yaodabian0214
随着科学技术的飞速发展和全球化进程的不断加快,科普 文章 在向社会大众普及科学技术知识,提高公众科学素养等方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。下面是我带来的科普类英语文章,欢迎阅读!
科普类英语文章
生物与环境平衡的危机
The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
During the past quarter century this power has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells. "Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation," as a scientist has said.
It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth. Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.
The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the synthetic5 creations of man’s inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.
To adjust to these chemicals would require not merely the years of a man’s life but the life of generations. And even this, were it by some miracle possible, would be futile, for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid 1940’s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, and other organisms described as "pests."
It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never be used. I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge. I contend, furthermore, that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil, water, wildlife, and man himself. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life.
地球上生命的历史一直就是一部生物与其环境相互作用的历史。在很大程度上,地球上动植物的形态以及习性都是由外部环境所塑造的。考虑到地球上生命存在的整个时间,相反作用,即生命对其周围环境的实际改变作用,却相对很小。只有在当前这个世纪(指20世纪)才有一个物种--人类,获得了强大的力量,改变了其所生存的世界的自然状态。
在过去的1/4世纪中,这种力量不仅日趋强大,而且其性质也发生了变化。在人类破坏环境的种种行为中,最令人担忧的是人类向大气、土壤、河流以及海洋中排放危险甚至致命物质,而当今这种污染在很大程度上是无法挽救的。在当今这种对环境的普遍污染中,化学制品与辐射狼狈为奸,改变着地球的自然状态,也就是改变着地球上生命的自然状态。喷洒到农田、森林或者花园里的化学物质长期滞留于土壤中,渗入有机体内,并彼此相传,形成了一个中毒与死亡的链条。化学物质还神秘地通过地下水传递,最终以新的形式出现并结合,使植物毒死,牲畜害病,并使饮用一度纯净的井水的人遭受了不明之害。正如一位科学家所言:“人类甚至对自己创造的恶魔都不认识。”
地球历经了许多亿年才创造了栖息其上的生命。经过了一定时间--不是以若干年计而是以若干千年计的时间--生命开始适应环境,并形成了一种与环境的平衡。但是在现代世界中,时间这一因素已经没有了。
环境改变的速度不再顺从大自然从容不迫的节奏,而是顺从人类急切匆匆的步伐。辐射是当今人类通过支配原子而得到的一种非自然的创造物。化学制品则是人类有发明创造力的头脑创造出来的合成物,在自然界本无相应的东西。
为了适应这些化学制品,人类需要付出的时间不会只是一个人一生的时间,而是几代人的时间。而即使这样,就算出现奇迹成为可能,这种适应也是徒劳的,因为新的化学制品从我们的实验室中源源不断地涌出。仅在美国,每年就有大约500种化学制品投入使用,其中许多是用于人类对自然的战争中。从20世纪40年代中期起,人类已经创造了200多种基本化学制品用来消灭昆虫、野草以及其他所谓的“有害生物”。
我不是说人类决不能使用化学杀虫剂。我要说的是,我们不分青红皂白地将这些有毒的、具有强大生物功能的化学制品,交给了那些对这些制品的潜在危害基本上或者完全无知的人去使用。我们使众多的人接触这些有毒物质,却没有征得他们的同意,并常常将他们蒙在鼓中。我还要说的一点是,我们允许使用这些化学制品,却事先很少或者根本没有调查它们对土壤、水、野生生物以及人类自身造成的影响。我们缺乏对万物赖以生存的自然界生态统一的关心,对此,我们的后代是不可能原谅的。
科普类英语文章
基因技术能否使人更聪明?Get Smart
Many people dream of having a smarter brain. Princeton neurobiologist Joseph Z. Tsien found the key. In September he announced that he’d built a better mouse by altering a gene that affects learning and memory. A similar process of gene manipulation might conceivably be used one day to boost intelligence in humans.
The secret lies in a feature of brain cells called the nmda receptor, which Tsien likens[1] to a cylindrical tube or window that mediates[2] the flow of information. When the window is open, chemicals called neurotransmitters flow through easily and memory is registered and stored. But as organisms mature, the window begins to close. (This may explain why children lose their facility for learning new languages when they reach sexual maturity and why some people suffer memory loss as they age.)
Tsien noticed that the receptor worked more efficiently when teamed[3] with the gene NR2B, so he introduced extra NR2B genes into a batch of fertilized mouse eggs. In a normal mouse, the memory window is open for just 150-thousandths of a second. In Tsien’s specially engineered mice, the window opens for 250-thousandths of a second, long enough to make a remarkable difference in memory retention. When he pitted[4] his mice against common mice, they won paws down. Ordinary mice could recognize a Lego block for 12 hours, but smart mice could remember the block for up to three days. "That’s a profound enhancement," Tsien says.
Can it be done with humans? Maybe, but genetic engineering will have to make some extraordinary advances first. And some thorny ethical issues will have to be resolved. Meanwhile, Tsien promises to keep his furry little geniuses locked up in a lab, far from your larder. "Otherwise," he says, "you might need a smart cat or a smart mousetrap to catch them."
许多人都希望自己能变成更聪明。普林斯顿神经生物学家Joseph Z. Tsien就找到了这把开启智慧之门的钥匙:他于九月宣布,通过改变影响学习和记忆能力的基因培养出了一只聪明的老鼠。类似的基因处理技术有望在未来日子里运用到人脑,以推动人类智慧的飞跃。
该技术的奥秘就在于名为nmda感受器的脑细胞的功能。Tsien将其比作一个传递信息流的圆柱通道或窗口。当窗口开放时,某种称为神经传递素的化学物质就能轻易流过,记忆因此登记并存储了下来。然而,当器官成熟时,这扇窗口就开始关闭。(这也能解释为何 儿童 长大后(性器官成熟之时)会失去掌握新语言的能力,以及为何某些人年老时会患失忆)。
Tsien注意到,当感受器与名为NR2B的基因协作时效率会更高。因此,他将NR2B基因植入一批老鼠的受精卵中。一只普通老鼠的记忆之窗仅开放千分之150秒。而经Tsien植入基因的老鼠,记忆之窗能开放千分之250秒,这已经能够使其 记忆力 发生惊人的改变。当他让自己的老鼠与普通老鼠互斗时,它们竟能轻而易举地取胜。普通老鼠能够保留关于Lego block的记忆12小时,而聪明的老鼠居然能将记忆保持三天。“这可是一个意义深远的进步。”Tsien这样说。
那么,人类也能接受这种基因移植吗? 或许可以,但前提是基因工程得首先做出非凡的成就,还必须解决一系列棘手的伦理问题。Tsien保证他一定会将那些披着毛皮的小天才锁入实验室,远离人们的食品柜。“否则,”他说,“为了捉住他们,人们就不得不去寻找更聪明的猫或者功能更强的捕鼠器了。”
科普类英语文章
食用转基因食品安全吗?Food Safe To Eat?
Traditional plant breeding involve s crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally.For example,disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties.This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.
Genetic engineering(GE)involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other.GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species――e.g.putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes.It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene,even when it is in maize DNA,will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin――but what other effects may it have in this alien environment?We are already seeing this problem――adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow――but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed,which was entirely unpredictable.
It will be obvious,for example,that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA――but what side-effect would it have?In other words,is GM food safe to eat?The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out.
Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests.Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for10weeks before being approved.There was no requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing,for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people.
The current position of the UK Government is that“ There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.”In the US,the American Food and Drug Administration is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods.
传统的植物培育 方法 ,是依照植物自然杂交的方式,进行相同物种的人工杂交。比如,抗病小麦同高产小麦杂交,形成了一种具有双重特性的新的小麦品种。这种自然的基因交换既安全,又具有相当的可预见性。
基因工程是在彼此毫无关系的物种之间,相互交换在自然条件下无法交换的基因。它可在有巨大差异的物种之间进行基因交换。比如,将蝎子毒素基因注入玉米,或者将鱼防冻基因注入西红柿。即使在玉米DNA中,蝎子毒素基因依然可能获得有机组织产生蝎子毒素。但是在这种异质的环境中,这种基因产品会有什么其他作用吗?我们实际上已经发现这个问题:将人类生长荷尔蒙基因植入猪的体内,一定会使猪的生长加速,但是同时也使猪患上了关节炎和内斜视,而这一切是完全无法预测的。
打个比方,人类的智力基因显而易见在人体DNA内和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。但将它植入卷心菜中会产生什么样的副作用呢?换句话说,食用转基因食品安全吗?没有人知道答案,因为人们尚未进行长期的测试。
在英国或者美国,一个公司如果希望其转基因产品获得批准,它必须向管理机构提供本公司转基因产品安全测试的结果。Monsanto的大豆在获得批准之前,曾用了10周时间进行喂鱼试验。目前,尚无要求对转基因产品进行独立测试、长期测试、人体测试,或者就其对儿童及过敏者所造成的特定危险进行测试。
英国政府目前的态度是:“尚无证据表明食用转基因食品存在长期性的危险。”在美国,人们正在起诉美国食品药品管理局掩盖转基因食品安全性的研究结果,这些研究结果表明,食用转基因食品可能导致危险。
嘚啵嘚啵的sissi
1. 知识小拓展英文 知识小拓展英文 1.以我们需要拓展知识为题写一篇英语作文 Bud in mankind's wisdom, from ancient to highly civilized contemporary, every social progress. All show the great role of knowledge. Advances in knowledge, and promote the historical development, and promote human civilization. Knowledge is power! At present, the world's such a popular saying: look at a country and a nation is prosperous, strong, prosperous, will depend on the country, the people of this nation's level of cultural knowledge. I think that this is not unreasonable. Even if a country is still not enough well-off, but as long as it is the wisdom of the people, there is emphasis on traditional knowledge, it can be asserted: the country has good prospects. And if a country and a nation are very rich, but to support a group of "ignorant and inpetent" and followers, the result must be tragic. It will gradually decline. The reason why the Tang Dynasty in the history of the formation of "Kaiyuan Spirit" and prosperity. In addition to the emperor's open, the main reason is that at that time all walks of life to the full development of science and technology. Domestic talents, national strength,Four Seas. In ancient times, thunder and lightning storms and other natural phenomena have been regarded as acts of God. During drought, and the people on the pig. Brought to the altar, bowed pray, take orders from a Taoist priest called Feng Huan Yu. Today, these seem to be too foolish ridiculous, but it is not knowledge but an inevitable result. Now that we have scientific knowledge, with artificial rainfall approach, even if the event of a severe drought, crops can be grown still good. "God" can not in our neck of the card. Man will triumph over nature, that is because people have the knowledge. This shows that the country's prosperity, is inseparable from the rich and powerful knowledge. 2.知识扩展 用英语怎么说 turn on the puter;switch on the puter turn the puter on; switch the puter on 说明: 1. “打开(电器、开关),接通(电源)”可以用turn on, 也可以用switch on。又如:she turned/ switched on the electric kettle. 她开了电热水壶。 2. turn on和switch on都是由“动词 + 副词”构成的动词短语,使用时要注意宾语的位置:名词宾语既可以放在短语中间,也可以放在短语的后面;但是人称代词作宾语时,只能放在短语中间。又如:she turned/ switched the electric kettle on. 她开了电热水壶。after fixing up the tv, he turned/switched it on. 电视机修好后,他打开了电视。(本句中的it只能放在副词on的前面) 3.英语趣味小知识 趣味英语小知识 a)Ten animals I slam in a . 我把十只动物一网打尽 你注意到这句话有什么特别之处吗?对了,无论从左到右,还是从右到左,字母排列顺序都是一样的,英语把这叫做Palindromes 回文(指顺读和倒读都一样的词语),关于动物的回文还有以下的例子 Otto saw pup ; pup was Otto. (奥托看见了小狗,小狗的名字叫奥托) Was it a car or a cat I saw ? Was it a rat I saw ? (我刚才看见的是条老鼠?) b)the bee's knees 又来形容最好的至高无上的东西。 [例] She is a very poor singer but she thinks she's the bee's knees. (她五音不全却自认为是高高在上的一流歌手。) 该表现起源于20年代的美国,仅仅因为bee's 和 knees押韵,琅琅上口,迅速得到流传,直到现在, 还在日常生活非正式场合的对话中经常使用。 和时间有关的英语趣味小知识(一)时间是金,其值无价 Time is money. (时间就是金钱或一寸光阴一寸金) Time flies. (光阴似箭,日月如梭) Time has wings. (光阴去如飞) Time is a file that wears and makes no noise. (光阴如锉,细磨无声) Time stays not the fool's leisure. (时间不等闲逛的傻瓜) Time and I against any two. (和时间携起手来,一人抵两人) Time is life and when the idle man kills time, he kills himself. (时间就是生命,懒人消耗时间就是消耗自己的生命。或时间就是生命,节省时间,就是延长生命) Time spent in vice or folly is doubly lost. (消磨于恶习或愚行的时间是加倍的损失) (二)时间是风,去而不返 Time undermines us. (光阴暗中催人才。 或莫说年纪小人生容易老) Time and tide wait for no man. (岁月不待人) Time cannot be won again. (时间一去不再来) Time is , time was , and time is past. (现在有时间,过去有时间,时间一去不复返) Time lost can not be recalled. (光阴一去不复返) Time flies like an arrow , and time lost never returns. (光阴似箭,一去不返) (三)时间是尺,万物皆检 Time tries friends as fire tries gold. (时间考验朋友,烈火考验黄金) Time tries truth. (时间检验真理) Time is the father of truth. (时间是真理之父) Time will tell. (时间能说明问题) Time brings the truth to light. (时间使真相大白。或时间一到,真理自明。) Time and chance reveal all secrets. (时间与机会能提示一切秘密) Time consecrates: what is gray with age bees religion. (时间考验一切,经得起时间考验的就为人所信仰) Time reveals(discloses) all things. (万事日久自明) Time tries all. (时间检验一切) (四)时间是秤,衡量权质 There is no time like the present. (现在正是时候) Take time by the forelock. (把握目前的时机) To choose time is to save time. (选择时间就是节省时间) Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today. (今日事,今日毕) Procrastination is the thief of time. (拖延为时间之窃贼) One of these days is none of these days. (拖延时日,终难实现。或:改天改天,不知哪天) Tomorrow never es. (明天无尽头,明日何其多) What may be done at any time will be done at no time. (常将今日推明日,推到后来无踪迹) (五)时间是水,淘金流沙 Time works wonders. (时间可以创造奇迹或时间的效力不可思议) Time works great changes. (时间可以产生巨大的变化) Times change. (时代正在改变) 英语趣味小知识(2)——你会犯这样的错误吗? 你会犯这样的错误吗? 英语有时候真是莫名其妙,你觉得你明明懂了,可实际上你又没有懂。 所以,今天我想讲几件轶事,都是因为没有理解听到看到的东西而闹出的笑话。也许,从他们的经验中,你也可以学到一些东西。 第一个故事发生在秘鲁,一位美国妇女在餐馆里用餐。她问服务员: Excuse me. Where could I wash my hands? 服务员把她带到洗手间,可不巧,正有一些工人在粉刷洗手间的墙壁。 工人们一看有人要用洗手间,就准备离开。服务员拦住他们,说: That's Ok. Stay. She only wants to wash her hands. 在英语里,wash my hands实际上是上厕所的委婉说法。 那个服务员按照字面意思理解,结果闹了笑话。 还有一次,一个留学生在国外的学校第一天上学,心里又兴奋又紧张。 一个美国人见到一张新面孔,为了表示友好,就问: Hi! What's the good word? 留学生一听到这个,立刻傻眼了,他想, My God! I don't know the good word. I've studied English for years, but no one told me about the good word! 他犹豫再三,想,反正我也不知道,就问问他好了。于是他吞吞吐吐地问: Hello. What's the good word? 老美听了,很随意地说: Oh, not much. 这下,这个留学生就更吃惊了! 原来,What's the good word? 在美语里,是一句问候语,意思是“你还好吗?”但问话的人并不指望你把遇到的高兴的事情都一一告诉他,只是打个招呼而已。 但这个留学生以为对方真的在问什么是Good word,所以闹了笑话,不过还好,也算给他歪打正着了。 下面的故事就更有意思了。 一次,一个美国公司的管理人。 4.有什么英语趣味知识 西方人眼中的数字 生活中的数字(number)无处不在,但有写数字带有固定的象征意义。 由于中西方国家文化背景和风俗习惯的不同,它的意义和用法也有很大的差异,听我来介绍一下吧。就像咱们中国人(Chinese)偏爱数字8(eight)和6(six),忌讳4(four)一样,西方人认为3(three)和7(seven)是大吉大利的数字,会给人带来幸福和快乐。 西方文化认为世界(the world)是由大地(land),海洋(sea)与天空(sky)三者合成的;大自然由动物(animal),植物(plant)和矿物构成,所以他们就特别喜欢3这个数字。但是西方人认为13 (thirteen)是个不祥的数字。 重大活动不安排在13号,请客避免13人入席,电影院里没有第13排和13号座位。这是因为耶稣受难的前夜,和12个门徒共进晚餐,师徒13人中出现了一个叛徒犹大,因此,信奉基督教的民族都认为13是个不祥的数字。 国家的奥秘 拓展孩子对英美文化和历史的了解,本期学科学习给您和孩子提供了这方面的内容,欢迎查看!“英国”的种种表达:英国的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland),简称为联合王国,缩写为the U.K. 。英国由两个大岛组成,一个是大不列颠,另一个是爱尔兰岛北部。 大不列颠由威尔士(Wales),英格兰(England)和苏格兰(Scotland)三部分组成,其中英格兰面积最大,人口最多,所以人们谈起英国的时候常常称之为England或者Britain。国家名称和大写字母 大家一定都知道我们的祖国的英语名称是China吧!但是提到PRC,可能很多同学就不知道了,其实PRC也是中国的意思!在英语中,为了使用方便,很多国家名称都可以用几个简单的大写字母来代替,如: PRC =the People's Republic of China中国(中华人民共和国) CAN = Canada 加拿大 US = USA = the United States of America 美国(美利坚合众国) UK = the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)英国(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国) 大写字母不仅能代表国家名称的缩略形式,还有许多的用途,例如:厕所WC;世界贸易组织WTO;光盘CD等。 大家不妨搜集一下,把这些有意义的大写字母都放在一起,好好领略领略大写字母的魅力吧! 西方的进餐礼仪 欧美国家(country)的餐桌大多是长方形的,男主人(host)坐在桌子的一端,女主人(hostess)坐在另一端,通常安排座位时要尽量避免两位男宾或两位女宾并坐在一起。 就餐时,身体(body)要坐得端正,身体和餐桌间距离以能使用刀(knife)、叉(fork)、匙(spoon)和饮食方便为度,手臂不要放在桌上,也不要张开妨碍别人。 餐巾只用于擦嘴(mouth)和手(hands),切不可用来擦拭餐具和擦鼻涕、擦汗。用餐完毕后收起餐巾放在盘子(plate)右方。 使用knife, fork和spoon时,不要弄出声音,不用时,也不要用手摆弄刀叉玩。当一道菜吃完,或不想再吃时,就把刀和叉并排放在一起,刀叉的柄朝自己胸部。 如未吃完,只是为了谈话暂时停吃,就把刀叉摆成“八”字形,这样服务员就不会把盘子收走。 女主人通常是主持整个宴会(party)的主人,大家注意她的动作。 入席时,特别是小型宴会,一般总要等女宾先坐下后,男宾才坐下。男宾最好还要帮邻座的女宾拉椅子。 上菜后,一般要等女主人动手吃后,客人们(guests)才吃。宴会结束时,也由她领头离席。 西方的进餐礼仪还有很多呢,学习英语时老师也会给孩子讲到相关内容。如果有机会和孩子一起吃西餐,或者其他正餐时,何不提醒孩子注意这些餐桌礼仪呢,让孩子变得更礼貌,更文雅。 在美国打的 你经常打的吗?Do you often take a taxi? 那么你们知道在美国“打的”的规矩吗?俗话说: “When in Rome, do as Romans do.”(入乡随俗), 所以我们也要知道一些人家的风俗。In America, if you sit ahead when you take a taxi,the driver will be very happy. 在美国,如果你坐在车前座上,司机会很高兴,他会一路上与你谈笑风生。 But if you sit at the back, the driver will not say a word to you. 但是,如果你坐在后座上,司机则跟你一句话也不说。即便你主动搭讪,人家也爱搭不理的。 原来啊,如果你坐在前面,说明你把司机当作了朋友;你若坐在了后面,便表明对方成了纯粹为你服务的司机,你们就是雇佣关系了。现在人们往往还是寻求金钱(money)以外的尊重(respect)与友谊(friendship),这看上去虽然只是个座位的问题,但却体现了人与人之间的尊重。 所以啊,如果您有机会在美国打的“take a taxi”,可要记得坐在前面啊!猫猫的万种风情 1. fat cat 肥猫,指“为竞选出钱的富翁;享有特权或谋取特权的人;有钱有势的人,大亨。” 2. cool cat 酷猫,指“时髦人(尤指嗜好冷爵士乐的人);嗜好摇滚乐的人;做出孤傲冷漠的样子的人”。 3. hepcat 迷恋爵士乐的猫,指“爵士(或摇摆舞)音乐迷;爵士(或摇摆舞)乐队乐师。 4. copy cat 好模仿的猫,指“盲目的模仿者(通常为儿童之间的用语)”。 5. hell cat 好发脾气的猫,指“泼妇,巫婆”。关于hell cat 是巫婆的说法要追溯到中世纪,那是迷信的人认为魔鬼撒。 5.“而且这样还能扩展课外知识"用英文怎么说 而且这样还能扩展课外知识"用英文怎么说 (1) What's more, Doing so can also expand extra-curriculum knowledge (2) Furthermore, This also enable the extracurriculum knowledge to be enlarged (3) Besides, Doing like this can also get the extracurriculum knoweldge expanded /extended/ broadened 6.它还可以拓展学生的知识面 用英语怎么说 它还可以拓展学生的知识面。 英文翻译:It can also expand the scope of knowledge of the students. 重点词汇释义: 拓展:expand; continuation; prolongation 学生:student; pupil; disciple; follower; scholastic 知识面:scope of knowledge 7.求英语知识点归纳 短语、词组归纳] 由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。 复习时应分类处理: 一、动词+介词 1.look at…看…, look like … 看上去像……, look after …照料… 2.listen to…听…… 3.wele to…欢迎到…… 4.say hello to …向……问好 5.speak to…对……说话 此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。 二、动词+副词 “动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类: A.动词(vt.)+副词 1.put on 穿上 2.take off脱下 3.write down记下 此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。 B.动词(vi)+副词。 1e on赶快 2.get up起床 3.go home回家 4e in进来 5.sit down坐下 6.stand up起立 此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。 三、其它类动词词组 1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games [介词短语聚焦] “介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。 1.in+语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着……。 2.in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。 3.in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。 4.in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。 5.in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。 6.in the wall表示“在墙上(凹陷进去)”;on the wall表示“在墙上(指墙的表面)”。 7.at work(在工作)/at school(上学)/at home(在家)应注意此类短语中无the。 8.at + 时刻表示钟点。 9.like this/that表示方式,意为“像……这/那样”。 10.of短语表示所属关系。 11.behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等,表示方位、处所。 12.from与to多表示方向,前者意为“从……”,后者意为“到……”。 另外,以下这些短语也必须掌握。如:on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one's bike等。 [重点句型大回放] 1.I think…意为“我认为……”,是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don't think…, 2.give sth. to *** ./ give *** . sth. 意为“把……给……”,动词give之后可接双宾语,可用这两种句型;若指物的宾语是人称代词时,则只能用give it/ them to *** . 3.take *** ./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”,后常接地点,也可接人。 4.One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……;另一个是……”,必须是两者中。 5.Let *** . do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”,人后应用不带to的动词不定式,其否定式为Don't let *** ,do sth.,或Let *** . not do sth. 另外,Let's 与Let us的含义不完全相同,前者包括听者在内,后者不包括听者在内, 6.help *** . (to) do sth./help *** . with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”,前者用不定式作宾补,后者用介词短语作宾补,二者可以互换. 7.What about…?/How about…?意为“……怎么样?”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。 about为介词,其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。 8.It's time to do…/ It's time for sth. 意为“该做……的时间了”,其中to后须接原形动词,for后可接名词或V-ing形式。 9.like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”, 前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作;后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作, 10.ask *** .(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”,其中ask *** .后应接动词不定式, 11.show *** . sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”,该句型的用法同前面第2点。 12.introduce *** . to *** . 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”;introduce to *** .则是“向某人作介绍”。 [重点短语快速复习] 1.kinds of 各种各样的 2. either…or…或者……或者……,不是……就是…… 3. neither…nor…既不……也不…… 4. Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国清茶 5. take a seat 就坐 6. home cooking 家常做法 7. be famous for 因……而著名 8. on ones way to在……途中 9. be sick/ill in hospital生病住院 10. at the end of在……的尽头,在……的末尾 11. wait for 等待 12. in time 及时 13. make one's way to…往……(艰难地)走去 14. just then 正在那时 15. first of all 首先,第一 16. go wrong 走错路 17. be/get lost 迷路 18. make a noise 吵闹,喧哗 19. get on 上车 20. get off 下车 21. stand in line 站队 22. waiting room 候诊室,候车室 23. at the head of……在……的前头 24. laugh at 嘲笑 25. throw about 乱丢,抛散 26. in fact 实际上 27. at midnight 在半夜 28. have a good time=enjoy oneself玩得愉快 29. quarrel with *** . 和某人吵架 30. take one's temperature 给某人体温 31. have/get a pain in…某处疼痛 32. have a headache 头痛 33. as soon as… 一……就…… 34. feel like doing sth. 想要干某事 35. stop…from doing sth. 阻止……干某事 36. fall asleep 入睡 37. again and again再三地,反复地 38. wake up 醒来,叫醒 39. instead of 代替 40. look 。 8.20条有趣的英语小知识 1、According to a research project at Cambridge Uiversity, it doesn't matter what order the letters in a word are, the only important thing is that the first and last letter be in the right place. This is because the human mind does not read every letter。 剑桥大学的研究表明:单词中字母的顺序如何不重要,重要的是第一个和最后一个字母的位置。这是因为大脑在阅读时不会读到所有字母。 2、'WAS IT A CAR OR A CAT I SAW'. This is the only English sentence which even if we read in reverse, it'll give the same sentence。 (我看到的是一辆车还是一只猫)这是英语中唯一一句反过来念还是一样的句子。 3、"Goodbye" came from "God bye" which came from "God be with you"。 英语单词“Goodbye”来自于“God bye”,原意是“上帝与你同在”。 4、The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog."uses every letter of the alphabet! (这只敏捷的棕色狐狸跳过了一只懒狗)这句话用到了字母表中的所有字母! 5、"Go", is the shortest plete sentence in the English language。 “Go”是英语中最短的完整句子。 6、The onion is named after the Latin word 'unio' meaning large pearl。 单词“onion”(洋葱)来自于拉丁词“unio”,意思是大珍珠。 7、The word Tips is actually an acronym standing for 'To Insure Prompt Service'。 单词“tips”(小费)实际上是“To Insure Prompt Service”(保障快捷的服务)的首字母缩写! 8、The phrase 'rule of thumb' is derived from and old English law which stated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than your thumb。 词组“rule of thumb”(经验法则),是从一条古老的英国法律中来的,即:不能用超过大拇指粗细的东西打老婆。 9、The longest word in the English language ! 英语中最长的单词是“”(硅酸盐沉着病)! 10、More people in China speak English than in the United States。 会说英语的中国人比会说英语的美国人还多。 11、The word "listen" contains the same letters as"silent"。 单词“listen”(听)和“silent”(安静的)用到了一样的字母。 12、Hoover vacuum cleaners were so popular in the UK that many people now refer to vacuuming as hoovering。 胡佛真空吸尘器在英国曾经非常流行,到现在很多人还把“vacuuming”(吸尘)说成“hoovering”(胡佛ing…)。 13、Stressed is Desserts spelled backwards。 “Stressed”(压力)倒过来拼就是“Desserts”(点心)。 14、The most used letter in the English alphabet is 'E', and'Q' is the least used! 英语中使用最多的字母是“E”,用得最少的是“Q”。 15、Ernest Vincent Wright wrote a novel, "Gad *** y", whichcontains over 50,000 words -- none of them with the letter E!。
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