英语词汇学课本

Leave me alone!

专业代码：01C1502专业名称：英语（本科）课程代码 课程名称 教材名称 出版社 版本 作者 00087 英语翻译 英汉翻译教程 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 庄绎传 00600 高级英语 高级英语（上下册） 外语教学与研究出版社 2000年版 王家湘 张中载 00603 英语写作 英语写作 辽宁大学出版社 1999年版 杨俊峰 00604 英美文学选读 英美文学选读 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 张伯香 00795 综合英语（二） 综合英语（二）（上下册） 外语教学与研究出版社 2000年版 徐克容 00831 英语语法 现代英语语法 外语教学与研究出版社 2000年版 李基安 00832 英语词汇学 英语词汇学 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 张维友 00839 第二外语（俄语） 大学俄语简明教程 高等教育出版社 1995年版 张宝岑 钱晓惠 00840 第二外语（日语） 初级日语（第一、二册）\初级日语教与学 北京大学出版社 2006年版\2007年版 赵华敏 00841 第二外语（法语） 简明法语教程（上 下册） 商务印书馆 1990/1年版 孙 辉 00842 第二外语（德语） 新编大学德语（1,2册） 外语教学与研究出版社 2002年版 朱建华 03708 中国近现代史纲要 中国近现代史纲要 （出版社待定） 2008年版 王顺生 李 捷 03709 马克思主义基本原理概论 马克思主义基本原理概论 （出版社待定） 2008年版 卫兴华 赵家祥 10014 水平考试（二）（笔试） 水平考试（二）自学辅导 航空工业出版社 2006年版 余志远 10015 水平考试（二）（听力） 英语听力上、下册 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 何其莘 王 敏 金利民 夏玉和 10016 水平考试（二）（口语） 英语口语自学教程（上下） 外语教学与研究出版社 95年版（上）96年版（下） 余志远 10017 欧洲文化入门 欧洲文化入门 外语教学与研究出版社 1992年版 王佐良 祝珏 李品伟 高厚 10064 口译与听力（口译部分） 现代汉译英口译教程 外语教学与研究出版社 2004年版 吴 冰 10065 口译与听力（听力部分） 英语高级听力 外语教学与研究出版社 1992年版 何其莘 王 敏 金利民 俞 涓

英语词汇学是什么 英语词汇学是全国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业本科段选修课程，是培养和检验自学能力应考者词汇学的基本理论知识和实际语言能力而设置的一门专业课程。主要内容 英语词汇学是以现代语言学理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象的课程。主要内容有词的基本知识，词的形态结构，词的构成方式，词的意义及语义关系，英语词汇的来源与发展，词义的变化，习语及词典知识。英语词汇学以传授英语词汇的基本理论和基本知识为任务，属于理论知识课。但是，其实践性很强，因为词汇本身是构成语言的具体材料，在传授理论的过程中必然要涉及丰富的语言材料和大量的词语例证。 设置本课程的目的要求：是自学应考者对英语词汇学具有比较系统，比较完整的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高词语的理解，释义和综合运用的能力，以便毕业后能够较好地适应工作的需要。课程内容 Contents以下是内容概要（主干），其实在每一章含内容具体介绍（枝节）Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyChapter 2 The development of the English VocabularyChapter 3 Word Formation IChapter 4 Word Formation IIChapter 5 Word MeaningChapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic FieldChapter 7 Changes in Word MeaningChapter 8 Meaning and ContextChapter 9 English IdiomsChapter 10English DictionariesSugegested AnswersReference Books英语词汇学术语英汉对照表该书其他情况介绍《英语词汇学》“English Lexicology"作者：主编： 张潍友组编：全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press资料来源：《英语词汇学》“English Lexicology" 主编：张潍友

一。The Development of English Vocabulary There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries. How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language. But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development. The history of English language is divided into three periods: 1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD ) 2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD ) 3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now ) As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language. Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is also been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases. Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc. Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary. Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out. Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process. Bibliography: 陆国强，published in 1999， Modern English Lexicology (new edition) Adams, Valerie, published in1982, An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation 戴炜栋，published in 2002， A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English 朱永涛，published in 1997， The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries 林承璋，published in 1987， An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,the newspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language to express.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicating ideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.① Take time.Any time.Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.② Once tasted,always loved.The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③ My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.① Drink Coca-Cola.② I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③ For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive. ④ Get noticed. Get results.⑤ Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥ Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord.Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.E.g.For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm. The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attractive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product. ⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.① Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.② Discover the season’s newest splendor.The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.① Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.② Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, which persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image. Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such as all,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinary characteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.Our finest time.It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.Kodak Single-use-cameras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.

《英语词汇学》按全国自学考试指导委员会的计划已在全国正式启用。为了帮助自学人员更好地把握教材，抓住主要知识点，突出重点，解决难点，在没有教师的指导下，能在短时间内掌握教材内容，达到《英语词汇学自学考试大纲》（以下简称《大纲》）提出的要求，顺利通过考试，我们编写了《英语词汇学辅导》（以下简称《辅导》）一书。该书根据自考人员的需要设下述几大部分： 提要 主要知识点 教材译文 课文练习答案 补充练习 补充练习答案 “提要”，即提纲挈领的概述，提示主要内容，让读者了解每章的总体内容。“主要知识点”相当于《大纲》中的考点，列出这些知识点旨在指导读者阅读和自测。“教材译文”是为了帮助阅读教材。因为词汇学是一门理论知识课，涉及不少语言学知识和专业术语，读起来颇费力；再者，自学人员手头的语言工具书有限，课文中提供的例证很多，且查起来困难，有了汉语译文，这些问题都能迎刃而解。要说明的是，虽称“译文”，实则用汉语译写的，但保持了课文的原貌，且每个例句和例词都原原本本译出。如果读了教材后对某些章节仍然模糊不清，读了本书便清楚明白了。“课文练习答案”对课文中每一道练习题，包括思考题，都提供了参考答案。教材中只提供了实践题的参考答案，思考题无答案，《辅导》补充了这部分，并将其他答案一并列出，置于每章之后，以方便查阅。“补充练习”是在教材练习的基础上，根据《大纲》要求所作的补充，并附答案，旨在提高知识点的复现率，巩固学习内容。 此外，《辅导》还提供了2套单元自测试题和1套综合自测试题及答案。单元自测试题第1套检测1至5章的内容，第2套检测6至10章的内容，综合试题检测全书的内容。这样做的目的是复习巩固教材内容，同时进行一定的模拟训练。 《辅导》由《英语词汇学》的作者张维友教授主编，张纪英和赵树理两同志参与编写。张纪英负责第4、7章的汉译和第2、3、4、5、7章的练习答案和补充练习及答案；赵树理负责第6、8章的汉译，第6、7、9、10章练习答案和部分补充练习题及答案；单元自测题和综合自测题由两位同志分别承担。全书最后由张维友教授修改定稿。在编写过程中，得到教育部自学考试委员会自学指导服务中心和陈卫同志的支持和关心，在此表示忠心感谢。