水蓝色的风铃
1．关于语音的几个概念1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,2)音标：词的语音形式。3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)1)[i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling2)[i] sit, build, miss, myth 3)[e] bed, desk, head, 4)[æ] bad, land, bank, stamp 5)[a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt 6)[ɔ] hot, want 7)[ ɔ:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught 8)[u:] good, who, blue, soup, 9)[u] look, put, women, could 10)[Λ] cup, come, blood, rough 11)[ә:] girl, work, serve, nurse 12)[ә] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday 13)[ei] cake, they, play, eight, great, 14)[ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye 15)[әu] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow 16)[au] house, town 17)[ɔi] boy, oil 18)[iә] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce, 19)[εә] pear, care, there, fair 20)[uә] tour, poor,3. 容易混淆的元音1)[e] [æ] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land 2)[i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid 3)[e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide 4)[au] [ɔ:] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause 5)[au] [Λ] found fond; gown gone; down don4. 辅音1)[p] pen, 2)[b] bed, comb 3)[t] tell, 4)[d], day, played, wanted 5)[k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box 6)[g] big, go, guess, language 7)[m] man 8)[n] nine, knife, autumn 9)[η] bank, uncle, English, sing, 10)[l] land, world 11)[r] read, write, 12)[f] five, cough, laugh 13)[v] voice, of 14)[θ] think, 15)[ ð] this, bathe 16)[s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf 17)[z] zoo, close, 18)[∫] sure, she, social, nation 19)[/] pleasure, 20)[h] hot, who, hour 21)[w] wall, what, answer 22)[j] yes 23)[t∫] child, teach, catch 24)[d/] joke, bridge, 25)[ts] boats 26)[dz] goods 27)[tr] tree 28)[dr] dream5. 容易混淆的辅音1)[v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well 2)[s] [θ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math 3)[z] [ð] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes 4)[n] [η] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang 6. 读音规则1)重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)2)非重读音节 [ә] banana, student, today, after,[i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday7. 特殊读音1)音的连读：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all2)失去爆破：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme3)音的同化：this year, Would you do it? Can't you see it?8. 重音1)单词重音A)双音节词a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorryb)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war B)多音节词a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy. b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment, c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette 2)句子重音A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be.D) 实词不重读的特殊情况a) 实词第二次出现He thinks of that as a child thinks. b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰I met her in the railway station. c) 代替词Which book do you want? The small one. d) 感叹词中的 what 和howWhat a good day it is! How beautiful she is! e) street 在专有名词中Wangfujing Street.f) this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/eveningE)虚词重读的特殊情况a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker. b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room. c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him. e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.
拽拽小蘑菇
概 念 拼读规则 1.找出元音字母2.判断音节数3.识别重读音节4.划分音节5.确定音节类别6.给出音节的读音 元音音素 发音时，气流从胸腔发出，经过发声通道，不受阻碍，只受发音器官调节.是浑浊音。 辅音音素 发音时，气流从胸腔发出，经过发声通道，受到发音器官阻碍。有清浊两种辅音。 音 素 语音的最小单位 分 类 数目48个其中元音20个，辅音28个（清音11，浊音37） 音 标 音素的文字符号 分 类 单长元5,单短元7,双元8，爆6,磨10,破擦6,鼻3,半2,舌侧1 音 节 语音的最小片段 分 类 1.纯元音音节 2.元辅混合音节 3.非重读辅音音节 单 词 语言的最小单位 特 点 至少含有一个元音字母，无元音字母单词不存在 句 子 意群的最小单位 特 点 1.明确含义2.合适语法3.开头大写4.一定语调5.句尾符号 字 母 文字的最小单位 分 类 基本元音字母5个，基本辅音字母20个，自由人2个 （Y，U） 元音字母:AEIOU 辅音字母:BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXZ 自由人:Y,U 节数 单音节词的构成 1.单个元音字母2.单个元音字母+E 3.单个元音字母+辅音 4.多个元音+辅音 5.单个元音字母+单个辅音字母+E 6.单个元音字母+两个辅音+E 7.多元音字母+辅音+E 双音节词 1.有两个单音节 2.重读单音节+非重读辅音音节 多音节词 1.有三个单音节或三个以上单音节 2.两个元音音节+非重读辅音音节 重 读 判 断 重读音节 在单词中读的响亮清晰的音节,可分为1.开音节 2.闭音节 3.r音节 4.re音节 5.组合音节 非重读节 在单词中读的模糊较弱的音节,可分为1.单元音节2. 组合音节3.非重读辅音音节4.r音节 单音节词 全是重读音节，不需标重读符号，直接判断五种音节。 双音节词 1.一般情况下，动词在后面重读，非动词在前面重读 2.若由单音节词+非重读辅音音节构成，则在元音节上重读 3.若由单音节词+缀构成，则在原词上重读 4.若由单音节词+前缀构成,某些前缀可重读,构成双重读,如:pre-前post-后re-再un-不ex-前任 5.若由动词或非动词相互转换而来，则可按原词判断或可按转化后词性判断 多音节词 1.一般情况下，在倒数第三音节上重读 2.若由双音节词+缀构成，则在原双音节词上重读 3.第一重读音节前若还有两个以上音节，则再在倒数第二音节上进行第二次重读 4.若单词以-tion,-sion,-ic接尾，则在其前一个元音上重读 特殊情况 magazine introduce referee engineer interfere interrupt recommend souvenir entertain 音 节 划 分 单音节词 不需划分，直接判断其读音 双音节词 1.若重读音节在后，则重读元音前至少有一辅音归后。 2.若重读元音在前，其后的辅音判断如下： 结 构 划 分 构成音节 结 构 划 分 构成音节 重元+2辅+弱元 一分为二 闭音节 重元+2r+弱元 一分为二 闭音节 重元+3辅+弱元 前一后二 闭音节 重元+辅+r+弱元 一分为二 闭音节 重元+4辅+弱元 前二后二 闭音节 重元+r+辅+弱元 一分为二 r 音节 重元+1辅+弱元 多数归前 闭音节 重元+单+r+弱元 一分为二 re 音节 少数归后 开音节 特殊:story['stC: ri],very['veri],bury['beri],furry[f[:ri] 重元+1辅+ le 辅音归后 开音节 able,title,noble,table 重元+2辅+ le 一分为二 闭音节 single,gentle,giggle,little,apple,crystle,middle,riddle,noddle音 节 类 别 Silent E 元音字母E在词尾,若其前有任一元音字母,则此E为不发音的E ,如 : tie,shoe,true,see,dance,like 开 音 节 1.绝对:单个元音结尾 2.相对:单元+单辅+E结尾 3.单个元音+E结尾tie,bye,see,doe,tee,flee,true 闭 音 节 1.绝对:单元+单辅结尾 2.相对:单元+两辅+E结尾 3.单元+两辅以上结尾 4.重元+rr+弱元 r 音 节 1.绝对:单元+单辅R car 2.相对:单元+单R+辅音+E结尾horse 3.单元+单R+辅park,torch re 音 节 1.绝对:单元+单辅R+E pure 2.相对:重单元+单R+弱元parent,hero,zero,serious,furious,during,fury 字母组合 1.单元+辅音al,ew2.多元oo,ea 3.多元辅oor,ear,ower,augh,tion 4.两个以上辅音字母bl,tn,kl,dn,tm 单元音节 在非重读音节中，单个的元音字母独自构成的音节. 非重辅节 词尾辅音m,n,l常与其前的辅音构成,特点是必在词尾，且为非重读节。如：apple,table,autumn
Lisa要去旅行
bad英 [bæd] 美 [bæd] adj.坏的；不好的；差的；疼痛的；严重的；有害的；腐败的；低劣的；不利的；不舒服的；不健康的n.坏人；坏事adv.非常；不好地
wangqinglin0
英语字母发音规则 要想学好英语口语,应该学一些语音知识,以下是我总结的一些有关语音的知识, 1 元音: [i：] [i] [A] [e] [[：] [[] [a：] [Q] [R：] [R] [U：] [U] [ei] [ai] [aU] [EU] [Ri] [i[] [Z[] [UE] 1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie three tree green sheep meet beef see seek eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please he she me piece receive ceiling 2) [i] 发音字母 i y e sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss myth many twenty happy dictionary defect decide delicious 3) [] 发音字母 a bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man 4) [e] 字母组合 ea e a head bread pleasure elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any 5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear ur or girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger learn earn earth heard term her nerd serve work worm work world 6) [ε] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder doctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen famulus Saturday 7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a car farm card arm garden fast class last glass plant aunt calm 8) [] 发音字母 u o ou oo up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourish blood flood 9) []字母组合 al or au our ar aw small wall talk tall hall ball call walk short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumn four mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter draw saw flaw 10) [] 发音字母 o a hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not want wash 11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o u food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two true truth blue full 12) [u] 字母组合 oo ou u o look good foot book should could put full bull pull push woman wolf 13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey name cake late gate plane April play say may way great break rain paint plain they grey 14) [ai] 发音字母 i y bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eye 15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town 16) [εu] 发音字母 o ow oa home cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal 17) [] 字母组合oy oi boy toy joy oil soil voice choice 18) [iε] 字母组合 eer beer deer ear idea near here fierce 19) [] 字母组合ear air pear bear chair air fair care there where 20) [uε] hour tour poor flower shower 2 容易混淆的元音 [A] [e] bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said [i：] [ei] real rail greet great mean main read raid [e] [ai] bet bite red write said side head hide [aU] [R：] house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn [aU] [Q] found fond down done gown gone town ton 3辅音 1) pen pear play pig pour pull push 2) [b] book big boot bike bread break 3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city 4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary 5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k) card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c) fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x) school schedule schema (字母组合ch) 6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language 7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb 8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean 9) [N] uncle bank English think thank junk sing king morning evening 10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal soul 11) [r] read red right run room write 12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife cough laugh rough physic photo phone 13) [v] very evening even every voice vest of 14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s) license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c) licence piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce) 15) [z] zoo zebra zero zap close nose hose suppose pause those whose 16) [W] think thank three thirty tooth mouth 17) [T] that this those these though 18) [F] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash nation attention station social special sure 19) [V] pleasure 20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who 21) [w] when what where window wind wood 22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow 23) [tF] child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach (字母组合ch） catch watch match （字母组合tch) 24) [dV] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge joy enjoy join July June junk 25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk 26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink 27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts 28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods 4容易混淆的辅音 [v] [w] vest west vet wet vine wine very well [s] [W] sink think mass math miss myth sort sought [z] [T] close cloth breeze breathe [n] [N] thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing 5 字母，组合音节发音规律 1）a [ei] [æ] [[] [a:] [R] late private grade bake grape nation station page active hand bank fan parent family glad flag accept about above formative machine cinema fast last glass class past father wash what watch want 2）e [i:] [e] [i] [[] 不发音 appreciate extremely secret she me he letter left message generate pebble decide pretty previous result restore problem prosperous student confident active table late wife store lecture 3）i [ai] [i] high price library ice cream wife size line fist pick chicken piano fiancé city unit 4）o [[J] [J:] [Q] [[] [R] lode host cold note okay old home lose do who whose prove love some other mother honey company today tomorrow together control collect lost hot mock office soft honest 5）u [ju] [u] [Q] [[] university refuse unique universe huge put push pull full bull but brush bucket duck bubble support suggest 6）c [k] [s] country camp camera courage cable city ceiling celebrate cell cease 7）g [g] [dV] [N] girl grade glass glade bag flag village vegetable bridge gentleman gym long song sing morning evening 8) l [l] 读音不同 listen learn language collect English gorilla world cold soil tall sell cool animal 9) n [n] [N] moon night noodle number uncle hungry angry young 10) r [r] [[](美语发音) right read write grade progress card board door floor form north 11）y [j] [i] [ai] yellow year yell young yolk university country pretty happy dyke dying fly buy by my 12）ar [a:] [[] [R:] farm card garden mark dollar warm quarrel quarter 13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [i[] cease season breathe feature meat please bread breast breath meadow weather great break idea realize 14) ear [[:] [i[] learn earth earn heard hear near clear ear fear 15) er [[:] [[] [i[] deserve serve her person teacher driver anger singer serious experience mysterious fierce 16） ere [i[] [Z[] here mere fere sere there 17) ir [[:] [ai] shirt girl skirt admire desire 18) oo [u:] [u] [Q] [R:] room tool cool moon noon goof food good foot stood wood wool cook wood book blood flood door floor 19) or [ R:] [[:] [[] short form corn born for work world worm word worst tractor doctor actor sector senior senator 20) oor [ R:] [J[] door floor moor poor boor 21) our [J[] [R:] hour tour flour bourn lour pour court four mourn 22) ou [au] [Q] [[] house mouth mouse sound found enough trouble touch delicious gracious prosperous 23) ow [[J] [au] window meadow know show low now town how down cow 24) se [z] [s] nose suppose gose lose pose rose mouse house 25) th [W] [T] thank think thought cloth clothes that this then than 26) sion [F[n] [V[n] propulsion tension progression passion protrusion provision conclusion television 27) tion [F[n] [ tF[n](不常见) station nation translation attention question 6关于语音的几个概念: Phonics 是一种(方法), 是教育学习者从字母排列中去拼读出单个字来. AHD表示美语发音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language（简称AHD） KK音标是一套(注音符号系统),是由John Samuel Kenyon 和 John Albert Knott两位美国学者共同编著的发音词典A Pronouncing Dictionary of American1956中用于标注美式发音的符号系统, 这是一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法，从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为KK音标。 DJ是根据英国学者Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)中的标音而来. 英式读音根据的是English Pronouncing Dictionary 《英语正音辞典》。它们代表了被称为“Received Pronuciation”（RP）（标准读音）的读音，这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用。 1888年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的语言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号 (IPA—International Phonetic Alphabet)，希望以一个符号代表一音，并避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便。 国内的英文字典里最常见的音标为英式发音的国际音标 (DJ) 和美式发音的KK音标，前者乃根据Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)，后者则是根据John S. Kenyon & Thomas A. Knott二氏的美语发音字典 (A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, 1956)。值得一提的是，KK音标所使用的符号均从前面提到的国际音标符号 (IPA) 而来，Kenyon & Knott二氏仅将其中适用于美式英语的符号截取出来。 音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素. 音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位. 元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音. 辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音. 开音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine 2)辅音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello 闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head 2)元音+辅音 it is of in on up out ant 重读音节词尾的字母组合oo发音素[u:]的音。如:too(太;也),zoo(动物园),room(房间)等 ; II. 在辅音字母f, l, m, n, s前的字母组合oo也发音素[u:]的音。如:roof(屋顶),sch ool(学校),soon(不久),goose(鹅)等.有一个特例词要特别注意,它就是:wool[u](羊毛); III. 在字母t前的字母组合oo发音素[u:]的音。如:boot(靴子),tooth(牙齿),特例词:foot[ u](脚); IV. 字母组合oo在字母d和k前发音素[u]的音。如:good(好),book(书),look(看) ,特例词:food[u:](食物); V. 在复合词的非重读音节中的字母组合oo发音素[u]的音。如 :bedroom(卧室),classroom(教室)等; VI. 在字母l和d之间的字母组合oo发音素[]的音。 如:blood(血),flood(洪水)等. [笨笨猪]谢谢你讲得这么详细,你能为我归纳出一个巧记 方法吗? [聪明猴]Let me try!(我试试看!)可以这样记: oo读长还是短,记住口诀就简 单。 d, k之前读短[u],food一词是特例; t前读长[u:],foot需要特殊记; 复合词中 要读短,其余多数读长[u:]; l, s, d间读作[],例外还要特殊记
虾球麻麻
bad 英 [bæd]；美 [bæd] 。
一、含义：
1、adj. 坏的；不好的；差的；疼痛的；严重的；有害的；腐败的；低劣的；不利的；不舒服的；不健康的
2、n. 坏人；坏事
3、adv. 非常；不好地
二、用法：
1、bad的基本意思是“坏的,邪恶的,不道德的”,也可作“令人不快的,使人讨厌的”“严重的; 显著的”“有病的”“有害于某人的”“不适宜的; 困难的”等解。
2、bad在句中可用作定语或表语。
三、例句：
In the recession, our firm went through a bad time.
我们公司在经济衰退时期历尽艰辛。
扩展资料：
近义词：adverse
一、读音：
英 ['ædvɜːs]；美 ['ædvɜːrs]。
二、含义：
adj. 不利的；逆向的；有害的。
三、用法：
1、adverse基本意思是“不利的,有害的”,主要指在某人取得进步或成功的道路上起障碍作用的事物; 还可表示“反对的,相反的”。
2、adverse在句中可用作定语或表语,其后可跟介词to。
3、adverse作“逆向的；(位置上)相反的”解时不用于比较等级；作“不利的；有害的”“不友好的；敌意的”解时可用于比较等级。
四、例句：
He ignored all kinds of adverse comments about him.
他不理睬各种各样对他不利的评论。
