无敌沈阳人
需求拉动，知识和ERANDE：来自独联体三部分证据 虽然已经证明，知识资本是一个高度集中的欧洲地区的少数，这是极不可能对所有的知识创新需要一个能够be single region内发现。例如英国，进行约5％的世界研发因此，所有研发的绝大多数是刚刚进行的特定区域以外的任何国家以外的经济，但并不完全。 第二，如果大家都同意，可以整理的知识 世界各地传送很容易，那么产业的种类依赖于这些知识大多是最有可能依靠的主要是本地的来源。因此， 更多的科学论文依靠科学产业 和专利可能涉及不到那些依靠在实践中学习更多（豪厄尔斯2002年）的本地化知识外溢。制药业是前者的例证，而有些类型的工程提供了后者的例子。 第三，李鹏飞，1977年，表明研发展示交流少得多距离衰减的影响时，参与集团内部坚强的组织范围内的债券框架沟通。换句话说，多国和多站点企业日益普遍，为进一步将研究和知识（布兰克和塞拉利昂，1999年）的重要工具。一个工厂的知识和取得的资料可以比较容易地从那里转移到另一个 站点属于同一家公司。凡本是一分厂在周边地区活动，例如（费尔德曼，1999）。几项研究已经采用了这一 长途知识转移可能比任何东西更重要的从内部得到分厂的所在地。 第四，企业能够扫描的知识来源是密切相关的公司规模（豪厄尔斯2002年）。规模较大的公司将有更多的经验，研究和更多的知识能力。其结果很可能是因为当地的资源和知识外溢的依赖更小公司比大公司的一个限制因素的特点。
木易木每
1：The largest , most important family is the so-called civil-law family. 民法所指的家庭，有最大最重要之意。2: Civil-law systems are , generally speaking , “codified” systems: the basic law is set out in code. 一般而言，民法体系乃是“法典化”体系，即：其基本法律以法典呈现。3: Another influential civil code was Germany’s ,which dates from the late nineteenth century . 德国民法典发端于十九世纪晚期，为另一颇具影响力的民法典。4: Judicial review was officially recognized in 1803 by the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Marbury v.Madison .(P36) 1803年，全美最高法院对Marbury v.Madison案的一纸裁决正式认可了司法复审制度。（36页）5: Ripeness and mootness issues are related to standing and might be understood simply as standing in a time frame .(P39) 实然与未然问题关乎持续力，对其理解易流于简单的时间上的持续力。（39页）6: This means two things: the Court could ignore ripeness in a given case if it wants to get to the merits and Congress could remove ripeness as a barrier to review if it chose , by providing for review . 这便意味着两种情况：最高法院若为事功计，在具体案件上可能会撇开实然性问题；议会这方面，鉴于复议之需，如采纳实然性，则在复议时，又可能因其构成障碍而将其抛弃。7: Mootness issues arise when the redressable harm is over and the case therefore no longer presente a live controversy . 当案件的可救济型伤害已了结，因而实际纠纷也不复存在时，未然性问题便出现了。8: Executive orders and executive agreements are widely used in foreign Affairs .(P40) 行政令与行政协定在外交事务中广为采用。（40页）9: While many of the country’s most important international commitments are still made b way of the formal treaty process . 国家为数不少的至为重要的国际承诺仍是通过正式条约程序达成。10: But the President has used American troops several times in history without going to Congress for a declaration of war .(P41) 但是历史上已有几次先例，不通过议会程序宣战，总统便径行动用武力开战。（41页）11: Federalism is most visible in its limitations on actions of the states through the supremacy clause .(P42) 联邦主义在对联邦诉诸最高条款的诉讼限制上，表现最为明显。12: Similarly ,the Court has prohibited discriminatory exemptions from income taxation that a state provided for retirement pay of state and local governmental employees , but not federal employees . 各州为备付本州本地方政府而非联邦的职员退休金，所征收的收入所得税的歧视性免除，也已为最高法院所禁止。13: “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively ,to the people.” 联邦宪法未赋予联邦，也未对联邦禁止的权力，分属联邦及人民。14: Criminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishes punishments. (P74) 刑法作为部门法，界定罪，并确定刑罚。（74页）15: Criminal law includes both substantive law , which is addressed in this article . 刑法包括两类实体法，本文对此进行了阐述。16: Crimes are claeeified in many different ways 罪的分类不拘一格。17: An important classification is the division of crimes into felonies or misdemeanors . 罪的一种重要分类，是厘分轻罪与重罪。18: In other jurisdictions, crimes punishable by imprisonment for one year or more are felonies , and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors. 判决处以一年或一年以上徒刑的为重罪，处以罚款或一年以下徒刑的为轻罪。19: The crime of muder is loosely defined as the unlawful killing of a human being by a person who had an intent to kill .(P76)谋杀罪的宽泛定义为，带有致人死亡意图者非法致人死亡。（76页）
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你好 以下为本人手工制作 若有翻译得不好的地方还请多多见谅DEMAND PULLS, KNOWLEDGE AND ERANDE: SOME EVIDENCE FROM CIS 3需求拉动，知识和ERANDE（抱歉这个词真查不到）：一系来自独联体3的证据附：CIS 独联体（其他的意思和本文章的关系更小，估计就是这个意思） Although it has been shown that knowledge capital is highly concentrated in a minority of European regions, it is highly unlikely that all the knowledge required for innovation can be found within a single region.尽管众所周知，知识资本在欧洲的小部分地区高度集中，但创新所需的所有知识却绝不可能只在一个单独地区找到。附： knowledge capital 知识资本；知识资产innovation n. 革新, 创新, 改革; 新制度; 新方法; 新事物 The UK, for example, conducts some 5% of world R&D.例如英国，作了约占世界百分之五的研究与开发工作。附：R D (Research and Development) R D, 研究和开发, 公司里开发新技术的部门Thus the vast majority of all R&D is conducted not just outside any given region but outside the national economy altogether.因此，绝大多数的研究与开发工作不只是在上述地区之外完成，更是在整个国民经济之外完成的。Second, if it is accepted that codified knowledge canbe transmitted quite easily around the globe, then the kinds of industry that rely most on such knowledge are the least likely to rely on mainly local sources. 第二点，如果“编码知识在全球范围内都能便捷地传播”这件事能够（为人们）所接受的话，那么那些对此类知识依赖最多的产业则是最不可能依赖当地资源的产业。附：codified knowledge 编码知识So the more scientific industries that rely on scientific papersand patents may be involved in less localized knowledge spillovers than those that rely more on learning by doing (HOWELLS, 2002).所以，那些更加科学化的依赖于科学论文和专利的企业与那些依赖于实干而学习的企业来比，也许会更少的介入本地化的知识溢出效应。（豪尔斯，2002年） The pharmaceutical industry is an example of the former while some types of engineering provide examples of the latter. 医药工业是前者的一个例子，而一些种类的工程企业则是后者的一些例子。Third, ALLEN, 1977, showed that R&D exchanges exhibited far fewer distance decay effects when they involved intra-group communication within the framework of strong organizational bonds. 第三点，艾伦于1977年展示了当研发交流在强有力的有组织的结合框架下涉及团队内部交流时，展现出要小得多的距离衰减效应。In other words, the growing prevalence of multinational and multisite firms provides important vehicles for transferring research and knowledge (BLANC and SIERRA, 1999).换句话说，国际的和多站点的公司之日益发展之情形为传递研究成果和知识提供了重要渠道。 Knowledge and information obtained in one plant can be transferred relatively easily from there to another site belonging to the same firm.（例如）由一个工厂获得的知识和信息可以相对容易地从那里传递到另一个属于本公司的工厂。 Where this is a branch plant operating in a peripheral region, such (FELDMAN, 1999).而那里则是一个在周边地区进行操作的分支工厂。（费尔德曼，1999）。 Several studies have adopted this long distance knowledge transfers may be much more significant than anything gained from within the branch plant’s locality.一些研究已经采纳（这种观点，认为）这种长距离的知识传输也许比任何从那个分支工厂从周边地区所获得的信息还要重要得多。Fourth, the ability of companies to scan knowledge sources is strongly related to the size of the firm (HOWELLS, 2002).第四点，公司浏览审视知识资源的能力和公司的规模紧密相关。（豪厄尔斯2002年） Larger firms will have more experience of research and greater knowledge capacities. 大公司会有更多的研究经验和知识能力。As a result it may well be that reliance on local knowledge resources and spillovers is much more a small firm characteristic than a limiting factor for larger firms. 因此，对于当地知识资源和溢出的依赖很可能更是一个小公司的主要特点而非大公司的限制因素 。希望能帮到你
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