堪培拉英语介绍

Canberra堪培拉是澳大利亚的首都，一个年轻的城市。总人口32.5万人（2004）为澳洲第八。总面积2395平方公里，50%以上的面积为国家公园或保留地，在首都直辖区东北部。东北距悉尼240公里，西南距墨尔本500公里，人口30万。城市位于澳大利亚山脉区的开阔谷地上。海拔760米。莫朗格洛河横贯市区，西流入马兰比吉河。原为牧羊地，1913年按规划始建，1927年联邦政府从墨尔本迁此。全国政治中心。银行、饭店和公共服务业为主要经济部门。有铁路连接各大城市。有国立堪培拉大学和国立图书馆。市区西南有宇宙航行跟踪站。旅游业甚盛。气候温和，四季分明，全年降雨量平均，四季都有阳光普照的日子。堪培拉的城市设计十分新颖，环形及放射状道路将行政、商业、住宅区有机地分开。城市中心的格里芬湖喷泉，即为纪念库克船长上岸200周年而建的“库克船长纪念喷泉”（CAPTAIN COOK MEMORIAL JET）水柱高达 140 米，极为壮观。全城树木苍翠，鲜花四季，每年九月，堪培拉都举办花节，以数十万株花迎接春天的到来，被誉为 " 大洋洲的花园城市 " 。

Canberra (/ˈkænb(ə)rə/ or /kænˈbɛrə/)[4] is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), 280 km (170 mi) south-west of Sydney, and 660 km (410 mi) north-east ofMelbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a "Canberran".The site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nation's capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australia's two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being an entirelyplanned city outside of any state, similar to the American Federal District of Columbia. Following an international contest for the city's design, a blueprint by the Chicago architects Walter Burley Griffin andMarion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913.[5] The Griffins' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory.The city's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the "bush capital". The growth and development of Canberra were hindered by the World Wars and the Great Depression, which exacerbated a series of planning disputes and the ineffectiveness of a procession of bodies that were created in turn to oversee the development of the city. The national capital emerged as a thriving city after World War II, as Prime Minister Robert Menzies championed its development and the National Capital Development Commission was formed with executive powers. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the federal government retains some influence through theNational Capital Authority.As the seat of the government of Australia, Canberra is the site of Parliament House, the High Court and numerous government departments and agencies. It is also the location of many social and cultural institutions of national significance, such as the Australian War Memorial, Australian National University, Australian Institute of Sport,National Gallery, National Museum and the National Library. The Australian Army's officer corps are trained at theRoyal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital.The ACT, like Washington, D.C. in the United States, is independent of any state, to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Federal power. Unlike Washington, however, the ACT has voting representation in the Federal Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states.As the city has a high proportion of public servants, the federal government contributes the largest percentage of Gross State Product and is the largest single employer in Canberra. As the seat of government, the unemployment rate is lower and the average income higher than the national average, while property prices are relatively high, in part due to comparatively restricted development regulations. Tertiary education levels are higher, while the population is younger.堪培拉（英语：Canberra 发音为 /ˈkænbᵊrə/, /ˈkænbɛrə/ [2]），当地华人称为“坎京”，是澳大利亚联邦首都。它是澳大利亚最大的内陆城市，人口超过36.7万人，在澳大利亚所有城市里排名第八。它座落于澳大利亚首都领地北端，距离澳大利亚东岸两大都会城市悉尼和墨尔本分别为280公里和660公里。[3]澳大利亚联邦1908年决定在悉尼和墨尔本两大城市之间的折中地理位置定都，即今天的堪培拉。它是澳大利亚少数全城规划兴建的规划城市，1913年动工，总体规划由美国芝加哥建筑师华特·贝理·格里芬和玛丽恩·马奥尼·格里芬夫妇设计。格里芬夫妇的设计在当时的全球设计竞赛中脱颖而出，结合圆形、六边形、三角形等几何图案，并以以首都领地的地形特色为主轴打造而成。城市的设计受到花园城市运动影响，抛掉以公园作为点缀的旧有观念，将许多重要区域直接融入天然植被，因而享有“天然首都”美誉。然而，堪培拉的发展之初便面临到第一次世界大战和经济大恐慌，计划歧见剧增、都市发展速度大幅下滑。二次大战结束后，在总理罗伯特·孟席斯倡议下，国家首都发展委员会成立，统筹堪培拉的发展，堪培拉开始以新兴首都之姿蓬勃发展。澳大利亚首都领地现属自治领地，同时兼负州级政府和堪培拉地方政府的职责，但部分权力仍由联邦政府的国家首都局掌控。作为澳大利亚政治中心，堪培拉城内建有澳大利亚国会大厦、澳大利亚高等法院和众多其他政府部门与外交机关。它也是许多全国性社会和文化机构的所在地，例如澳大利亚战争纪念馆、澳大利亚国立大学、澳大利亚体育学会、澳大利亚国立美术馆、澳大利亚国立博物馆及澳大利亚国家图书馆。澳大利亚军队总部，以及主要军事教育机构邓特伦皇家军事学院和澳大利亚国防学院也设在堪培拉。堪培拉居民人口以公务人员居冠，失业率、平均收入皆优于国家平均值，物价也相对偏高，其部分原因是由于相对受限的发展规定。联邦政府是堪培拉最大的单一雇主，同时在领地生产总值占了最高贡献比例。堪培拉的高等教育水平较高，境内人口结构也较年轻。