替换。 7.The southern states wanted to set up a country of their own,where they would be free to keep black slaves.南方各州要建立一个属于他们自己的国家,在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶。 8.I still remembered January 10,on which /when he came to see me.我仍然记得1月10日,那一天他来看我了。 练习题:用所给的词语填空。少数可以用多次。 A.as B.which C.who D.whom E.whose F.when G.where H.by which time I.from which J.from whom K.north of which L.some of whom M .the biggest of which 1.Dick is going to join in the football game,____was agreed at the meeting. 2.My brother had been an engineer,____ was what he wanted to be. 3.He reached Beijing in 1998,____, some time later,he became a professor.4. ____is said above,the number of the students in our school has increased. 5.Write a letter to a friend,____has some difficulties with his studies. 6.There are four rooms in the house,____ is a drawing room. 7.We will move into the new house next week,____it will be completed. 8.When lost in work,he often was,____he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 9.He is a model worker,____we can learn a lot. 10.They had to delay the sports meet till next week,____the weather will be fine. 11.The workers,____stayed there for two years,came from Africa. 12.The building over there is a hospital,____ is a small river. 13.We shall have to make a decision about Ms King,____story I've just told you. 14.Mr Liu,____I spoke of just now, would go to Australia. 15.The Nile,____electricity is produced,now runs regularly below the dam. Keys:1.A/B2.B3.G4.A(As)5.C6.M 7.H 8.A 9.J10.F 11.L 12.K 13.E 14.C /D 15.I
美味童鞋
1.C非限制性定语从句,不缺少成分,用where引导2.D这道题考查的是限制性定语从句,只有who既可以做will的主语,也可以做expect的宾语3.C这里考查的是动名词做状语的用法,有这样一个结构,equiponeselfwithsth,这里用主动,而且是完成时态4.A这里是被动语态,原来的应该是keepsbinformedof
小麻烦ly
1.alter v. 改变,改动,变更 2.burst vi.n. 突然发生,爆裂 3.dispose vi. 除掉;处置;解决;处理(of) 4.blast n. 爆炸;气流 vi. 炸,炸掉 5.consume v. 消耗,耗尽 6.split v. 劈开;割裂;分裂 a.裂开的 7.spit v. 吐(唾液等);唾弃 8.spill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出 9.slip v. 滑动,滑落;忽略 10.slide v. 滑动,滑落 n. 滑动;幻灯片 11.bacteria n. 细菌 12.breed n. 种,品种 v. 繁殖,产仔 13.budget n. 预算 v. 编预算,作安排 14.candidate n. 候选人 15.campus n. 校园 16.liberal a. 慷慨的;丰富的;自由的 17.transform v. 转变,变革;变换 18.transmit v. 传播,播送;传递 19.transplant v. 移植 20.transport vt. 运输 n. 运输,运输工具 21.shift v. 转移;转动;转变 22.vary v. 变化,改变;使多样化 23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见 24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下 n. 燕子 25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心 26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的 27.mild a. 温暖的,暖和的;温柔的,味淡的 28.tender a. 温柔的;脆弱的 29.nuisance n. 妨害,讨厌(的人或事物) 30.insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的 31.accelerate vt. 加速,促进 32.absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的;完全的 33.boundary n. 分界线,边界 34.brake n. 刹车,制动器 v. 刹住(车) 35.catalog n. 目录(册) v. 编目 36.vague a. 模糊的,不明确的 37.vain n. 徒劳,白费 38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的 39.extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的, 40.extreme a. 极度的,极端的 n. 极端,过分 41.agent n. 代理人,代理商;动因,原因 42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料,酒精 43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求 44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏 45.approve v. 赞成,同意,批准 46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励 47.acquire vt. 取得,获得;学到 48.accomplish vt .完成,到达;实行 49.network n. 网状物;电视网;网络 50.tide n. 潮汐;潮流 51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的 52.trace vt. 追踪,找到 n. 痕迹,踪迹 53.torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨 54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛 55.wax n. 蜡 56.weave v. 织,编 57.preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持 61. abuse v. 滥用,虐待;谩骂 62. academic a. 学术的;;研究院的 63. academy n. (高等)专科院校;学会 64. battery n. 电池(组) 65. barrier n. 障碍;棚栏 66. cargo n. (船、飞机等装载的)货物 67. career n. 生涯,职业 68. vessel n. 船舶;容器,器皿;血管 69. vertical a. 垂直的 70. oblige v. 迫使,责成;使感激 71. obscure a. 阴暗,模糊 72. extent n. 程度,范围,大小,限度 73. exterior n. 外部,外表 a. 外部的,外表的 74. external a. 外部的,外表的,外面的 75. petrol n. 汽油 76. petroleum n. 石油 77. delay vt./n. 推迟,延误,耽搁 78. decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽 79. decent a. 像样的,体面的 80. route n. 路;路线;航线 81. ruin v. 毁坏,破坏 n. 毁灭,[pl.]废墟 82. sake n. 缘故,理由 83. satellite n. 卫星 84. scale n. 大小,规模;等级;刻度 85. temple n. 庙宇 86. tedious a. 乏味道,单调的, 87. tend vi.易于,趋向 88. tendency n.趋向,趋势 89. ultimate a. 最大的,最终的 n. 极端 90. undergo v. 经历,遭受 91. abundant a. 丰富的,充裕的,大量的 92. adopt v. 收养;采用;采纳 93. adapt vi. 适应,改编,改写 vt. 使适应 94. bachelor n. 学士,学士学位;单身汉 95. casual a. 偶然的,;临时的;非正式的 96. trap n. 陷阱,圈套 v. 设陷阱捕捉 97. vacant a. 空的,未占用的 98. vacuum n. 真空,真空吸尘器 99. oral a. 口头的,口述的,口的 100. optics n. (单、复数同形)光学 高中英语语法-高中英语语法讲义6 高中英语语法讲义6 101. organ n. 器官,风琴 102. excess n. 过分,过量,过剩 103. expel v. 驱逐,开除,赶出 104. expend v. 消费 105. expenditure n. 支出,消费;经费 106. expense n. 开销,费用 107. expensive a. 花钱多的;价格高贵的 108. expand v. 扩大,扩张;展开,膨胀 109. expansion n. 扩大,扩充;发展,膨胀 110. private a. 私人的,个人的 111. individual a. 个别的,单独的 n. 个人,个体 112. personal a. 个人的,私人的;亲自的 114. personnel [总称]人员员工人事部门 115. the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 116. the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋 117. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 118. the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋 119. grant vt. 授予,同意,准予 119. grand a. 宏伟大,壮丽的,重大的 120. invade v. 侵入,侵略,侵袭 121. acid n. 酸,酸性物质 a. 酸的;尖刻的 122. acknowledge v. 承认;致谢 123. balcony n. 阳台 124. calculate vt. 计算,核算 125. calendar n. 日历,月历 126. optimistic a. 乐观 127. optional a. 可以任选的,非强制的 128. outstanding a. 杰出的,突出的,显着的 129. export n. 出口(物) v. 出口,输出 130. import n. 进口(物) v. 进口,输入 131. impose vt. 把...加强(on);采用,利用 132. religion n. 宗教,宗教信仰 133. religious a. 宗教的 134. victim n. 牺牲品,受害者 135. video n. 电视,视频 a. 电视的,录像的 136. videotape n. 录像磁带 v. 把...录在录像带上 137. offend v. 冒犯,触犯 138. bother v. 打搅,麻烦 139. interfere v. 干涉,干扰,妨碍 140. internal a. 内部的,国内的 141. beforehand ad. 预先,事先 142. racial a. 人种的种族的 143. radiation n. 放射物,辐射 144. radical a.根本的;激进的 145. range n. 幅度,范围 v. (在某范围内)变动 146. wonder n. 惊奇,奇迹 v. 想知道,对...感到疑惑 147. isolate vt. 使隔离,使孤立 148. issue n. 问题,争论点; 发行,(报刊)一期 149. hollow a. 空的`,中空的,空虚道 150. hook n. 钩 vt. 钩住 151. adequate a. 适当地;足够 152. adhere vi. 粘附,附着;遵守,坚持 153. ban vt. 取缔,禁止 154. capture vt. 俘虏,捕获 155. valid a. 有效的,有根据的;正当的 156. valley n. 山谷,峡谷 157. consistent a. 坚固定 一致的 158. continuous a. 继续的,连续(不断) 159. continual a. 不断地,频繁的 160. explode v. 爆炸;爆发;激增 161. exploit v. 剥削;利用,开采 162. explore v. 勘探 163. explosion n. 爆炸;爆发;激增 164. explosive a. 爆炸的;极易引起争论的 165. remote a. 遥远的,偏僻的 166. removal n. 除去,消除 167. render vt. 使得,致使 167. render vt.呈递, 归还, 着色, 汇报, 致使, 放弃, 表演, 实施vi.给予补偿n.交纳, 粉刷, 打底 168. precaution n. 预防,防备,警惕 169. idle a. 懒散的,无所事事的 170. identify vt. 认出,鉴定 171. identify n. 身份;个性,特性 172. poverty n. 贫穷 173. resistant a. (to)抵抗的, 抗...的,耐...的 174. resolve vt. 解决;决定,决意 175. barrel n. 桶 176. bargain n. 便宜货 vi. 讨价还价 177. coarse a. 粗的,粗糙的,粗劣的 178. coach n. 教练;长途公共汽车 179. code n. 准则,法规,密码 180. coil n. 线圈 v. 卷,盘绕 181. adult n. 成年人 182. advertise v. 为...做广告 183. advertisement n. 广告 184. agency n. 代理商,经销商 185. focus v. (使)聚集 n. 焦点,中心,聚焦 186. forbid vt. 不许,禁止 187. debate n./v. 辩论,争论 188. debt n. 欠债 189. decade n. 十年 190. enclose vt. 围住;把...装入信封 191. encounter vt./n. 遭遇,遭到 192. globe n. 地球,世界;地球仪 193. global a. 全球的;总的 194. scan vt. 细看;扫描;浏览 195. scandal n. 丑事,丑闻 196. significance n. 意义;重要性 197. subsequent a. 随后的,后来的 198. virtue n. 美德,优点 199. virtual a. 实际上的,事实上的 200. orient vt. 使适应
蓝缀天堂鸟
从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question 存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentwence否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence基本句型 basic sentence patern人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second person第三人称 third person一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice 语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood虚拟语气 subjunctive mood句子成分 members of sentences主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial 时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion 直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech 语法 grammar句法 syntax词法 morphology结构 structure层次 rank句子 sentence从句 clause词组 phrase词类 part of speech单词 word实词 notional word虚词 structural word单纯词simple word派生词derivative复合词compound词性part of speech名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun抽象名词 abstract noun具体名词 concret noun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary verb情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 event verb静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamation形容词 adjective副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possesive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词 possecive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun冠词 article定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentence基本句型 basic sentence patern否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence句子成分 members of sentences主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial句法关系 syntatic relationship并列 coordinate从属 subordination修饰 modification前置修饰 pre-modification后置修饰 post-modification限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction非限制 non-restriction数 number单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form规则形式 regular form不规则形式 irregular form格 case普通格 common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second person第三人称 third person时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood虚拟语气 subjunctive mood否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis重复 repetition语音 pronunciation语调 tone升调 rising tone降调 falling tone降升调 falling-rising tone文体 style正式文体 formal非正式文体 informal口语 spoken/oral English套语 formulistic expression英国英语 British English美国英语 American English用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring褒义 commendatory贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic挖苦 ironic