私人发艺工匠
嘲讽之一：鬼故事小说中的嘲讽首先体现在其对哥特式鬼故事的颠覆性戏仿。在萨基生活的时代，鬼故事是英国文学中非常受普通读者欢迎的类别。作家通过对悬念的铺垫，对恐怖场景的精心刻画，对鬼魂、僵尸、坟墓等元素的引入，制造出了迷离奇幻的效果，深深吸引了读者的注意力，让他们体验到了恐怖、惊奇、诡异的多重心理感受。在小说中，维拉就很好地利用了这些流行鬼故事的基本叙述手法。首先，维拉采用了鬼故事常用的“悬念”手法作为故事的诱饵，一下子就吸引了客人弗兰姆顿的注意力，将他自然而然地带进了自己的叙述。她先语焉不详地提起了赛普顿太太的悲剧，继而又将弗兰姆顿的注意力转移到了客厅敞开的可以作为便门使用的落地法式长窗。在英格兰，十月底已是清寒的日子，尤其是在太阳即将下山的时候，温度可以接近零度，此刻法式落地窗居然还敞开着，不可谓不反常。弗兰姆顿果然被唤起了好奇心，主动询问窗户和赛普顿太太的遭遇之间的关系。维拉继而巧妙地利用了鬼故事常用的“鬼魂”形象。她告诉弗兰姆顿在三年前的这一天，她的姑父和两个兄弟正是穿过这扇窗户去打猎，再也没有回来。赛普太太不肯相信丈夫已经离开人间，她天天开着窗户，是在等待着丈夫归来。既然丈夫早在三年前就已经身亡，很显然赛普顿太太的等待无异于“招魂”，人已往生，不可能回转，能回来探望的，只能是鬼魂。为了让自己的鬼故事更有说服力，维拉还加上了精彩的表演，极力渲染恐怖气氛。当赛普顿太太兴高采烈地宣布丈夫打猎归来的时候，弗兰姆顿原以为她因思念亡夫过度而精神失常，当他望向维拉，却发现她“用充满恐惧的被吓呆了的眼神死盯着敞开的窗户”，分明是见了鬼的表情。这种表情充满了感染力，给弗兰姆顿以暗示，必定有什么恐怖的事情正在发生。当他顺着维拉的目光看去，看到三个朦胧的身影在薄雾中无声无息地向房子走来的时候，自然是吓得连道别都来不及，“发疯似地抓起拐杖和帽子。穿过大厅的门、石子路、前大门，他一路跌跌撞撞往外跑。”维拉运用了鬼故事的常见叙述元素，使弗兰姆顿这个笨拙的听者在故事进行到半中腰就落荒而逃。小说继而的发展却颠覆了这样的鬼怪元素，为小说中的鬼故事加上了一个非常理性化的结尾：根本就不存在什么鬼魂，三个黄昏中逼近的人影不过是打猎归来的姑丈和他的兄弟。所谓悬疑、鬼魂、恐怖都是叙述策略所导致的结果。正是因为弗兰姆顿受鬼故事的毒害太深，才会被这样的手法所蒙蔽，上了“鬼”的当。嘲讽之二：繁文缛节小说的嘲讽不仅体现在对鬼故事的调侃，更体现在对当时英国社会繁文缛节的讽刺。作者萨基本身出身英国上层社会，小的时候母亲早亡，父亲在大英帝国的东南亚殖民地任职，他便交由两位姑姑抚养。两位姑母自诩出身高贵，重视礼仪，实则为人虚伪，缺乏爱心和同情心。对她们来说，活着是给别人看的。举止得体，礼貌周到，小孩子懂规矩，这比正直的灵魂、同情心、爱和宽容等更重要。萨基在她们的监护下，渡过了缺乏亲情呵护的枯燥呆板的童年。正因为这样的境遇，使萨基痛恨英国上层社会装腔作势的礼仪。在作品中，萨基不遗余力地批判这些礼仪的空洞性，而这一点在《敞开的窗户》中也得到了很好的展示。《敞开的窗户》发表于1914年第一次世界大战来临之前，当时的英国虽然已经显露出动荡的端倪，但是整个社会总体而言依然按照维多利亚时代所遗留的轨迹稳步运转。地主有闲阶级不事生产。对他们来说，每天生活的重要内容就是拜访朋友、闲聊、聚会。每当新人来到一个社区，他应该递上印有头衔、身份、姓名的名片以及引见信，对当地的士绅进行拜访，对方也要进行回访。社交活动、面子、礼仪等是构成他们生活的主要内容。在小说中，弗兰姆顿也在按照这样的社会习惯行事。在 19出纪末 2 0世纪初，人们对心理学的认识并不全面，以为要想解决神经质的毛病，最好找个风景宜人的地方进行静养。弗兰姆顿因此来到了乡下。在姐姐的敦促下，他依照社会惯例，开始了对陌生人的系列拜访。其实，这些人不仅对于弗兰姆顿来说是陌生人，对于给他写引见信的姐姐来说也是如此。他姐姐并不是当地居民，她不过是在四年以前，在教区长家暂住过一段时间而已。她宣称自己在当地认识很多朋友，但是在给弟弟写引见信的时候，却没有能够向弟弟推荐任何一位值得信赖的密友，而是让他依照她开出的长名单，逐个造访。这说明她与这些人只是泛泛之交。这种相互造访的社交活动不过是填补生活空白，打发时间的虚伪程式而已。读罢《敞开的窗户》的读者，或许会有这样的疑问：为什么侄女要对素昧平生的陌生人开近乎是恶意的玩笑，让一个本来就神经紧张的脆弱男子几乎神经崩溃？答案应该是这种社交礼节让人厌烦到了恨不得想反抗的程度。弗兰姆顿没有想象力，呆板沉闷，以自我为中心，并略带神经质。可以想象，陪着这样一个人物，坐上许久，是一件多么无聊的事情。根据当时的社会规范，维拉不能将客人撇在那里，独自离开。难怪小姑娘打算反抗一下，和初来乍到的弗兰姆顿先生开了这样一个大玩笑。在正常的情况下，维拉的谎言是非常容易揭穿的。只要弗兰姆顿问问她的姑母就会发现事实真相。小姑娘的计谋之所以能够得逞，原因还是要回到社交礼仪的虚伪之上。按照维多利亚时代英国社会“礼貌”、“周到”的标准，在公开的社会场合，人们是不能随便袒露内心的真实所想，也不允许随便询问别人的生活。于是，社交场合的谈话往往是围绕着一些无关紧要的话题，比如天气、生活琐事等等。弗兰姆顿言语行动都谨守得体原则，他和维拉聊天的时候，“绞尽脑汁想找些得体的话来说，盼望既能够奉承了侄女，又不让马上就要下来的姑姑感觉受到轻慢”。当他发现赛普顿太太唠唠叨叨地谈论她的丈夫的时候，因为是初次见面的缘故，根本不敢坦言安慰，劝她节哀顺变。要是他有这样的勇气，小姑娘的谎言马上就会被揭穿。在《敞开的窗户》这篇小说中，人和人之间的关系带有一定的异化隔膜的成分。姐姐不了解弟弟的真实需要，客人除了姓名和地址对主人的情况一无所知，甚至是在小姑娘和赛普顿太太之间也存在着不理解。维拉和她的姑姑关系是近是远，小说并没有做出朋确的介绍。不过显然赛普顿太太并不了解侄女有如此高妙的编故事的能力。如果她能多了解一些维拉，当弗兰姆顿吓得从屋子里狂奔出去的时候，她就应该能够判断一定是小姑娘在背后捣鬼，用恶作剧把客人吓跑了。《敞开的窗户》看似一个鬼故事，却是一幅社会讽刺画。在一个典型的社交场合，在场的三个人说着客套话，却各自想着各自的心思。姑姑在焦急地等待丈夫归来，小姑娘在想着如何捉弄无聊的客人，客人在自顾自沉浸在对自己病体的自怨自艾中。然而正是这样一个虚伪沉闷的场合，却因为小姑娘丰富的想象力和表演才能变成了一个峰回路转高潮迭起的精彩故事。
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读后感如下：
After reading the《The Open Window》，readers may have such a question: why does the niece make almost malicious jokes on strangers, making a nervous and fragile man almost nervous?
读罢《敞开的窗户》的读者，或许会有这样的疑问：为什么侄女要对素昧平生的陌生人开近乎是恶意的玩笑，让一个本来就神经紧张的脆弱男子几乎神经崩溃？
The answer should be that this social etiquette is boring enough to want to resist. Framton is unimaginative, dull, self-centered and slightly neurotic.
答案应该是这种社交礼节让人厌烦到了恨不得想反抗的程度。弗兰姆顿没有想象力，呆板沉闷，以自我为中心，并略带神经质。
It is conceivable how boring it is to sit with such a person for a long time. According to the social norms at that time, Vera could not leave the guests there and leave alone. No wonder the little girl planned to resist and made such a big joke with Mr. Framton, who was new here.
可以想象，陪着这样一个人物，坐上许久，是一件多么无聊的事情。根据当时的社会规范，维拉不能将客人撇在那里，独自离开。难怪小姑娘打算反抗一下，和初来乍到的弗兰姆顿先生开了这样一个大玩笑。
自由自在的GUCCI
红与黑读后感 范文一：Read the red and black "is a time too long process, because time already gave writers and works most selfless and impartial judge, I like reading attitude to bestseller since can't, and can't be like that unbridled fiction was noncommittal on that. I'm in with the mind talking with that era, the key is in history outside of the inquiry and thinking.Lead me finish the book is gnaw its own great charm. The authors from a paper simple criminal case showed that time data broader social screen, turn an ordinary criminal improve to early nineteenth century French bourgeoisie social system, make the level of the research history and philosophy. Novel makes me see history books in curt inability to feel, that France and bourgeois big noble alternating the key period of ruling the condition. I learn realistic works of another kind of artistic characteristics of the world of people - 1783 stendhal "soul dialectics"; This and I had from the high old man ", "ouye ni · lattice lang sets of Balzac in" the experience "caused a person's circumstances" very different.The most dazzling encyclopedia is literary history famous characters, in SuoLeiEr natural is even higher, "civilian background, culture, as happened with the hostess governess, relationships, dew, the shot that lover, was sentenced to death" is his life's skeleton, "pursue" happy "warm" and "perseverance and class differences revolt showed almost hero's spirit is moving flesh and blood. The author USES desalt material description and highlight the gimmick of mind tracking, it is to strengthen the impulse even in youth pursuit of "the hero's dream" experience, this is the social form of resistance, but also for proudlly, our lost youth rebellion.For ambition in social reality when hampering only two choices: retreats or resistance. Those small staff in advance, not all the youth is complaining life tedious withdraws person, they maybe mediocrity comfortably was social forward eliminated. Can continually establish a life goal, decided to achieve the ideal of life is and YuLianYou masculine-looking same protesters. The era of course not welcome false words as the method, but still need enthusiasm for life to oppose empty to live. So, in the end even tragic except shows "personal rebellion won't work" outside, the more practical significance in today's society.Write so far, leads to the novel to a "firsts" -- made with DE pepe reina in even Mrs "spiritual love" and to connect with DE la Moore young lady "mind love" set each other off becomes an interest. Although the two aristocratic way of love, a very different deep, a frantic, they in these two basic points is consistent, that is: to this class of disgust, MenFa system and rebellious feudal. Remember when julien jeanvier find their love is morphing into vanity said "I put their tools can be destroyed", after the detail is "a proud with malicious expression between the most sincere quickly replaced the most intense love, look." The noble from miss is always slow as the tortoise climb, like life, with a loss of dignity method. Evoked love Book two paragraphs of tragic love has always been with the progress of the upstart dominated and even inferiority in the suspect, until brought life shall be the end, love that broke the futility of primitive sparks, a illnesses.When I will put pen to write with consciousness, found that when the time already can feel with the time with a psychic reading the original compared. I'm excited to gain against mediocre revelation, moved by those although distortion and still heroic love segments. When someone mentioned "red and black", I can proudly in response to "I read" behind plus a "I also YanJuan meditation of".红与黑读后感 范文二：In even the fate of bellaire. Cable gladne affects me. Throughout his extremely short, but is full of twists of young life, flowing turmoil with too many contradictions and complex. To this, people can make a lot of judgment -- a small SiYouZhe blind pursue personal interests tragedy. An ambitious destruction; A feudal fighter sacrifice, etc. All have views, but are sensible. I think, said even a individualism in would be nice but ambitious than a the pursuit of happiness and unfortunate went wrong people more precisely. Natural this wrong not simply take a memorized the means of social morality, but from his mind deeper contradictions essence.Even in all his life in the pursuit of happiness. Though he, but humble origins to education, and by good with outstanding wisdom, so his future in the so-called these parisians of society. What is happiness, and how to achieve happiness, is puzzling humanity for thousands of years, also puzzling our in even. In their mind, happiness and no exact standard, just in his deceit, in his vigilance, his another "battle plan" in its implementation. He is the first out of the abuse and happiness, custom for Mrs. Leonard lauder's front perform "some responsibility" and happiness, as proud mathilde in front of your happiness, for yield fictions and happy again the hell. He desire happiness, eager to rocketing, he vowed that he would rather die a thousand times will make a meteoric rise. Therefore, he made a and a "war plan", use all sorts of false means, he superman wisdom play incisively and vividly. But after all, he is a good young plant, so in often of happiness, he will ask yourself, deeply remorse. Therefore, his plan always loopholes, always questionable.It is found that even in this kind of happiness in the standard in society and others standard for the standard, the pursuit of others and the society admits. In essence, he didn't get much joy and happiness, on the contrary make him in a tense state, just feel "happy to the extreme," running in excitement, an "ambitious ecstasy" realization, just a moment's passion, the rest is thinking about then should make a plan. These so-called happiness is only in summons, even to sacrifice the representation essence. When he thought Mrs. Leonard lauder's letter ruined his happiness, he thought of revenge, was eventually put into prison. Instead, make him in prison released from social bondage, freedom. He unloaded all camouflage and masks a bygone, find the true self, also found the essence of happiness. He gave up the escape and appeal, can sincerely treat every friend, frankly, in death.For in the love, we also even with strong interest. Because in the successful happiness then destruction even with his love of close contact. His two lovers - Mrs. Leonard lauder's and mathilda with short and struggle of life, so might as well to see even respectively with the two lovers in the romance. Julien jeanvier and Mrs. Leonard lauder's love for her even began to temptation. At first, he just in the performance of the so-called "responsibility", this is a kind of noble Lord retaliation, a vanity of satisfy. But Mrs. Leonard lauder's the kind, honest, gentle deeply moved to even. A period of time, he fell madly in love with Mrs. Leonard lauder's. Unfortunately this loving and soon occupied by various ambition, until finally and grubby, outbreaks.红与黑读后感 范文一：读《红与黑》是一段太过漫长的过程，因为时间已给了作家和作品最无私而又公正的评判，我的阅读态度自不能像对畅销书那样肆无忌惮，又不能像对言情小说那样不置可否。我是在用心灵去与那个时代交谈，重点也放在历史以外的探究和思考。引领我啃完着本书的是其本身的巨大魅力。作者从一纸简单的刑事案件资料中展示出那个时代广阔的社会画面，把一个普通的刑事罪行提高到对十九世纪初期法国资产阶级社会制度，进行历史和哲学研究的水平。小说令我看到在生硬的历史书上无法感受的，那段法国大贵族和资产阶级交替执政的关键时期的状况。我从中了解到现实主义作品的另一种艺术特色——司汤达倾心的人的“灵魂辨证法”；这与以往我从《高老头》、《欧也妮·格朗台》中体会的巴尔扎克的“造成一个人的境遇”有很大不同。全书最耀眼也是文学史上著名的人物自然是于连·索雷尔，“平民出身，较高文化，任家庭教师，与女主人发生恋情，事露，枪杀恋人，被判死刑”是他一生的骨架，“追求”幸福的“热情”和“毅力”、对阶级差异的反抗所表现出近乎英雄的气概就是动人的血肉。作者用淡化物质描写而突出心灵跟踪的手法强化的，正是于连处在青年的冲动下追求“英雄的梦想”经历，这是对那个社会形态的反抗，也是对碌碌无为、虚度青春的反抗。在社会现实阻碍实现抱负时只有两种选择：退避或是反抗。那些当着小职员不求上进、整天抱怨生活乏味的青年就是退避者，他们或许平庸得舒适却被社会的前进所淘汰。能不断树立人生目标、决定实现人生理想的便是和于连有同样气概的反抗者。这个时代当然不欢迎虚伪的言行作为手段，但仍然需要对生活的热情来反抗空虚的度日。这样，于连悲剧性的结局除了昭示“个人反抗行不通”外，就有了对当今社会更实际的意义。写至此，不得不引到这部小说的一个“创举”——使于连与德·雷纳尔夫人“心灵的爱情”和于连与德·拉莫尔小姐“头脑的爱情”相映成趣。尽管这两个贵族女性的爱情方式迥然不同，一个深沉，一个狂热，他们在这两个基本点上却是一致的，那就是：对本阶级的厌恶，对封建门阀制度的叛逆。记得当于连发现自己的爱情正蜕变成虚荣的工具时说“我把自己毁了”，可之后的细节是“一种高傲之间带着恶意的表情很快的代替了最真挚、最强烈的爱情的表情。”这时的贵族小姐却是摆脱了一向慢得像乌龟爬一样的生活，用丧失尊严的方法博得爱情。书中两段悲剧爱情的进展始终伴随着新贵的若即若离和于连的自卑带来的怀疑，直至生命将要终结时，爱情才爆发出无济于事的原始的火花，令人感怀。当我将落笔时，发现用意识写出感想的时间已可与用精神阅读原著的时间相比较了。我兴奋于自己得到反抗平庸的启示，感动于那些尽管扭曲而依然壮烈的爱情片段。当有人提及《红与黑》，我可以自豪地在回答“我读过”后面加上一句“我也掩卷沉思过”。红与黑读后感 范文二：于连.索莱尔的命运时时刻刻牵动着我。综观他极其短暂，却满是波折动荡的年轻生命，流淌着太多矛盾和复杂。对此，人们可以作出很多评判——是个小私有者盲目追求个人利益的悲剧；一个野心家的毁灭；一个反封建斗士的牺牲等等。各有各的看法，但又都在情理之中。就我以为，说于连是个个人主义野心家固然不错，但不如说他是个追求幸福而又不幸走上歧途的人更为确切些。自然这种歧途不是简单地采取了某种有背社会道德的手段，而是来自他心灵更深处的矛盾本质。于连的一生都在追求幸福。他虽出身卑贱，却有幸受到良好的教育，又有着杰出的智慧，所以他日后能厕身在所谓的上流社会中。什么是幸福，怎样得到幸福，是困惑着人类几千年的问题，也同样困惑着我们的于连。在他心目中，幸福并没有确切的标准，只是在他的心计，在他的警觉，他的一个又一个的“作战计划”及其实施当中。他为第一次摆脱了父兄的虐待而幸福，为德.莱纳夫人面前履行“某种责任”而幸福，为骄傲的玛蒂尔德在自己面前屈服而幸福，为一次次地发迹而幸福得要命。他渴望幸福，渴望飞黄腾达，他发誓宁可死一千次也要飞黄腾达。为此，他制出了一个又一个“作战计划”，使出各种虚伪手段，他超人的智慧发挥的淋漓尽致。但他毕竟是个好苗子，所以在每每幸福之时，他又会扪心自问，深深自责。因此，他的计划总会漏洞百出，总会让人怀疑。我们不难发现于连在这种幸福的标准是以社会和他人标准为标准，追求他人和社会的承认。实质上，他并没有获得多少快乐和幸福，反而使他处在一种紧张状态，仅仅是感到“快乐的到了极点”，兴奋地跑来跑去，一种“野心家实现后的狂喜”，只是片刻激情而已，剩下的是想着紧接着应该在制定一个计划。这些所谓的幸福仅仅是表象而已，于连为了表象而牺牲了本质。当他以为德.莱纳夫人的一封信断送了他的幸福时，他想到了报复，最终被投进了监狱。在狱中反而使他从社会的束缚解脱出来，获得了自由。他卸下了往日一切伪装和面具，找到了真实的自我，也找到了本质的幸福。他放弃了逃跑和上诉，能够真诚地对待每一位朋友，坦然地面对死亡。对于于连的爱情，我们同样怀着强烈的兴趣。因为于连的成功幸福既而毁灭都与他的爱情紧密联系着的。他的两个恋人——德.莱纳夫人和玛蒂尔德伴着短暂而奋斗的一生，所以不妨分别来看看于连与两个恋人的恋情。于连和德.莱纳夫人的爱情始于于连对她的诱惑。起初，他只是在履行所谓的“责任”，这是一种对贵族老爷的报复，一种虚荣的满足。但是德.莱纳夫人的善良、淳朴、温柔深深地打动了于连。一段时间，他疯狂地爱上了德.莱纳夫人。可惜这颗爱心又很快被种种野心占有了，直至最后才又复燃，爆发。英中文对照
