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高中英语语法：介词的分类
介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。
介词分为三种，一种是简单介词，如 at, in, on, beside, to , for 等;另一种是短语介词，即由两个以上的词组组成的短语，in front of, because of, out of, instead 如 of 等;还有一种二重介词，如 until after, from behind 等。
(一) 介词的句法功能
介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当 一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、
物、事件等之间的关系。
1、 作定语： The book on the table is mine.
2、 作状语： have breakfast at seven. We (表时间)They were late for meeting because of the heavy ; rain.(表原因) ;They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)
3、 作表语： My dictionary is in the bag.
4、 作宾语补足语： I found him in the office.
(二) 1.表示时间的介词
(1) in表示“在某一时间段”或“在某一时候”，如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面，或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。in也可以指“在……之后”，表示从说话起的若干时间内。
如： in July/summer/2000/ancient times
The bus will be here in ten minutes.
(2) on表示“在特定的某一天”，也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如：on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st
(3) at表示“在某一时间点”，或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。
如：at six o'clock, at Easter
(4) over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。
如：Stay over the Christmas.
(5) for与since：for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度，为“长达……”之意;since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间;含有since时间短语的句子要用完成时，但含有for时间短语的句子不一定要用完成时。
如：I have been there for six years.
We have not seen each other since 1993.
(6) during指“在……时期/时间内”，必须接表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。
如：She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.
2.表示地点的介词
(1) above, below，over, under，on, on top of, beneath, underneath: above和below分别表示“高于”和“低于”的意思，不一定指垂直方向上的上下;over和under分别表示垂直方向上的'上下或高低;on/on top of和beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三组介词互为反义词。
如：The temple stands on top of the hill.
The pen is beneath the book.
There is a lamp on the desk.
(2) at, on, in：at指小地点或集会场合;on表示线或面上的位置;in表示在立体、区域或环境内，特别是那些较大，能够容纳相应事物的环境。
如：He works at Peking University.
Your radio is on the desk.
He's sitting in the sun.
(3) between与among：between用来说明“在……两者之间”或“三个以上人或事物中的每两者之间的相互关系”;among用来说明“在……三者以上之间”的相互关系;among可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系。
如：There is a small river between the two villages.
The book is the best among these modern novels.
The relations between various countries are very important.
3.表示原因的介词
(1) for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。
如：They will reward you for your help.
(2) from和out of常常表示动机或原因;through表示消极或间接的原因。
如：He feels weak from lack of sleep.
He broke down through overwork.
4.表示目的的介词
for和to都可以引导目的地。for表示拟定的接收人或目的，for跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后，如：leave, set out, start, depart, sail等;to表示实际的接收人或目的，to跟在含有方向性的动词后。
如：go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。
如：We have left for Hong Kong.
He flew to America via Hong Kong.
5.表示“关于……”的介词
一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体;on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中;of用于动词talk, read, know, hear等的后面。
如：What are you talking about?in terms of natural resources
6.表示原料的介词
of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质;from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质。
如：His house was built of brick.
He made these toys out of old cigar-boxes.
Steel is made from iron.
7.表示价格的介词
at和for都可表示价格，at仅表示价格;for还表示“交换”。
如：Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here.
I bought it for five pounds.
花花绿绿2014
1介词的搭配与选择
介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分，而需要与其后面的宾语相结合，成为介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。所以选用什么介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定。但是，有时介词也受其前面用词的限制，因此，许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词选用相应的介词。
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2介词的语法功能
介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分，构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一个介词的宾语，间或作主语等。
例如：
The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel.(定语)
Her eyes were tired from long reading.(状语)
The decision is of great importance to me.(表语)
They found the machine in a bad state.(宾语补足语)
A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.(介词宾语)
On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.(主语)
3介词的分类
介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前，表示词语之间意义关系的词类。 英语常用的介词大致可分为四类：
1.简单介词
顾名思义，简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介词，也是使用最频繁的一类介词。简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、分词、名词、连词等转变而来。常用的简单介词有：
at，about，above，across，after，among， against，before，behind，below，beside，between，beyond，but，despite，during，except，for，in，of，on，over，near，past， round，since，through，till，until，with，up等。
2.合成介词
指由介词+其它介词或副词构成的介词。常用的合成介词有：
inside，into，onto， outside，throughout，towards，within，without等。
3.二重介词
指由两个单一的介词并列在一起，作为一个介词使用并表达一个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有：
from among，from behind，from under，until /till after等。
4.短语介词
指由介词+介词、介词+名词、介词+分词、介词+动词、介词+形容词、介词+副词等构成的短语.常用的有：
according to， along with，in front of，by means of，in spite of，together with，with regard to等。短语介词与介词短语不同。介词短语是由介词加宾语构成，本身可作句子成分，如定语或状语等，可单独使用;而短语介词是用作介词的短语，不可独立使用，本身不能作句子成分，后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等。
4介词的宾语
介词的宾语可以是名词、代词或其他词类或句子等。例如：
名词：The car ran into a wall，and two men were killed.
代词：Wherever he went，he carried the photo with him.
形容词：Your plan is far from perfect.
副词：I can't see the tower clearly from here.She came from afar.
动名词：He entered the room without taking off his hat.
不定式：He did nothing but cry.
介词短语：She often studies till after midnight.
数词：In nine out often he won't come.
疑问词+不定式：The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle.
疑问词引导从句：He does not care about who will be promoted.
that引导的从句：Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak.
5介词短语的句法功能
1.作定语
The key to the door is missing.
2.作表语
As we know, Japanis to the east of China.
3.作状语
1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (时间状语)
2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地点状语)
3)All the work must be done by hand. (方式状语)
6介词的复合结构
1. 介词+宾语+形容词
He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.
2. 介词+宾语+分词
The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.
3. 介词+宾语+不定式
The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.
4. 介词+宾语+副词
The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.
5. 介词+宾语+介词短语
The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.
7介词的叠用
在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如：
The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.
四、介词+and+介词
Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.
There are many trees in and outside the town.
8介词的固定搭配
在英语中固定搭配的介词词组和短语介词很多，平时需要加强记忆。此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配，并且就较容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较、分辨。
1.act as 担任 act for 代理
2.apply to 应用于，适合于，向……申请 apply for 申请，要求
3.belong to 属于 belong in住在，应该…… belong with 应归于(类别，范畴等)
4.call on 号召，请求，拜访 call at 探访(at后接地方) call in 请医生，召集，收集 call to 高声唤(某人)
5.compare with 跟……相比较 compare to 把……比作，与……相比
6.correspond with 与……通信;适合 correspond to 相当于
7.deal in 做生意，经营(=engage in) deal with 对付，论及，与……交往(=cope with)
8.play with 玩(某物) play at玩(某种游戏) play on 玩(某种乐器)
9.suffer from 患(病)，受……祸患.
10.wait on 伺候 wait for等待
9常易混用介词的区别
1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介词。
2. 表示地点的in和at的区别
a) at表示位置，in表示“在…内”如：
— Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (问话者想知道的是位置)
— Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (问话者可能已经在影院门外)
b) at表示小地点，in表示大地点
They arrived at the village at seven.
They arrived in Beijing at seven.
3. in, to和on在方位名词前的区别
in表示在某范围之内;to表示某范围之外的地方;on表示“毗邻、接壤”
Taiwanlies in the east ofChina.
Taiwanlies to the east of the mainland ofChina.
Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.
4. 表示时间的in和after
用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”;after后面接“时点”。试比较：
He will be back in five hours.
He will be back after five o’clock.
after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。
They came back after five days.
10常见考法
一些常见介词如in, at, for, to, by, on, against, between, along, below, with, as等的辨析;
一些介词短语如next to, far from, out of, due to, in all, in fact, in short, in return, in search of, in place of, for lack of, for fear of, by nature, in case, by chance 的辨析.
11误区提醒
1. 一些介词的基本用法不清;2. 一些多义介词的用法弄混;3. 一些介词短语不会灵活运用。
【典型例题】
1.Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone’s enjoyment.
A.in B. at C. for D. to
解析: 错选D。for everyone’s enjoyment 意为“为了大家欣赏”，for在此处为一基本用法，但受to one’s joy的影响错选答案。正确答案为C。
2. So far, we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is ____ ideal. We have to work still harder.
A. next to B. far from C. out of D. due to
解析：错选C。next to 挨着，far from 远非，out of 出于，due to 因为，根据意思，有空的句子要表达“但还很不理想”。正确答案为B。
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