freekalong
Summary作为一种重要的写作形式,是写读书报告(俗称“读后感”)的一个必要部分,Essay写作里就少不了summary writing,要求先总结所提供阅读材料的主要观点,然后再阐述个人看法。很多同学对于写summary的基本格式和内容怎么写很不清楚,对于高分summary怎么写的标准也不了解。今天Meeloun小编就来梳理一下英文summary写作的一些相关要点。
什么是summary
A summary of something is a short account of it,which gives the main points but not the details.
注意该定义中的黑体字部分,summary中只写原文的主要要点,不写细节!不写细节!不写细节!
summary的主要特点
参考Washington State University关于写summary的介绍,再加上小编个人的理解整理,一般来说,summary有以下几个特征:
1.A summary begins with a clear identification of the type of work,title,author,and main point in the present tense.
Summary开头用一般现在时明确介绍原文标题、作者、主要观点等信息。例如,我们这篇课文的summary可以这样开头:
In the text"Rethinking Skyscrapers",the author,Jerkily Watson,writes about various issues related to the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings and aspects of the construction of skyscrapers.
当然,如果所给材料没有作者信息,则开门见山地介绍大意即可。
2.A summary should contain all the major points of the original text.
必须包含原文的所有主要要点。这就要求对原文内容必须充分理解,能够分清主次信息,并进行概括。
3.A summary must contain only the ideas of the original text.
只能包含原文的观点。换句话说,summary中的观点必须忠实原文,不能写自己的主观看法。
4.A summary is written in your own words.It contains few or no quotes.
用自己的话来表达。这就需要paraphrase或者explain原文的要点,如果有必要引用原文的某些关键词,记得用引号标出,否则会被视为抄袭。
5.Write using"summarizing language."Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article claims,the author suggests,etc.
在summary中使用“the article claims","the author suggests"等字眼,能够不时地提醒读者这是一篇summary,不是原文。
6.A summary should follow the order of the original text.
要遵从原文的结构顺序,不能随意调整信息的先后次序。
说了这么多,也举了这么多例子,相信大家对写summary应遵循的基本原则有所了解了。那么,究竟应该怎么写一篇好的summary?来自Pinterest的下图让大家一目了然:
图中最后一段是写non-fiction summary通常采用的格式。转写如下:
In the article***,the author***,claims***.First of all,he introduces***.Then he discusses***.Finally,the author analyzes***.In conclusion,the author suggests***.
小编对英文summary的特点、写法、常见问题进行了详细解读,希望能够解决同学们关于summary怎么写才能拿高分的疑虑。回答来源于Meeloun,原文链接
虫子郭郭
关于总结,我们在接触到英文之后,这个写作也接踵而来。下面是我给大家整理的英语写作summary,供大家参阅!
Article
Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong
William Kilpatrick
Many of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面) to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that’s true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision-making,” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. (品格教育)” Character education didn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control.
In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.
Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethical dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.
For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed.
This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything bad.
Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (无指导性的), non-judgmental (无是非观的), as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (渗透) public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today’s drug education, sex education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place.
Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄) outdated “feel-good” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right—you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion—can be reached and justified using the decision-making method.
It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (风尚) of “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.
Sample
Summary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”
In his essay “,” fervently that the approach to the moral education of American youth, which replaced “character education” 25 years ago, has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with the traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society.
subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted flexibly and even about what should be clearly right or wrong.
are the unexpected outcomes of that subscribe to the “non-judgmental” mindset dominating . that feeling good warrants morality excuses students from criticizing and disciplining their own behaviors.
emphasizing practice instead of discussion.
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。 第一步:阅读
A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步:动手写作
A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧:
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例:
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.”
6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子:
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为:”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8) 使用最短的连接词。比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful„ like eating cardboard or sand„ just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为:
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
第三步:修改成文
草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改。首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们。第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后,保持语言简单明了。
经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了。
附:
摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力。因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法。下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea)。
2)弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。在写作时要特别注意下面几点:
(1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details)。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
(4)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句。
(5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求。
怎么写SUMMARY摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.
下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要.
1)细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea).
2)弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3)列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分.
4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点:
(1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details).(2)安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.(3)注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子.
(4)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句.
(5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求.
如何写一篇文章的摘要?– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文.
第一步:阅读
A.认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻.
B.给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想.
C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括.
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西.
第二步:动手写作
A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字.
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子.
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实.
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意.
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧:
1) 删除细节.只保留主要观点.
2) 选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子.
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可.
4) 避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句.
5) 压缩长的句子.如下列两例:
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.”
6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.请看下面的例子:
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为:”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8) 使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果.
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为:
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
第三步:修改成文
草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了.
经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.
zhaoyaxiao12
希望对你有所帮助:一细观察细致观察是提高写作水平的金钥匙.文章是客观事物在作者头及中反映的产物,要反映客,不必须对客观事物作仔细的观察.只有仔细地观察,才能从生活现象的矿藏中发现碎金璞玉,于泥沙混杂中攫取闪光的宝物.不掌握,“观察”这把开门的金钥匙,作文的“铁门限”是决然跨不进去的.二、多阅读广泛阅读是提高作文水平的前提条件.要写出好文章,就必须多读书.“读书破万卷,下笔如有神.”“熟读唐诗三首,不会作诗会吟.”鲁迅先生也提倡多读书,“必须如蜜蜂一样,采过许多花,这才能酿出蜜来,倘叮在一处,所得就非常有限,枯燥了.”我们强调既要多读,又要选择地读,更要读进去,理解所读文章的结构技艺,语言特点,从中掌握作文定得深刻些,变化多一些.三、巧选材精心选择是提高作文水平的加速器.选材的要求是要新颖,所谓新颖,就是批要选择一般人没有接触过的,或熟视无睹崦实含表深刻意义的.一经作者笔之于书,就会发人深思令人感奋的材料.选材角度要小,要以小见大,写人人眼中有,人人笔下无的材料.为此,必须在头脑中把各种材料比较、分析、综合,进行去粗取精,改造加工,只有这样,才能使材料新颖.而这种积极思考、反复推敲的选析工夫,对提高作文水平很有帮助.四、常练笔经常练笔是提高作文水平的关键.要想入作文的大门,并求得不断进步,更重要的是多练.谚语说的好:“文章读十篇,不如写一篇.”这就道出了作文实践出真知的道理.我们学习了一篇文章之后,弄懂了文章的结构方法,弄清了文章的写作特色,就要学着运用这些知识与方法去实践,去练习,使之变成自身的作文能力.实际上,我们第学习一篇课文后都可以进行练笔.而片断练习是练笔的一种好方式,片断练习所花的时间不长,又达到了练笔的目的.写日记也是一种有效的练笔方式,天天坚持写日记,以后俄文就有了坚实的基础.五、勤修改反复修改是提高作文水平的催化剂.修改是作文必不可少的步骤,是提高作文质量的有效措施.前人说的好,“文章不厌百回改.”“文章是改出来的.”曹雪芹写《红楼梦》“披阅十载,增删五次,”托尔斯秦的《战争与和平》反复修改了七次;鲁迅先生主张“定完后至少看两遍,竭力将可有可无的字、句、段删去,毫不可惜.”可见,文章修改,一般是指从初稿写出来到最后定稿的加工过程.修时要做到五看:看用词是否通顺,看主题是否鲜明,看结构是否紧凑,看语言是否优美.总之,“文章是改出来的.”一般来说文章总是越改越好的,我们要在“修改”上下工夫.。
realize that my score in this English test is too bad and my grade decreased a lot. Thus, I need to work hard in future. I make a plan to do the following things. I will read our textbook for longer time than before, and I will do more practice questions. If I have some questions, I will ask my teacher right away. Also, I will listen to the lecture much more carefully, and work harder on our homework. And I will preview and/or review our textbook for at least 30 minutes everyday after I finish my homework. I promise that my grade will increase after I make these efforts. Work hard!!!
这次英语考试成绩不太好,成绩下降了许多,所以的努力了,要多看书,多做试题,不懂得就要问老师,上课一定要专心听课,认真完成作业,每天放学做完作业后,要看至少30分钟的书,下次一定要把成绩提上去,多多努力
I have a brother and a sister.I have four subjects ,they are Chinese,English,maths and politics.Of all the subjects,I like English best,so I am good at it.I like sports too.I usually play ball games and go to see the films.I like vegetalbes and fruit.
我有一个哥哥和一个姐姐。我学四门课程,语文,英语,数学和政治。我最爱英语,所以我学得很好。我喜欢运动。我经常打球和去看电影。我喜欢吃蔬菜和水果
总结用英语为summary
读法:英 [ˈsʌməri] 美 [ˈsʌməri]
释义
1、n. 总结,概要
2、adj. 总结性的;简略的,扼要的;(司法程序)即决的;简易判罪的
用法
1、in summary 总之;概括起来
2、summary procedure 简易程序;即决裁判程序
3、summary report 汇总报表;概要报表
4、executive summary 执行摘要,概要;行动纲要;经营综合报告
5、summary judgment 即决审判
例句
What follows is a brief summary of the process.
接下来是对该过程的一个简短总结。
扩展资料
summary近义词:abstract
读法:英 [ˈæbstrækt] 美 [ˈæbstrækt]
释义
1、adj. 纯理论的;抽象的;抽象派的
2、n. 摘要;抽象;抽象的概念;抽象派艺术作品
3、v. 摘要;提取;抽象化;退出;转移;使心不在焉
例句
A modern abstract painting takes over one plete wall.
一幅现代抽象画占了整整一面墙。
一、广泛地阅读课外书籍。
阅读是写作的基础。把别人的东西,变作自己的东西,把外部的语言内化成自己的语言,以后就能出口成章了。
每天花一定时间朗读课文,要有表情地朗读,好段落,精彩的语句要背出来、默出来。“读书百遍,其意自现”。
“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,说的就是这个道理。 各种书都要读,要养成良好的读书习惯。
把好的章节、段落摘抄下来。要有目的、有计划地阅读中华经典美文。
二、选择恰当的写作材料写文章要选择恰当的材料,选择恰当的写作材料是习作的基础。(1)中心蕴含在具体的材料之中,材料是为表现中心服务的。
因此,选择材料必须紧紧围绕中心,服从中心的需要。(2)要选择真实的材料文章的材料应当真实可靠可信,合情合理。
我们平时习作,选择材料要选择自己熟悉的或比较了解的题材,最好是选择自己亲身经历的、耳闻目睹的有真实感的材料。只有这些真实可信的材料,才能表达出内心的真情实感,写出的文章才能有说服力,才能打动人,才能给人以启迪,才能引人入胜、引起共鸣。
(3)要选择典型的材料。选择典型的材料就是选择最有代表性、最能反映本质,最能说明问题的材料,选择那些最能突出人物思想品质和鲜明地反映事物精神面貌的材料。
(4)要选择新颖的材料。新颖的材料,指新鲜、活泼、独特,使人耳目一新,有感受有收获的材料。
因此,选材尽量选择那些别人没有写过或很少写过的材料。生活中不是缺少“新与美”,而是缺少发现。
因此,我们平时要耐心观察,注意在生活中去发现和寻找新颖的材料,只有这样,才能使文章更贴近生活,更具有时代气息,才能够达到寻美习作,以文炼人的目的。三、精心安排写作材料。
(1)并列法。即在表现文章中心是打断时间的连续和打乱空间的位置,围绕中心来连缀相关的生活片断或事件,按事情的性质选择几个相同或相似的材料,采用有详有略的方式并列地组织材料,从不同角度来表现中心。
(2)对比法。即用相互对立的,或用同一事物不同方面的材料进行比较,从而显示出人和事的真假、善恶、美丑,使人与事的形象鲜明,特征突出。
(3)递进法。即围绕一件事以事物本身发展的进程以及时间的推移为线索,层层递进,步步深入地安排材料。
这种方法是我们习作时常用的组材方法。(4)详略法。
即在表现一个中心时,对于几个类似的材料,有详有略地安排组织材料的方法。这种方法能使重点突出,主次分明。
组织作文材料,不论运用哪种方法,都要为表现中心服务,要切合不同文章的内容和体裁的需要,把材料合理地安排到文章中去。四、把文章写得具体生动。
具体生动是习作的基本要求之一,也是写好文章的关键所在。文章是以具体生动的形象来感染读者的。
(1)用总分法。(2)用比喻、排比等修辞手法把文章写得具体生动。
(3)用举例的方法把文章写得具体生动。(4)用描摹的方法把文章写得具体生动。
(5)用比较的方法把文章写得具体生动。(6)用数据说明的方法把文章写得具体生动。
除了前面所讲的方法外,为了使文章具体生动,我们还应注意多留心观察周围事物,只有观察细致,才能把观察的景物具体生动地表述出来。五、表达真情实感。
(1)选取自己感受最深的材料。在习作中,根据题目要求,选择那些感受最深的材料就容易表达真情实感。
(2)要用具体事物表达真情实感。没有具体事物,文章就没有真情实感。
而真情实感一般都是通过具体事物的叙述、描写、议论等表达出来的。(3)用词造句要准确、实在。
文章以情动人,这“情”指真情实感。要使文章的思想感情真实,用词造句就要较准确、实在,做到恰如其分。
六、写好文章开头和结尾。(1)写好开头 常言说:“良好的开端是成功的一半”,恰当、新颖的开头,不仅能使你笔下生花,而且能增加文采,吸引读者。
①交待四要素开头法。即开头简单交代时间、地占、人物和事件。
②开门见山开头法。即文章一开头不拐弯抹角,不兜圈子,而是把要描述的主要人、事或物直截了当地摆出来,引入正文。
直接表述作者的观点,点明中心,统帅全文。③描写景物开头法。
即文章的开头先描写人、物、景,渲染气氛,给读者以身临其境的感觉,为烘托人物,触景生情作了铺垫。④提出问题开头法。
即文章的开头先提出问题让人思考,以引起读者的注意和兴趣。⑤倒叙开头法。
即文章开头先写出事情的结果,再写出事情的原因和经过,以造成悬念,增强文章的吸引力。⑥抒发感情开头法。
即文章一开头就将作者的亲身感受和思想感情抒发出来。⑦揭示中心开头法。
有的文章一开头就概括全文的内容并直接点明文章的中心。⑧介绍背景开头法。
根据文章的内容需要,除介绍事情发生的时间,地点外,还介绍事情发生前的形及相关的情况。提纲挈领常变化,多读多写乐自然。
(2)怎样写好文章的结尾①自然结尾法。即用事情的结果作为文章的结尾,事物叙述完了,文章随之结尾。
②点题结尾法。这是一种常见的结尾方法。
要注意:如何总结全文,如何提炼文章中心思想,切忌重复文章基本内容,或重复开头等。③发问结尾法。
即结尾时以发问的形式(反问或设问)提出问题。这种结尾法适合于以写人为主。
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