李晓诗125
兵马俑:The Terra Cotta Warriors The Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses are the most significant archeological excavations of the 20th century. Work is ongoing at this site, which is around 1.5 kilometers east of Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum, Lintong County, Shaanxi province. It is a sight not to be missed by any visitor to China. The museum covers an area of 16,300 square meters, divided into three sections: No. 1 Pit, No. 2 Pit, and No. 3 Pit respectively. They were tagged in the order of their discoveries. No. 1 Pit is the largest, first opened to the public on China's National Day, 1979. There are columns of soldiers at the front, followed by war chariots at the back. No. 2 Pit, found in 1976, is 20 meters northeast of No. 1 Pit. It contained over a thousand warriors and 90 chariots of wood. It was unveiled to the public in 1994.Archeologists came upon No. 3 Pit also in 1976, 25 meters northwest of No. 1 Pit. It looked like to be the command center of the armed forces. It went on display in 1989, with 68 warriors, a war chariot and four horses. Altogether over 7,000 pottery soldiers, horses, chariots, and even weapons have been unearthed from these pits. Most of them have been restored to their former grandeur. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses is a sensational archeological find of all times. It has put Xian on the map for tourists. It was listed by UNESCO in 1987 as one of the world cultural heritages. 华清池Huaqing pool Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of Lishan Mountain, about 35 kilometers east of Xian city. It can be conveniently visited on returning from the Terracotta Army site. On arriving at the Huaqing Pool, one is struck by the distinctive features of traditional palaces of the Tang Dynasty. The palace is called Huaqing Pool because it has many pools and hot springs. Willow branches droop gracefully down to the water of the pools. Pavilions, bridges and pools together constitute a most elegant palace. It was a rainy day when I went there and the whole palace was enveloped in mist: it made the scenery even more beautiful. It is famous for high-ranked imperial concubine Yang in Tang Dynasty.Yang Guifei was bathing in this place and was loved by the emperor ,so he built a lot of beautiful and magnificant palace there!
大璐璐131483
额，纯手工翻译，bai你一定要采纳我啊！我连中文稿都给du你找好了~！大雁塔zhi（Great Wild Goose Pagoda），世界文化遗产、全国重点文物保护dao单位、国家AAAAA级旅游景区。位于西安市的大慈恩寺内，被视为古都西安和陕西省的象征。唐代永徽三年（公元652年），取经归来的玄奘法师为保存由天竺经丝绸之路带回长安的经卷佛像而修建。大雁塔作为现存最早、规模最大的唐代四方楼阁式砖塔，是佛塔这种印度佛寺的建筑形式随着佛教传播而传入中原地区并融入汉文化的典型物证，是凝聚了汉族劳动人民智慧结晶的标志性建筑，现存塔身七层，通高64.5米。The big wild goose pagoda (the Great Wild Goose Pagoda), a world heritage, the national key cultural relics protection units, national AAAAA scenic. Daci in XI ' an city, as a symbol of ancient capital of Shaanxi Province, XI ' an and. Tang Yong-Hui three years (652), return of the pilgrimage of Xuanzang to preserve the Scriptures brought back from India via the Silk Road Cheung built statues. Big wild goose Pagoda of Tang dynasty as the oldest and largest square Pavilion type brick Tower, is a stupa that India Temple architectural form with the spread of Buddhism into the Central Plains and into the Han culture typical of physical evidence, is the embodiment of wisdom of the working people of Han nationality landmarks, existing Tower of seven layers, height of 64.5 metres.2014年6月22日，在卡塔尔多哈召开的联合国教科文组织第38届世界遗产委员会会议上，大雁塔作为中国、哈萨克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦三国联合申遗的“丝绸之路：长安—天山廊道的路网”中的一处遗址点成功列入《世界遗产名录》。On June 22, 2014, in Qatar, held in Doha, the meeting of the 38th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO, big wild goose pagoda, as China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan joint inscription of "the Silk Road: Changan road of tianshan mountains corridor" successful a site included in the list of world heritage sites
小特别16
Banpo Village -- 5,000 B.C.Six to seven thousand years ago, a stable village was built by a late Neolithic people. Banpo had about sixty buildings and housed over 200 people from two clans. It was a matriarchal society based on farming. The houses were thatch over wood beams while the floors were sunk 2 to 3 feet into the ground. Heat was provided by a central fire for the family. They stored food in underground caves, dug deep enough to protect it from wildlife and insects. The month before this trip I was in Chicago and stopped by the Field Museum. They have a model of a native American hut from a plains tribe. The similarity is striking. Food storage, architecture and the organization of the village all brought on déjà vu.The Banpo worked together. They dug a trench around the entire complex both for protection and for drainage. There was a large meeting hall in the center of the village and central storage. Most of the tools (axes, hoes, knives) were of stone, but some implements were of bone (needles for sewing). The stone tools looked remarkably sharp, but it was still fortunate to be in an area where the soil was loose and easily tilled.Art, in the form of geometric designs and human and animal figures is found on many of their pots. The village had their own pottery which produced specialized pots for drinking, storage, cooking, and burial. Although adults were buried in the cemetery outside the village, children and infants were buried alongside the huts in special clay urns. I would like to know why.Over the next 3,000 years the descendants of these people would found new villages, begin to build cities, use jade, bronze, and copper and increase their skills in agriculture. The first dynasty or unified government is called the Xia and lasted from 2200 to 1700 B.C. give or take a few years. After that, change came more rapidly (or appears to from our perspective).Terra-cotta Soldiers -- Qin Dynasty --221-206 B.C.Xi'an is peppered with the enormous tombs of emperors, dukes, generals and other wealthy people who would commence building as soon as they achieved power. Confucius (511-479 B.C.) emphasized that the son owed the father filial piety. This principle applied to the filial duty required of the people to the dukes and the dukes toward the king. This respect carried past the grave; the son showed his respect by giving the father a lavish burial and memorials. Confucius also said that a man should not plan or build his own funeral. It violated the laws of propriety. That seems logical. It would prevent the proper expression of filial duty.But if you are an Emperor. . . In 221 B.C. Ying Zheng (259-210 B.C.), King of Qin, became the First Emperor of Qin, (Qin Shihuangdi), when he managed to consolidate the neighboring states under his rule. He had begun work on his tomb shortly after becoming king of Qin at the age of 13. The work took 39 years. Everything about it is big and grandiose: it covers 56.25 square kilometers; there are terra-cotta models of 8,000 warriors; it took 700,000 workers to complete it; thousands of workers were buried within the tomb; the tomb has pearls embedded in the ceiling to represent the stars; rivers and lakes were modeled using liquid mercury -- the list goes on, even seeing it, you don't get the scope.The First Emperor does not seem to have been someone who enjoys a good argument. Confucianism also stresses the responsibility of the father (emperor) to the son (the people) and teaches that if you tax people too heavily and do not administer by the principle of propriety, your reign will not last and there will be rebellion. Excess was to be avoided. The core of Confucian philosophy is to advise good government. In 222 and 223 B.C. respectively, the First Emperor ordered the burning of books of history and philosophy and the death of 460 Confucian scholars who had the temerity to continue teaching the principles drawn from the past. He may have had them buried alive or just killed.Live burial was an old practice among the Qin. When Duke Mu of Qin died in 621 B.C., 177 slaves, citizens, and followers were buried with him. Duke Jing of Qin had at least 186 people buried with him when he died in 537 B.C. The practice is called "xun" and makes "following to the grave" have new meaning. The people who were buried with the ruler were supposed to continue to protect and serve. Everything that was comfortable and necessary in this life was provided in the next. The First Emperor is supposed to have had the artisans who designed and built his tomb killed so they could not reveal its secrets. The tomb itself has not been opened yet.On the bright side, the First Emperor did not have 8,000 warriors buried with him; the clay models are an advance. The tradition of "xun" may help to explain the great care taken to make each model unique -- each of the 8,000 soldiers has their own facial features, hair-style, and when dressed in the same uniform, the folds and fit are unique. The First Emperor also managed to build over 6,000 miles of road to rival those of the Roman Empire, over a thousand miles of canals for flood control, transportation and irrigation, and consolidated three sections of what would be the Great Wall into a wall of 5,000 li. Just the work on the wall took 10 years and 300,000 soldiers and uncounted numbers of civilians. (Visit the Great Wall page)Qin Shihuangdi centralized the bureaucracy and government to control rival states within the empire. His innovations (travelling inspectors, bureaucrats reporting in a hierarchy, and the unification of the country through roads and canals) laid the foundation for future dynasties. Only by bypassing local control and providing services through the central power could you not only conquer neighboring states, but successfully govern and unite them. Centralization was particularly important in the Yellow and Yangtze regions. Flooding periodically wiped out years of work and required coordinated planning to build canals across territories to control it. The Qin dynasty was quickly overthrown following the death of the First Emperor. Succeeding dynasties expanded the organization developed in the Qin, but returned, in part, to the Confucian principle of governing for the welfare of the people.The Silk RoadThe first Han (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) emperors built upon the foundations of the Qin and expanded their territory enormously. Unlike the Qin, they allowed the cultures of the new territories to remain intact and encouraged trade and commerce among the various parts of the empire.The Han emperor, Wudi, needed allies to guard against threat from a strong neighbor. He had heard of a very strong and rich state to the west. There must have been some amount of travel over long distances at this time for news to have reached Xi'an of countries as far as India. There had been no official contact, so in 119 B.C. Wudi sent Zhang Qian to form an alliance. Just outside his own territory, Zhang Qian and his men were captured by a Hun tribe and held ten years before he could escape and continue his journey. That he continued is one of the amazing parts of the story. The power of the emperor was absolute, you finished your task. The fact that a second envoy does not seem to have been sent after Zhang Qian didn't return in a few years is a second curiosity.Zhang Qian's travels took him toward India. He found the country he sought, but the ruling king thought it was a little impractical to form a defensive alliance at such a distance. When Zhang Qian returned and told Emperor Wudi of what he had seen in these western states, he was sent back with a large delegation and items to trade. Silk was an immediate hit. Over time, silk exports reached as far as Rome where it was a valued commodity. Silk feels wonderful to us now, imagine what it must have felt like to a people who had only worn loomed cottons and wools. Silk takes natural dyes readily, giving strong saturated color. Both cotton and wool mute the most vibrant dyes. So, instead of a defense alliance, they developed one of the first multi-national trade agreements.The effects on art, architecture, farming, and industry were immediate. There were direct imports of new products from the west including alfalfa, pomegranates, grape vines, and fine horses, but the real benefits to both cultures is less tangible. It fires the imagination to find that thoughts can be different from one's own.Walking through the exhibits in the Shaanxi (Shanxi) Provincial Museum is like walking through the history of the Silk Road. You begin with items from the Xia (2200-1700 B.C.) and move through history into the Ming and Qing dynasties. The collection from the Han through the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties shows the changes of art and craftsmanship. It isn't just that the skills have developed and changed, many of the early pieces are detailed and executed to perfection, it is the viewpoint that has changed. The later works have a stronger reality base, a knowledge of the world. We left the museum with regret, so little time. I have provided links to some Chinese Art pages in case you are interested.Big and Little Goose Pagodas -- Buddhism in ChinaThe Silk Road brought all sorts of strange and wonderful ideas to China in addition to the material trade. Politics, family relationships, philosophy, and religion would all be influenced by exposure to new concepts. In 652, Xuan Zang returned from India where he had spent 18 years studying Buddhism. When he returned he brought manuscripts of Buddhist texts to translate into Chinese. He must have had an excellent advance agent, because the emperor sent a huge escort to meet his party and the entire city celebrated his return. The crown prince Li Zhi had built the surrounding temple in 648 and dedicated it to his mother. The Big Goose pagoda was added for the manuscripts brought back by the travelers. When Xuan Zang moved into the temple there was another feast and celebration. Xuan Zang was the equivalent of an astronaut returning to a ticker tape parade. His journey was at least as dangerous and certainly took longer.The quest of Xuan Zang is the basis for a folk tale called The Journey to the West. The tale has many variations: it is performed in opera, has several series of children's books based on it, and there is a feature-length cartoon with the appeal of early Disney. The Monkey King is a rebellious sort who is sent to live inside a mountain until he mends his ways. When Xuan Zang plans his trip, he needs an escort. Buddha is asked if he will allow the Monkey King to take on the task. The Monkey King has his work cut out for him. Shifu (Master = Xuan Zang) trusts everyone, including evil spirits disguised as good spirits. The Monkey King would prefer that this good man were a little more cynical and certainly less innocent. The Monkey King meets terrible forces of evil of every shape and size and defeats them all. The story ends when the group eventually manages to get to the west. Today the story is of the Monkey King's bravery and ability to resist evil. The original story emphasized the need to rebel and not believe everything you hear.The Little Goose Pagoda on the grounds of the Jianfu Temple is called that because it is smaller, although it has more stories. It was completed in 709 A.D. when Buddhism was firmly established in China. The influence of Buddhism was so strong that Daoism, based on the teaching of Lao Zi, gradually adopted many of their rituals to maintain popularity among the people. We were told that the Little Goose Pagoda had lost several stories during an earthquake in the 1500's. It is difficult to tell, it looks complete. It is more delicate looking than the Big Goose with finer detailing in the brickwork. It, like the Big Goose pagoda, housed Buddhist manuscripts and is a part of a temple complex and monastery.________________________________________The Ming WallsSkipping over a few centuries and many name changes, Xi'an during the Ming dynasty was refurbished and returned to prominence as a center of politics and trade. The Ming emperors rebuilt the walls, incorporating one corner left over from the Yuan dynasty in their design. While the architecture of the Ming is steadfastly angular, the curved rampart of Hun design adds grace to the design. The walls are flat and straight, tempting for a 15 K jog.The Bell and Drum Towers were also built during the Ming dynasty. The were used to keep time for the town and sound alarms. When we visited the Bell Tower, we were just in time for a concert. It was good planning on the part of our guide. Tuned bells date back to the 6th century B.C. They can be made of stone, brass, or bronze. The shapes used change over the centuries, those shown here date from the Song dynasty. [These are not the bells used to sound alarms -- they were huge.]
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Dayan Pagoda located in Xian, Shaanxi Province in southern China Grace Temple.Grace Temple is a 22-year-dynasty (AD 648).Prince Li Zhi weep Bonaventure to commemorate the Queen's recompense for bringing us up and construction, was named "Grace Temple."At that time, there were 13 Department courtyard housing reached 1,987,Please go home and learn from the Indian monk Xuan Zhuang auspices of the Treasury Temple, a famous painter Classic, in this splendid murals drawn off,This shows the most ambitious.Tang 6th three years (1652), tells us in the West to build covered tower were Grace Temple.for storage of the classics brought back from India.According to the tower were "Ci'en Temple Sanzang Master Biography" Magadha state records : a Buddhism.As long as we have a spot plume from the community, died from a fall on the ground.With this incarnation of the Buddha is that the monks decided to build a tower Dayan, thus also known as Yanta, also called the Wild Goose Pagoda.Dayan Pagoda built when the early side of the five-storey tower blocks topsoil center, after the transformation of the seven-story-square pavilion.Tang further into the calendar year 2001 of 10 storeys of the Ming Dynasty and also increase the characters brick towers outside.High-mast is 64 meters, the typical structure of imitative wood, the bottom line the doorway of a beautifully carved figurines,West said the family plans to Amida Buddha, a magnificent temple carved map.Tap the bottom, where the brick niches, stone tablets containing a two links : The "big" and the "orderly place of worship, as if as if the holy church, orderly mind,"Dan Tang Dynasty calligrapher both of multi-book.Dayan Pagoda is a famous scenic spot in the Tang Dynasty and therefore have a lot of the charm of that in mind,Title milestone in the Ming and Qing dynasties have only 200 links.So far, Yanta building is a symbol of the ancient city of Xi'an, lies the Painting.In 1961 the State Council issued the first batch of national key units to be protected.大雁塔坐落于中国陕西省西安市南部的慈恩寺内。慈恩寺是唐贞观二十二年（公元648年），太子李治为纪念亡母文德皇后以报答养育之恩而修建，故名"慈恩寺"。当时，共有十三处院落，房屋达一千九百八十七间，并请赴印度取经回国的高僧玄奘主持寺务，著名的画家阎立本、吴道子都在此绘制过壁画，可见规模之宏大。唐永徽三年（652年），玄奘在寺内西院建塔，名慈恩寺塔，用以存放从印度带回来的经籍。现在的塔名是据《慈恩寺三藏法师传》中记载：摩揭陀国有一僧寺，一日有一只大雁离群落羽，摔死在地上。僧众认为这只大雁是菩萨的化身，决定为大雁建造一座塔，因而又名雁塔，也称大雁塔。大雁塔初建时为砖表土心五层方塔，后改造为七层方形楼阁式，唐大历年间再改为十层，到明代，又以砖面加砌唐塔之外。现塔身通高64米，每层为仿木结构，底层门楣有精美的线刻佛像，西门楣为阿弥陀佛说法图，图中刻有富丽堂皇的殿堂。塔底层南门内的砖龛里，嵌有两通石碑：《大唐三藏圣教序》和《大唐三藏圣教序记》，均为唐代大书法家褚遂良书丹。大雁塔在唐代就是著名的游览胜地，因而留有大量文人雅士的题记，仅明清时期的题名碑就有二百余通。至今，大雁塔仍是古城西安的标志性建筑，也是闻名中外的胜迹。国务院于1961年颁布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位。
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