angeldevil82
Distribution Orchidaceae are cosmopolitan, occurring in almost every habitat apart from deserts and glaciers. The great majority are to be found in the tropics, mostly Asia, South America and Central America. They are found above the Arctic Circle, in southern Patagonia and even on Macquarie Island, close to Antarctica. The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution: tropical America: 250 to 270 genera tropical Asia: 260 to 300 genera tropical Africa: 230 to 270 genera Oceania: 50 to 70 genera Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera North America: 20 to 25 genera [edit] Taxonomy Main article: Taxonomy of the Orchid family This family is totally recognised, and the APG II system of 2003 places it in the order Asparagales. The taxonomy of this family is in constant flux, as new studies continue to identify more classificatory elements. Five subfamilies are now recognised. The cladogram has been made according to the APG system: Apostasioideae: 2 genera and 16 species, south-western Asia Cypripedioideae: 5 genera and 130 species, from the temperate regions of the world, as well as tropical America and tropical Asia Monandrae Vanilloideae: 15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern North America Epidendroideae: more than 500 genera and more or less 20,000 species, cosmopolitan Orchidoideae: 208 genera and 3,630 species, cosmopolitan [edit] Ecology A majority of orchids are perennial epiphytes, which grow anchored to trees or shrubs in the tropics and subtropics. Other species are lithophytes, growing on rocks or very rocky soil, or are terrestrial. Nearly all temperate orchids are terrestrial. Some orchids, like Neottia and Corallorhiza, lack chlorophyll and are unable to photosynthesize. Instead, these species obtain energy and nutrients by parasitising soil fungi through the formation of orchid mycorrhizas. The fungi involved include those that form ectomycorrhizas with trees and other woody plants, parasites such as Armillaria, and saprotrophs.[5] These orchids are known as myco-heterotrophs, but were formerly (incorrectly) described as saprophytes due to the belief that they gained their nutrition by breaking down organic matter. While only a few species are achlorophyllous holoparasites, all orchids are myco-heterotrophic during germination and seedling growth and even photosynthetic adult plants may continue to obtain carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi. [edit] Description Orchids are easily distinguished, as they share some very evident apomorphies. Among these: bilaterally symmetric (zygomorphic), many resupinate, one petal (labellum) is always highly modified, stamens and carpels are fused, and the seeds are extremely small.去维基百科（世界网）中找吧里面更全，受字数限制就不发上来了
宝哥哥艺涵
兰花的英文读orchid。兰花（学名：Cymbidium ssp.）：附生或地生草本，叶数枚至多枚，通常生于假鳞茎基部或下部节上，二列，带状或罕有倒披针形至狭椭圆形，基部一般有宽阔的鞘并围抱假鳞茎，有关节。总状花序具数花或多花，颜色有白、纯白、白绿、黄绿、淡黄、淡黄褐、黄、红、青、紫。中国传统名花中的兰花仅指分布在中国兰属植物中的若干种地生兰，如春兰、惠兰、建兰、墨兰和寒兰等，即通常所指的“中国兰”。这一类兰花与花大色艳的热带兰花大不相同，没有醒目的艳态，没有硕大的花、叶，却具有质朴文静、淡雅高洁的气质，很符合东方人的审美标准。在中国有一千余年的栽培历史。中国人历来把兰花看做是高洁典雅的象征，并与“梅、竹、菊”并列，合称“四君子”。通常以“兰章”喻诗文之美，以“兰交”喻友谊之真。也有借兰来表达纯洁的爱情，“气如兰兮长不改，心若兰兮终不移”、“寻得幽兰报知己，一枝聊赠梦潇湘”。1985年5月兰花被评为中国十大名花之四。附生或地生草本，罕有腐生，通常具假鳞茎；假鳞茎卵球形、椭圆形或梭形，较少不存在或延长成茎状，通常包藏于叶基部的鞘之内。叶数枚至多枚，通常生于假鳞茎基部或下部节上，二列，带状或罕有倒披针形至狭椭圆形，基部一般有宽阔的鞘并围抱假鳞茎，有关节。花葶侧生或发自假鳞茎基部，直立、外弯或下垂；总状花序具数花或多花，较少减退为单花；花苞片长或短，在花期不落；花较大或中等大；萼片与花瓣离生，多少相似；唇瓣3裂，基部有时与蕊柱合生达3-6毫米；侧裂片直立，常多少围抱蕊柱，中裂片一般外弯；唇盘上有2条纵褶片，通常从基部延伸到中裂片基部，有时末端膨大或中部断开，较少合而为一；蕊柱较长，常多少向前弯曲，两侧有翅，腹面凹陷或有时具短毛，花粉团2个，有深裂隙，或4个而形成不等大的2对，蜡质，以很短的、弹性的花粉团柄连接于近三角形的粘盘上。通常见到的花由花梗、花托、花萼、花冠、雌蕊群和雄蕊群等几部分组成。兰花是一种奇特的花，它的奇特之处就在于它的花结构与众不同。兰花结构的奇特是为了适应昆虫传粉，且具蕊柱、蕊喙、花粉团和唇瓣等，加之，兰花为两侧对称的花、唇瓣基部形成具有蜜腺的囊和距、雄蕊数目减少、子房下位、花形状、大小和颜色多样、多为草本植物、附生或腐生。通常见到的花由花梗、花托、花萼、花冠、雌蕊和雄蕊等几部分组成。兰花也有这些结构，不同的是兰花通常有唇瓣。兰花有六枚花被（花萼与花瓣区分不明显，统称为花被），分为内外两轮，其中内轮有一枚特化成了唇瓣。唇瓣的作用是吸引昆虫来传粉并为昆虫驻足提供平台。多数兰花的花梗和子房扭转180°。假设子房不扭转，兰花就是这样子的。有花粉团：兰花的花粉通常粘合成团，称花粉团，作用是便于昆虫传粉时把花粉全部带走，提高传粉效率。当昆虫进入下一朵花时，被带出的花粉团可以自动调整方向，使其正好接触到黏性柱头上，从而完成异花授粉。有蕊柱：除子房外，兰花的整个雌雄器官完全融合成柱状体，称蕊柱。蕊柱的形成使得雌雄蕊在空间上分离，促进了异花授粉。有蕊喙：兰花的柱关和花药之间有一个舌状的器官（源自柱头上裂片），叫蕊喙，是兰花特有器官，它的主要作用是防止自花授粉。元音字母组合or在单字中，英音读成/ɔ:/，而美音则需加一个/r/音，读成/ɔr/，这是英音和美音的差别，如：porch 门廊pork 猪肉horse 马horn 号角fort 防波堤morning 早晨corn 玉米fork 叉子希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。
