不可控因素英文

市场营销里的"4PS"原则即4Ps营销理论。4P表示产品（Product）、价格（Price）、渠道（Place）、促销（Promotion），s表示策略（Strategy)。4Ps营销理论：产品（Product）：注重开发的功能，要求产品有独特的卖点，把产品的功能诉求放在第一位。价格 (Price）：根据不同的市场定位，制定不同的价格策略，产品的定价依据是企业的品牌战略，注重品牌的含金量。分销 (Place）：企业并不直接面对消费者，而是注重经销商的培育和销售网络的建立，企业与消费者的联系是通过分销商来进行的。促销（Promotion）：企业注重销售行为的改变来刺激消费者，以短期的行为（如让利，买一送一，营销现场气氛等等）促成消费的增长，吸引其他品牌的消费者或导致提前消费来促进销售的增长。4Ps的提出奠定了管理营销的基础理论框架。该理论以单个企业作为分析单位，认为影响企业营销活动效果的因素有两种：一种是企业不能够控制的，如政治、法律、经济、人文、地理等环境因素，称之为不可控因素，这也是企业所面临的外部环境；一种是企业可以控制的，如生产、定价、分销、促销等营销因素，称之为企业可控因素。

4PS是英文Product,price,place,promotion.四个单词的首字母的组合，由于是复数所以加了S．其具体意思是产品，价格，渠道，促销．这是产品企业可以操控的四个方面，通过很好的组合，可以达到很好的销售效果． 营销中4PS是一种流行的营销组合理论,通常简称4Ps，由美国密西根大学教授杰罗姆·麦卡锡1964年提出，影响深远。该理论对营销过程中各种因素的描述，归纳为： 1、产品（Product）：向消费者提供什么产品？产品的特性、品牌和包装是什么？在产品上还能附带什么内容？ 2、价格（Price）：消费者打算付多少钱购买该商品？根据消费者的反应和竞争对手的实力定什么价位最合适？ 3、渠道（Place）：当消费者需要产品时，在哪里以什么方式买到它？用哪种批发或零售方式？地理范围是多大？需要多大的销售力度？以什么样的方式、范围、规模出售商品呢？ 4、促销（Promotion）：消费者怎样了解商品？怎样说服他们来购买商品？用什么形式的广告？其性质、内容、频率影响是什么？促销、宣传以及个人购买费用各是多少？ 4Ps的伟大在于它把营销简化并便于记忆和传播。近20多年来，市场营销学的内容、体系、结构不断更新完善，但4Ps的研究格局基本未被突破，决策研究法已定型成为研究市场营销问题的主要方法。近些年来出现的6Ps或8Ps并没有改变4Ps的基本决策构架，只是试图扩大这种决策构架的双重作用。 随着时间推移,企业对消费者越来越重视,对4Ps的认同逐步被4Cs替代。 4CS论新观念 所谓4PS论，是1960年，由美国密执安州立大学教授J·麦卡锡(Mccarthy)提出的营销的四个组合因素，即产品(Product)、价格(Price)、渠道(Place)和促销(Promotion)。 4CS就是4忘掉，4考虑。 忘掉产品，考虑消费者的需要和欲求(Consumerwants andneeds)； 忘掉定价，考虑消费者为满足其需求愿意付出多少； 忘掉渠道，考虑如何让消费者方便(Convenience)； 忘掉促销，考虑如何同消费者进行双向沟通(Communication)。

SAT作文例子1. The Last Leaf by O. HenryJohnsy is an inhabitant of an art colony in Greenwich Village, where pneumonia is taking its toll. Eventually, Johnsy is stricken with the disease and gives up all desire to live. Outside her window resides an old ivy vine on which only a few leaves remain. Convinced that she will die when the last leaf falls, Johnsy watches the vine incessantly. This morbid fascination distresses her big hearted neighbor Mr. Berhman, an old painter scraping by as an artist’s model and still dreaming of painting his masterpiece. Time passes, Johnsy remains fascinated by the withering vine. To her growing astonishment, a single last leaf remains attached firmly to the vine. Taking this as an embodiment of hope, Johnsy’s condition ameliorated. In the meantime, her neighbor contracts pneumonia and has been taken to hospital, where he later dies. It is later discovered that he had contracted the disease after staying up all night to paint the perfect image of a single leaf on the brick wall outside Johnsy’s window. (168字) 取决于选择2. Charles SchulzCharles Monroe Schulz is an American cartoonist, whose comic strip Peanuts is considered to be one of the most popular and influential in the history of the medium. Although Charles is a shy, timid teenager, he is steadfast and persistent. It is his self-defeating stubbornness and admirable perseverance in trying his best against all odds that made him a popular figure. He can never win a ballgame but continues to play baseball; he can never fly a kite successfully but continues to do so. Although his drawings were first rejected by his high school yearbook and then refused by Disney, he persevered and created the world renowned Charlie Brown and Snoopy, known as Peanut comic, which reflects his own life. Peanuts ran for 50 years, and, at its peak, appeared in more than 2,600 newspapers in 75 countries. (138字) 取决于选择--》坚持Henry FordHenry Ford, the American founder of the Ford Motor Company, had been stimulated by Thomas Edison in his youth and followed Thomas Edison’s career then. In 1896, while attending a company-sponsored convention in Manhattan Beach, New York, Henry Ford was introduced to the great inventor Thomas Edison. During their conversation, Edison asked the young Henry Ford a series of questions and when the conversation was over, Edison emphasized his satisfaction by banging his fist down on the table. "Young man," he said, "that's the thing! You have it!” To Henry Ford, as he later indicated, that bang on the table was worth worlds.After receiving the complete approval from Thomas Edison, Henry Ford strived to accomplish his invention of the cheap and convenient Model T. After further improvements, the price of Model T decreased from $850 to $225, a price that is affordable to most social classes. The design later revolutionized the transportation industry in America because prior to its introduction, cars were a form of luxury that is only affordable to the upper echelons. And in just 19 years after the first introduction, the sales of the Model T had reached an astounding 15,007,034, a record which stood for the next 45 years. (204字) 5. Jack WelchJack Welch was the former CEO of General Electric. He joined the company in 1960 and worked as a junior engineer. After a year at GE, he was displeased with the strict bureaucracy regarding pay rise which led to a mere $1000 increase in his salary after his first year. Welch, who then harbored thoughts of leaving the company, was convinced by Reuben Gutoff to stay. He then started questioning the decisions made by the authorities and moved up the ranks quickly. When he became the CEO of GE in 1981, he worked to streamline the company by trimming inventories and dismantling the bureaucracy that almost led him to leave the company. Each year, he would fire the bottom 10% of his managers, while rewarding the top 20% with bonuses and stock options. By pushing his managers to perform, the perennial problem with regards to perceived inefficiency was effectively eradicated. When Welch left GE, the company had gone from a market value of $14 billion to more than $410 billion at the end of 2004, making it the most valuable and largest company in the world. (186字) 6. Christopher ReeveChristopher Reeve was an American actor who is best known for his portrayal of the superhero Superman. However, unlike the man of steel he was in his movies, Reeve became quadriplegic after being thrown from a horse in an equestrian competition in 1995. As a result, he required a wheelchair and breathing apparatus for the rest of his life. Despite the setbacks, Reeve was reinvented by that experience and brought the kind of energy and enthusiasm that made him successful as a film star to an entirely different issue, with huge effect. He lobbied on behalf of people with spinal cord injuries for human embryonic stem cell research and established the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, a non-profit research organization which raises money for research in spinal cord injuries. Also, he lobbied for scientists to be allowed to conduct stem cell research in the hopes of eventually curing paralysis and other current incurable diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Through this, Reeve will be remembered as “Superman” not only in the movies, but also in reality. (175字) 7. Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States who rose to prominence during the Great Depression. During that time, President Hebert Hoover’s economic program was unsatisfactory and ineffective and kept millions of people under poverty and hunger. In the midst of despair, Franklin Roosevelt, who had long been questioning Hoover’s economic program, was elected as the President to combat the economic crisis. He assembled a group of elites and constructed a more effective economic program called New Deal. The new program provided money and supplies to needy families and created jobs for the unemployed. As a result, President Roosevelt effectively rekindled hope to millions of despondent Americans. New Deal proved to be an important turning point in the history of America. It made a powerful start of a strong government role in the nation’s economic affairs that remained and developed to the present day. (146字) 8. Bill GatesBill Gates is an American business executive who served as the chairman of Microsoft Corporation, the leading computer software company in the United States. He cofounded Microsoft together with Paul Allen in 1975 and became the youngest ever self-made billionaire in 1987 at the age of 31. In the 1990s, Gates became more involved in philanthropy as he believed that there is more to be expected from a person like himself. In 1994, he sold some of his shares in Microsoft to create the William H. Gates Foundation. Then, in 2000, Gates and his wife combined three family foundations into one to create the world renowned Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation which, ranked by assets, quickly became the largest foundation in the world. As of 2007, Gates and his wife were the second most generous philanthropist in America, having donated over $28billion USD to charity. (145字) 9. Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale was born in a rich, upper class, well-connected British family. Yet, she opposed the expected role for a woman of her status, which was to become a wife and mother. Her decision to become a nurse in 1844 infuriated her family members. Despite vehement disagreements, Nightingale’s determination did not waver. When the Crimean War broke out in 1854, Nightingale hoped that she could help ameliorate the situation and hence travelled to Turkey immediately. She devoted herself to nursing the injured soldiers and the situation gradually appeased. Six months later, the mortality rate at the hospital fell from 60% during her arrival to 2.2%. As a result, she became a prominent figure in England and became known as “The Lady with the Lamp” as a sign of respect. (129字) 10. Oprah WinfreyOprah Winfrey is an American television host who, according to some assessments, is the most influential woman in the world. She had a traumatic childhood and, in 1991, took her personal story of child abuse all the way to Capital Hill, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee in support of the National Child Protection Act, which advocated the establishment of a national database of convicted child abusers. “I am speaking out on behalf of the children who wish to be heard, but whose cries, wishes and hopes often, I believe, fall upon deaf or inattentive ears”, she said. The US Senate heard her moving plea loud and clear. With Winfrey’s support, the Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton in 1993. In 2008, she once again used her influence to call attention to the Combating Child Exploitation bill. On air, she urged her audience to contact their senators in favor of the bill. As a result, the senate offices were flooded with calls, emails and letters, and the bill was eventually signed into law. (176字)

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Dear Sir,

Thanks for your understanding and for your willing to help us explain to SET

XDT-80 90000KGS is expected to be finishes in the middle of July. In consideration of the following two points, we suggest that  ETA should be done in the middle of August.

These are some uncontrollable factors. We will try to finish ETA in advance