英语关系从句例句

一、定语从句的定义。用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。定语从句通常皆置于它所修饰的名词(或代词)之后，这种名词(或代词)叫做先行词(antecedent)。引导宾语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。如：The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的那个学生是约翰。(who answered the question是关系代词who引导的定语从句，用以修饰who先行词student，who在从句中用作主语)I know the reason why he was so angry. 我知道他这么生气的原由。(why he was so angry是关系副词引导的定语从句，用以修饰why的先行词reason，why在从句中用作原因状语)定语从句一般紧跟其先行词之后。如：The room which served for studio was bare and dusty. 这个用作工作室的房间空荡荡的，布满灰尘。(关系代词which引导的定语从句紧跟其先行词room之后)有时亦可与先行词分离。如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新教师教你们德语了。(关系代词who引导的定语从句与其先行词master分离)二、关系代词的用法。用作关联词的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which等。who，whom，whose指人，who是主格，在从句中用作主语(在非正式英语中亦可用作宾语);whom是宾格，在从句中用作宾语;whose是属格，在从句中用作定语(有时亦可指物)。如：The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 昨天在这里的那个人是位画家。(主格关系代词who在从句中用作主语)The man who I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。(在非正式英语中who 代替了whom，亦可省去不用)I know the man whom you mean. 我认识你指的那个人。(宾语关系代词whom在从句中用作宾语)A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 失去父母的孩子叫做孤儿。(属格关系代词whose在从句中用作定语，指人)I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。(属格关系代词whose在从句中用作定语，指room，可代之以of which，但后者较为正式)that在从句中既可用作主语，亦可用作宾语（在非正式文体中可省去）；既可指人，亦可指物，但在当代英语中多指物。如：A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 用铅笔写的信很难读。(关系代词that在从句中用作主语，指物)The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important. 昨天他来的信很重要。(关系代词that在从句中用作宾语，指物)Is he the man that sells eggs? 他是卖鸡蛋的那个人吗?(关系代词that在从句中用作主语，指人)关系代词which在从句中可以用作主语和宾语，一般皆指物，在非正式文体中可以省去。This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages. 这就是那本有多种译本的书。(关系代词which在从句中用作主语)Where is the book which I bought this morning? 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿?(关系代词which在从句中用作宾语，可省去)which在从句中亦可用作定语和表语。如：We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我们叫他去看医生，他听取了我们的劝告。(关系代词which在从句中用作定语)The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were. 那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上真是如此。(关系代词which在从句中用作表语)as，than，but亦可用作关系代词。如：The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. 两兄弟对这个决定都满意，它事先已经他们同意了。(关系代词as在从句中用作主语，其先行词是this decision)He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是个外国人，我是从他的口音知道的。(关系代词as在从句中用作宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子)I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(关系代词as与指示代词such连用，在从句中用作宾语，其先行词是such stories)Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 她对他的态度同她惯常的态度完全一样。(关系代词as与指示代词same连用，在从句中用作表语，其先行词是same)You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的钱超过了预定的数额。(关系代词than在从句中用作主语，其先行词是money)There are very few but admire his talents. 很少人不赞赏他的才干的。(关系代词but在从句中用作主语，其先行词是few，but=who don’t)关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时，介词既可置于从句之首，亦可置于从句之末。但以置于从句之首较为正式。如：This is the book for which you asked. 这是你所要的书。(关系代词用作介词for宾语，之首，即which之前)This is the book which you asked for. 这是你所要的书。(介词for置于从句之末，which在此可省去)关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如：The people you were talking to are Swedes. 你与之谈话的那些人是瑞典人。(关系代词主格who用作介词to宾语时，介词to须置于从句之末，who中口语中可省去)Here is the car that I told you about. 这儿就是我和你谈过的那辆汽车。(关系代词that用作介词about宾语，介词about须置于从句之末)有时从句还有其它成分，介词则置于从句之中。如：This is the boy who he worked with in the office. 那就是与他一道办公的那个男孩。先行词指人时，关系代词既可用who，亦可用that。但关系代词在从句之中用作主语时，多用主格who。如：Persons who are quarrelsome are despised. 好争吵者遭轻视。(除外persons，还有people，those，等皆多用who)All who heard the story were amazed. 听到这个故事的人都感到吃惊。(代词如he，they，any，all，one等之后多用who)I will pardon him who is honest. 我愿意宽恕他，他是诚实的。(描述性定语从句用who)I think it is you who should prove to me. 我认为是你应该向我提出证据。(在强调结构中多用who，who在此可省去)Who is not for us is against us. 谁不赞成我们就是反对我们。(缩合连接代词who为可代之以that)在下列一些情况中则多用that。如：)He was the man that the bottle fell on. 他就是瓶子落在其身上的那个人。(此处常用that作宾语指人，亦可用whom)He is a man that is never at a loss. 他是一个从未一筹莫展的人。(that常用于泛指人)He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 我望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。(兼指人与物时须用that)Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他?(避免与先行词who重复时应用that)That’s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. 这个与前天求援的是同一个人。(先行词前有指示代词same时应用that)He is not that man that he was. 他已不是过去的他了。(that常用作表语)I knew her father for the simplest, hardest working man that ever drew the breath of life. 我早知她的父亲是一个世上最简朴最努力工作的人。(先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或only等词时应用that)先行词指物时，关系代词that与which往往可以互换。但在下列情况中多用that。如：All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的东西不都是金子。(不定代词包括复合词something等多后接that)It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我所看见过的最大的地图。(前有形容词最高级等的先行词之后多用that)It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. 是解放给他的生活带来了彻底的改变。(强调结构用that)There is a house that has bay windows. 有一栋房子有凸出的窗户。(that在此表固有的特点)The distance that you are from home is immaterial. 你离家的距离是不足道的。(在限制性定语从句中关系代词用作表语应用that，在描述性定语从句中则应用which)Which was the hotel that was recommended to you? 哪一个是推荐给你的旅馆?(这里用that显然是为了避免重复which)在下列情况中则多用which。如：Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. 拉里把我在书本开关叙述过的那个关于一个青年飞行员的故事讲给她听。(离先行词较远时常用which)A store should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 商店应存在最畅销的货物。(“those+复形名词”之后多用which)I have that which you gave me. 我有你给我的那个。(which比较正式，在非正式英语中也可用that)Beijing, which was China’s capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京曾是八百多年的中国首都，有很丰富的历史文物。(描述性定语从句一般皆用which)This is the one of which I’m speaking. 这就是我所讲的那个。(介词之后须用which)用作关联词的关系副词有when，where，why等。when在从句中用作时间状语，其先行词须是表时间的名词。如：We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能转好。(关系副词when的先行词是next week)He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚来时我出去了。(关系副词when的先行词是last night)since，before，after亦可用作表时间的关系副词。如：Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable. 我来之后的每一个小时都是非常好玩的。(since用作关系副词)On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm. 在我们离家的前一天，下了一场暴风雪。(before用作关系副词)The year after she had finished college she spent abroad. 她大学毕业后的一年是在国外度过的。(after用作关系副词)that有时亦可用作表时间的关系副词。如：It happened on the day that I was born. 那件事是在我出生的那一天发生的。(that=when)Little do I remember the day that I first met her. 我几乎不记得与她初次见面的日子。where在从句中用作地点状语，其先行词须是表地点的名词。如：They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen’s “The Doll’s House”. 他们去皇家剧院看了易卜生的《傀儡家庭》。The place where Macbeth met the witches was a desolate heath. 麦克白遇见女巫的地方是一片荒原。where的先行词亦可是有地点含义的抽象名词。如：He has reached the point where a change is needed. 他已到了需要改弦易辙的地步。(where的先行词point是抽象名词)why在从句中用作原因状语，其先行词只有reason。如：That is no reason why you should leave. 那不是你必须离开的原因。(why先行词是reason)He refused to disclose the reason why he did it. 他拒绝透露他做那件事的原因。(why先行词是reason)有时why可以省去。如：That’s one of the reasons I asked you to come. 那是我要你来的原因之一。(reasons后省去why)有时why可用that代替。如：The reason that he died was lack of medical care. 他死于缺乏医疗。(why由that代替)当先行词为the way的时候，关系副词也可以用that，例如：This is the way that he solved the problem. 这是他解决问题的方法。I don't like the way that he talks. 我不喜欢他说话的样子。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制作用。因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。限制性定语从句前一般不用逗号。如：What is the name of the boy who brought us the letter? 给我们带信的那个男孩叫什么名字?There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader. 有许多东西将会使英国读者不愉快。The teacher told us that Tom was the only person that was reliable. 老师告诉我们，汤姆是惟一可依赖的人。I shall never forget the day when we first met in the park. 我永远不会忘记我们在公园相见的那一天。Is there a store around where we can get fruit? 附近有可以买到水果的商店吗?Do you know the reason why I came late? 你知道我迟到的原故吗?非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)只与先行词有一种松散的修饰关系，用逗号与先行词分开。因此从句中的关系代词不能省略。that一般不引导非限制性定语从句。如：I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. 我喜欢与约翰交谈，他是个聪明人。Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years. 我又一次来到了波士顿，我有十年没有到这里来了。非限制性定语从句形式上是从句，其功能实质上相当于一个分句。如：Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。(who实际上=and she)When he was seventeen he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics. 他17岁时，到瑞士苏黎世一专科学校上学，他在那里学习数学和物理学。(where=and there)有时描述性定语从句的含义相当于一个状语从句。如：We don’t like the room, which is cold. 我们不喜欢那个房间，它很冷。(which is cold=since it is cold)He said he was busy, which was untrue. 他说他很忙，其实不然。(which was untrue=though it was untrue)I want him, who knows some English. 我要他，他懂得些英语。(who knows some English=for he knows some English)

I'll tell you about it when we meet .我们见面时，我会告诉你有关情况的。As he was carrying out the experiment , he found something abnormal .正当他在做试验时，他发现情况有些不常。Please eat it while it is hot .请趁热吃。It has been more than two years since we parted last time .自我们上次分手至今已有两年多了。Tom will tell him the truth when he comes back .他回来时，汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。He will not play football if it rains tomorrow .明天要是下雨，他就不踢足球了。Tom would tell him the truth when he came back . 他回来时，汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。He would not play football if it rained the next day . 次日要是下雨，他就不踢足球了While she was watching TV , she was cracking seeds .她一边看电视一边磕瓜子。As he was doing his packing , some of his friends came to say good-bye to him .正当他在收拾行装的时候，他的一些朋友来向他告别。They were ready to go out when the telephone rang .（这个句子表示主句谓语动作rang发生的突然性。按常规应该是：When they were ready to go out , the telephone rang .）就在他们准备出去的时候，电话铃响了。He didn't go to sleep until 12 last night . 他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。They didn't realize their fault till we pointed it out to them .直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。Not until we pointed out their fault to them did they realize it .直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。The students made much noise till the teacher came into the classroom .直到老师走进教室学生们才停止了大声喧哗。The young couple were very happy until they used up all their money .那对年青夫妇直到花光了所有的钱才沮丧起来。I may not come to see you recently unless I can complete the project ahead of time .除非我能提前完成那个项目，否则我最近不会来看你了。或者：除非我能提前完成那个项目，我最近才会来看你了。We can surely attain our goal as long as we are united as one .只要我们团结成一个人，我们肯定能实现我们的目标。What shall we do if we can not get the necessary data？如果我们弄不到必要的数据，我们怎么办？They promised to let us have a meeting in their office on condition (that) we could keep it clean . 如果我们能保持清洁，他们答应让我们在他们的办公室里开会。He can't deliver his lectures today because he has got a bad cold .他今天不能去讲课了，因为他患了重感冒。I may not be able to attend your wedding party not because I'm not willing to but because I've been caught by something recently.我或许无法参加你的婚礼了，不是我不想去而是近来有些事情缠着我无法脱身。I won't dwelt too much time on this matter as it is known to everybody.由于大家都知道这件事，我就不在这件事上多花时间了。Since you are busy enough we won't trouble you any more .既然你们忙得够呛，我们就不再麻烦你们了。Because it is raining heavily, we have to change our plan to go outing.现在下着这么大的雨，我们不得不改变去郊游的计划。As the weather was fine, we decided to climb up the mountain. 由于天气晴朗，我们决定去登山。She is loved by all for she is kind and pretty . 由于她长得漂亮、人又好而深受大家喜欢。Air exists everywhere although we can't see it.尽管我们看不见空气，但它却无处不存在。No matter where you go on the earth, you will feel the gravity.无论你走到地球的什么地方，你都会感觉到地引力。We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not. 无论他来不来，我们将准时开会。Even if we are approaching the end of the experiment, we still have no time to lose.即使我们即将完成试验，我们依然要分秒必Although he is old, he is still energetic .（主从复合句，正确） 尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛He is old but (he is) still energetic . （并列句，正确）尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛He speaks English almost as a native speaker does .他的英文几乎说得如讲英语母语的人一样。He speaks English as if he were a native speaker .他讲英文的样子似乎象说英语母语的人。She looked unwell as though she got a bad cold .她看上去身体不适好像患有重感冒。In this reading-room you can read anything as everyone does here .在这间阅览室里，你可以象这儿的每个人一样想看什么就看什么。

1.who指人在从句中做主语

(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.

(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人.

2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，可以通用。）

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.

(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。

如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人.

如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的'男人.

3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.

4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?

(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

6.定语从句的译法：前置法

把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句, 这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句比较短的情况。

一些较短的具有描述性的非限制性定语从句也可采用前置法, 但没有限制性定语从句使用得普遍。例如:

例1.For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold.

例如, 友谊的一个作用似乎是支持我们在自己心目中的形象, 并使我们持有的价值观念更加坚定。

例2.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.

如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素 必须是一样的。

例3.The first method is to give a synonym, a word that has nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define: face for countenance, nervousness for anxiety.

第一种方法是同义词法, 即给出一个与 要释义的词在意义上几乎相同的, 如用face表示countenance, 用nervousness表示anxiety.

例4.Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

相反, 行为主义者认为, 成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有利条件而造成的。

例5.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.

科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式, 也就是对一切现象进行 思考并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。

例6.A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.

附近没有同龄伙伴和自己玩的儿童，上托儿所可以得到很多的益处。

7.关系分类

关系从句有限制性关系从句（英语：restrictive relative clause或defining relative clause）和非限制性关系从句（英语：non-restrictive relative clause）之分。限制性关系从句起限定作用，修饰特定的名词或名词短语；而非限制性关系从句只起补充说明某种信息的作用。例如：

The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.（限制性关系从句，指任何一个减税的政府）

The government, which promises to cut taxes, will be popular. （非限制性关系从句，补充说明（现任的）政府的情况）

There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury. （限制性关系从句，指逃出来的乘客大多受了伤）

There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury. （非限制性关系从句，指游客人数本来就很少，这些游客都逃了出来且没有受伤）

7.1.限制性关系从句

从语义上看，限制性关系从句主要起限定作用，修饰特定的人或事物，如果去掉限制性定语从句，整个句子表意会不完整甚至不通顺；从结构上看，限制性关系从句常紧跟先行词，并且同先行词之间一般不加逗号分隔（但不是绝对的）。

限制性关系从句的关系词包括：that, which, who, whom, whose, as, than等。

7.2.非限制性关系从句

从语义上看，非限制性关系从句主要起补充说明的作用，有时相当于一个并列分句或状语从句，可以表达原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。例如：

Dr Lee, who had read through the instructions carefully before doing his experiments, did not obtain satisfactory results. （非限制性关系从句表示让步的意义，相当于though Dr Lee had read through the instructions...）

非限制性定语从句的关系词包括：which, who, whom, whose, as等，另外that在非限制性关系从句中并非绝对不可使用。