美国选举制度英语

每个州都有自己的选举人团，每个团手里的票数会根据各州的人口数量按比例进行分配。比如人口最多的加州有4000多万人，选票自然也水涨船高，今年被分配到55票（参议员2席，众议员53席），而夏威夷地小人少，只有4张选举人票（参议员2席，众议员2席）。*选举人团中参议员的席位数量是固定的2席，众议员的席位数则按照各州的人口数量进行分配，至少会有1席，因此选举人团最少会有3张选票。选举人团的投票制度遵循赢者通吃（winner takes all）原则：只要总统候选人在这个州获得的民众票数过半，即获得这个州的所有选举人票。我们以加州为例，现在假定参与投票的加州民众共100人，这100人中，只要有51人投票给拜登，那么拜登就能拿走加州全部的55张选举人票。拜登无论是以1票险胜川普（51:49），还是高票碾压川普（99:1），结果都是一样的。所有选举人团总计共有538张选票，总统候选人谁先获得超过半数的选票，也就是270张，即在大选中获胜，记住这个数字。选举人团制度，公平吗？我们在前文提到了赢者通吃原则，只要候选人在这个州的票数过半，就能拿走这个州的所有选举人票，有人会说，这不是很不公平吗？这就是为什么2016年希拉里败选令人惋惜的原因。当时希拉里的普通民众选票比特朗普的多（48%:45.9%），最后却输在了选举人票数上。同样的状况在2000年总统大选时也发生过，时为民主党候选人的戈尔，比共和党候选人乔治·W·布什在普选中多了50多万张票，但是因为布什得到的选举人票更多（271:266），最后赢得了选举。在上一次大选之前，选举人团制度在历史上共产生了4次“得票少者当选”的遗憾结果。2016年特朗普获胜之后，这项制度更是遭受了不少诟病。虽然有其局限性，但它在一定程度上避免了“多数人的暴政”，也保证了联邦的权利，是相较于全民投票或国会议员投票来说更为客观和公平的方式，并且这项制度受到宪法保护，是很难在短时间内被动摇或改变的。你可能会注意到的另一个问题是，选举人是不是相当于“工具人”？是的，因为民选结果出来以后，总统人选已无悬念，最后选举人的正式投票，其实就是走个形式。那么，所有选举人都会乖乖按照规矩投票吗？答案是否定的，历史上大约出现过100多位“变节”的选举人，也叫“失信选举人”，他们没有遵守州民投票的结果，而是按照个人意愿进行了投票。2016年大选中就出现了这种情况，希拉里·克林顿在科罗拉多州和华盛顿州均取得了胜利，但这两个州出现了失信选举人，将选票投给了其他候选人，最后这些人被州政府撤销了选举资格。

美国实行总统制，总统选举每四年举行一次。美国总统选举制度复杂，过程漫长。选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段。1、预选阶段：预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段，通常从大选年的年初开始，到年中结束。预选有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选，一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表，这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。2、总统候选人提名大会阶段：预选结束后，两党通常将分别在七、八月份召开全国代表大会。会议的主要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人，并讨论通过总统竞选纲领。3、总统候选人竞选阶段：全国代表大会之后，总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕。这一过程一般要持续8至9周。在此期间，两党总统候选人将耗费巨资，穿梭于全国各地，进行广告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论。此外，候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张，以赢得选民信任，争取选票。4、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”阶段：全国选民投票在选举年11月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举行(2008年是11月4日)，这一天被称为总统大选日。所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票，在两个总统候选人之间作出选择(在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”)。一个(党的)总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜，他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票，这就是全州统选制。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度，因此总统大选日的投票结果，产生的实际上是代表50个州和哥伦比亚特区的538位“选举人”。另外，在总统大选日，选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举。根据美国1787年宪法，两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。5、选举团投票表决正式选总统阶段：选举人票的数量，体现州权平等原则，根据各州在国会的议员数量而定。例如，每个州都在国会有2名参议员和至少1名众议员，所以，任何州都至少有3票。但人口多的大州，除了这3票以外，众议员人数越多，选举人票数也就越多。1961年，美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选举人。这样，美国国会有100参议员(任期6年，每两年改选三分之一)、435名众议员(任期两年，期满后全部改选)，加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的3票，总统选举人票总共为538票。一位候选人赢得的选举人票超过总数的一半(270张)，即当选总统。6、当选总统就职典礼阶段：真正的总统选举是在12月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行(2008年是12月15日)。届时，各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将前往各州的首府进行投票。获270张选票以上的候选人将当选总统，并于次年1月20日宣誓就职。就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序，只有到当选总统于次年1月20日手抚《圣经》，宣誓就职时，美国的总统选举才告结束。The United States presidential system, presidential elections held every four years. American presidential election system is complex, the process is long. Election of the main program includes pre selection, the parties held a National Congress to determine that the presidential candidate, candidate for the presidency and national voters elected president "the elector", "the elector" established in the electoral college vote formally elect the president and President elect presidential inauguration in several stages.1, the pre selection stage:The first phase of the election of the United States presidential election, usually from the beginning of the year to the end of the year. There are two kinds of forms, namely, the basic level of the party and the direct selection. The former refers to the two parties in the States from the bottom up, from the election point, county, district level to the state level, the final election of the party to participate in the National Convention representative. The latter in the form of universal suffrage, a state of the two parties from the same day to vote for the party to vote on behalf of the party to participate in the National Convention, which is currently used in most states of the primaries.2, presidential candidates nominated conference stage:After the primaries, the two parties will normally be held in the National Convention in seven or eight months. The main task of the meeting is to finalize the party's president, vice presidential candidate, and discuss the presidential election platform.3, presidential candidate election stage:After the National Convention, the presidential campaign officially kicked off. This process usually lasts from 8 to 9 weeks. During this period, the presidential candidates will spend huge amounts of money, travel across the country, the advertising war, the election speech, met with voters, held a press conference, and a public debate. In addition, the candidates will be through a variety of forms to explain domestic and foreign affairs policy advocates, in order to win the trust of voters, for votes.4, the national voter vote to elect the president of the electoral college:The national vote was held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of the election year (2008 November 4th), which is called the presidential election day. All American voters are in a designated place for a vote, between the two presidential candidates (in the same ballot to elect the president of the States). A (party) presidential candidate wins a majority in the election of a state, and he holds all the president's "electoral votes" in the state, which is the Quanzhou system. National voter polling day also known as the presidential election day. As the United States presidential election to the electoral system, so the presidential election day of the vote, resulting in the fact that the 50 states and the District of Columbia, 538". In addition, in the presidential election, voters will also be in the federal Senate and house elections. According to the constitution of the United States in 1787, the house and Senate are directly elected by the voters of the state.5, the electoral college vote in the presidential election:The number of electoral votes, which embodies the principle of equality of state power, according to the number of members of the state in the house of representatives. For example, each state has 2 senators and at least 1 members of the house of Representatives, so any state has at least 3 votes. But a large population of the state, in addition to these 3 votes, the number of members, the more the number of electoral votes. In 1961, the United States constitutional amendment approved Washington, D. C., as the state has a presidential election. In this way, the Congress of the United States has 100 senators (a term of 6 years, every two years to reelect one-third), 435 representatives (for a term of two years, after the expiration of all elections), and Washington D.C. three votes, presidential electoral votes for a total of 538 votes. A candidate who has won more than half (270) of the total number of electoral votes, the election of the president.6, was elected president of the inauguration stage:The real presidential election was held on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of 2008 (December 15th). By then, the States and the District of Columbia was elected "the man" will go to the capital of the States to vote. The candidate will be elected president by more than 270 votes, and will be sworn in in January 20th of the following year.The inauguration is the last procedure in the United States presidential election, only to be elected president in January 20th of the following year, hand to hand in the Bible, the oath of office, the United States presidential election to end.

United States presidential electionThe election of the president is governed by Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution, as amended by Amendments XII, XXII, and XXIII. The president and vice president are elected on the same ticket by the Electoral College, whose members are selected from each state; the president and vice president serve four-year terms. These electors are appointed by mechanisms chosen by each state's legislature (prevailingly, by popular vote of the voters of each state). The individual who receives a majority of votes for president — as of 2008, 270 votes are needed for a majority — will be the president-elect of the United States; and the individual who receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president will be the vice president-elect of the United States. If no presidential candidate receives a majority in the Electoral College, then the president-elect will be selected by a vote of the House of Representatives, with each state receiving a single vote. If no vice presidential candidate receives a majority, then the vice president-elect will be selected by a vote of the Senate. Elections take place every four years on the first Tuesday following the first Monday of November (although in many states early and absentee voting begins several weeks before Election Day). The elections are run by local election boards who ensure the fair and impartial nature of the election and prevent tampering of the results.Neither the constitution, nor the XII, XXII, and XXIII amendments describe the manner for states to select their electoral college representatives. This means then that individual citizens are not granted the right to vote for president by the federal government but rather by their respective state or local governments. This does not mean the current system is unconstitutional; it is just not constitutionally protected and individual states do have a right therefore to bar their citizens from voting for President.