不合理存在
英语的句子在结构上可以归纳为五个基本句型。A．第一基本句型【例译】1．正在下着雨。2．我的哥哥很用功。3．我每天早晨六点钟起床。4．日出于东而没于西。5．比尔和吉姆每天都一起读书一起玩。解说各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词。主语通常是一个，但是也可以如例5有两个，甚至两个以上都可以成立。谓语动词也是一个较为普通，但是也可以如例4，5有两上，甚至更多也能成立。本句型的Vi．属于完全不及物动词（Complete intransitive verb）．注：“There + be（Vi． ） + S…”也是属于第一基本句型。例如：例：There is an alarm clock on her desk.（她的书桌上有一个闹钟。）例：There stands a tower on the hill.（小山上耸立着一座塔。）B．第二基本句型【例译】1．我的名字是汤姆。2．约翰和玛丽是同班同学。3．你准备好了吗？4．所有的问题都不容易回答。5．你的梦想一定能实现的。6．这些玫瑰花看起来很美，闻起来也很香。解说各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词，字底加线的是主语补语。什么是主语补语？请观察：①My name is（我的名字是）②These roses look（这些玫瑰花看起来）上面两例虽各有可作主语的名词“name”和“roses”，也有谓语动词“is”和“look”，但是句意不清楚，无法表达完整的句意，所以不是句子。现在若在例1之后加“Tom”，例2之后加“very beautiful”，那么句意就完整地表达出来了。像这样，一个词（通常是n．pron．或adj．）在谓语部分里补充说明主语者就叫做主语补语。主语补语通常是一个，但是依表达的需要也可以有两个（如例6），或更多。谓语动词需要取主语补语才能把句意表达完整者叫做不完全不及物动词（Incomplete intransitive verb）。注：下列常见“It…”句式也是属于第二基本句型。1．It + be + a/n .+ to v…（不定式）例：It is nice to see you again.（能再和你见面真好。）例：It is your duty to take care of your mother.（照顾你的妈妈是你的责任。）2．It + be +adj +for +o + to V…例：It is easy for us to learn to speak English.（学习说英语对我们来说是容易的。）C．第三基本句型【例译】1．现在我们正在学习句型。2．海伦做她的课外作业都很小心。3．昨天你看到他了吗？4．我们的英语老师林先生会说英语和日语。5．大部分的小孩都爱阅读故事。解说各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词，字底加线的是直接宾语。直接宾语（请参阅L-3，第3节，D，注）通常以名词、代词（宾格）为多，其他如不定式、动名词（如例5）、或名词从句等也可用。直接宾语也可以取两个（如例4），或两个以上。谓语动词取了直接宾语就能表达完整的句意者叫做完全及物动词（Complete transitive verb）。D．第四基本句型【例译】1．她的伯父昨天给了她一件很好的礼物。2．请给我们一些吃的东西。3．这位老师常给这些男、女生讲有趣的故事。4．她的父亲上星期买了一只新的手表给他。5．我的美国朋友比尔在几天前写了一封信给我。解说本句型的谓语动词所发出的动作有两个对象，一为“人或动物等”，称为间接宾语，另一为“物或事”，称为直接宾语。本句型也可以把“D.O.”置于“I.O.”之前表达如下：Her uncle gave a nice present to HER yesterday.His father bought a new watch for HIM last week.如上例所示，本句型即变为：至此我们可以明白，间接宾语实际上是介词的宾语，不过因为它间接地也是谓语动词所发出的动作的对象，所以称为间接宾语。取间接宾语和直接宾语的谓语动词叫做授与动词（Dative verb）。本句式在语序上以“I.O.+D.O.”较普通，尤其是“I.O.”为简短的一个名词或代词时，无论是对话或文体，通常都使用“I.O.+D.O.”。所以通常应该说：Give the BOY something to eat.（给那男孩吃的东西。）Make ME a cup of hot coffee, please.（请泡一杯热咖啡给我。）而避免说：Give something to eat to the BOY.Make a cup of hot coffee for ME, please.“I.O.”置于“D.O.”之后时，介词或用“to”，或用“for”，通常都是由Vt．来决定，因此在学习过程中请随时注意。E．第五基本句型【例译】1．他们都叫他“小胖”。2．他使他的年老的母亲很快乐。3．老师经常都要我们坐得端正。4．你有办法发动这部汽车吗？解说本句型的“O.C.”是宾语补语。那么什么是宾语补语？请观察例2如下的说明：He made his old mother（他使得他的年老的母亲）这个词群虽有主语、谓语动词和宾语，完全符合第三基本句型的条件，可是这个词群并没有表达完整的句意，所以不是句子。如果在这个词群的宾语之后再加“very HAPPY”（如例2），那么句意就完整清楚了。在这句里谁是“very HAPPY”？“He”or“mother”？当然是“mother”。因此：定义 置于宾语之后补充说明宾语者叫做宾语补语（Object Complement）。谓语动词需取宾语补语才能完整清楚地表达其句意者称为不完全及物动词（Incomplete transitive verb）。注：1．一般的英语词典对动词的标示只作“Vi．”或“Vt．”两种，至于“完全Vi．”，或“不完全Vi．”；“完全Vt．”或“不完全Vt．”则须自行判断了解。2．绝大多数的动词都可以作“Vi．”或“Vt．”使用，但是所表达的语义却不相同。例如：例：He can run very fast.（他能跑得很快。—“run”是“Vi．”）He runs a department store in Beijing.（他在北京经营一家百货商店。—“run”是Vt．）又同是“Vi．”，或同是“Vt．”，因其为“完全”或“不完全”也有不相同的语义。例如：例：He believes that God is.（他相信上帝存在。—“is”是完全“Vi．”）He is a Christian.（他是一个基督教徒。—“is”是不完全“Vi．”）例：Can you make cakes?（你会做蛋糕吗？—“make”是完全“Vt．”）Our teacher sometimes makes us do our homework.（我们的老师有时候会强迫我们做课外作业。—“make”是不完全的“Vt．”）3．由五个基本句型的解释我们可以了解，决定英语句子型式的要素是谓语动词，因此我们若要学好英语，必须对英语动词的表达功能有正确的认识和了解。Drilling Square Vt.Ⅰ．请判断下列各句各属于哪一个基本句型。1．Do you know her younger sister?2．I got home after dark yesterday.3．Bill always does very well at school.4．What pet do you keep?5．There were some students reading in the classroom then.6．Amy always helps her mother after school.7．Tom often makes his teacher angry.8．Did you see anyone go into that house?9．Helen looks very happy today.10．I was born in a little town in the south of Taiwan.Ⅱ．请阅读下列短文，然后判断底部加线的句子各属于哪一基本句型。①One summer evening Newton[>nju:tn]（牛顿）sat quietly on a bench in the garden. ②An apple fell to the ground from a tree. He saw it and thought： ③ “Why did an apple fall?”④He studied very hard.⑤ Later he found out the reason.⑥One day Newton sat at his desk.⑦ He was studying very hard. His servant came into the room. ⑧ He left an egg on his desk.⑨ There was a watch on the desk.⑩ Into the boiling water in the kettle Newton put the watch instead of the egg.
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英 语 句 型I. 否定句1. 主语+否定谓语，not + 同前主语 用语加强否定语气。I’ll not do such a thing, not I.//He won’t break his word, not he.Tom can’t speak Russian, not he.2. 主语+否定谓语+much less/still less +词组或从句 用语进一步否定。I could not assent to, much less participate in such proceedings.He doesn’t like music, still less/much less dancing.I didn’t even see him, still less/much less shake hands with him.3. 主语+否定谓语+to say nothing of/not to speak of/not to mention +名词 主语+否定谓语+let alone+名词或从句 用语进一步否定。He doesn’t know English, to say nothing of German or French.I don’t know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus.I never thought of it, let alone (much less/still less) did I do it.4. 半否定词+or/if+否定代词或副词 表示半否定或让步否定。Few, however, if any, besides the King himself, believed that Hermione was quilty.I saw little or nothing of him after you were gone.She seldom or never (if ever) made a mistake.Peter read little or nothing (little if anything) in summer vacation.Mr. Morris seldom or never went out.5. 主语+cannot + but/choose but/help but +动词原型 意为“不得不，别无选择”。I cannot but admire his courage.We can’t (choose) but admit that in certain aspects of science and technology they are ahead of us.We can’t but read books to increase our knowledge.6. （There be）No+主语+but+谓语+其它 双重否定表示强烈之肯定。 其中but 相当于who...not, that...not, which...not）There is no man but has his faults.(There is no man who doesn’t have his faults.There is no man without faults.All men have faults.)(There is) Nobody but has his faults.There is no rule but has exceptions.There is nobody but knows this matter.7. A分句（否定）+ but + B分句（肯定） 借否定来强调肯定。It never rains but pours.She never comes but she brings us something to eat.They never met but they fought.8. 主语+be + the last + 名词+从句/to doHe is the last person to say that.You are the last woman that I want to marry.That is the last place where I expected to have met you.Lying is the last thing that he is likely to do.II. 判断句9. 主语+can’t+谓语+too+形容词/副词 表示强烈之肯定。You can’t read too much/ many books.//We can’t be too careful.Nobody can have too many friends.//She can never have too many dresses.10. 主语+谓语+no other than/none other than/ none but+宾语/表语 强调判断句。The man was no other than John.//We depend on none but ourselves.11. 主语+be nothing +else but/else than/less than+表语 强调判断句。He is nothing but a paper tiger.//The situation is nothing else but/than fine.That is nothing less than a miracle.Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.12. 主语+be not A, but B./ 主语+be +B+ and (but) not A. 选择判断句。I am very ill, not bodily, but mentally.The tragedy is not in not knowing, but in not knowing that you don’t know.It is yours, and not mine.//It is not mine, but yours.13. (It is) Not that A + but that B. 选择判断句。It is not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time.Not that we are afraid of Americans, but that they are afraid of us.It is not heroes that make history, but history that makes heroes, and that, consequently, it is not heroes who create a people, but the people who create heroes and more history onward.14. So far from being ..., 主语+谓语 选择判断句。So far from being a help, he is a hindrance.So far from being ashamed of it, he takes pride in it.So far from being true, the news is false.15. 主语+be + less A than B./ 主语+be+ more B than A. 比较判断句。Experience shows that success is due less to ability than to zeal.It is even more a picture that a poem. He is more shy than (he is) unsocial.He is more angry (not angrier) than frightened.16. 主语+be+B rather than A. 与其说，不如说。比较判断句。He is an ordinary worker rather than a leader.He is rather diligent than clever.The patient was worse rather than better.He is an artist rather than a philosopher.17. 主语+ be not so much A as B. 与其说，不如说。比较判断句。He is not so much a scholar as a writer.It is not so much a help as advice.A man’s worth lies not so much in what he has as in what he is.18. 主语+ be being +doing. 故意, 有意。She is being kind.//They are being friendly.Tom is being naughty.//He is being good/helpful/a fool.19. 时间 + see/witness +宾语 拟人表达。The twenties century saw the rapid development of IT.The happy May witnessed their grand wedding.1976 saw the loss of two great men in China.III. 祝愿祈使句20. Be so kind/good as to do sth. 委婉的请求。Be good/kind enough to do sth.Be so kind/kind enough to shut the door. Be so good as to come and join us.Be good enough (so good as) to help me with my English. 21. Supposing/Suppose主语+动词原形 类似let，但更委婉。Suppose we try to do it my way.//Suppose we start tomorrow.Supposing we go for a swim.//Supposing we buy a car. 22. Long live +第三人称主语 ...万岁。Long live the people!//Long live our motherland!23. May +主语 +动词原形 祝愿。 May you return soon.//May he be happy.May she never repent this act.//(May) God bless you. 24. 名词 to 名词 祝愿。Glory to the people!//Success to you!Best wishes to you!//A happy journey to you!25. If only +主语 + 虚拟谓语 若...就好了。 If only Mao Zedong were still by our side to see this with his own eyes!If only I had known then what I knew long afterwards!If only I could see her again!26. O/Oh/Ah, + that 从句（虚拟） O/Oh/Ah, + to be +表语 O/Oh/Ah, + 虚拟谓语 +主语 虚拟的愿望。 Oh, that she could come back to life again!O that he were a live and could see this!Ah, to be in England now that April is there!O to be a boy again!//O were he only here! O had I wings!27. Be+主语 +表语 表语 + be +主语 书面语的愿望。Be ours a happy meeting! Light be her heart and gay her merry eyes!So be it! (So may it be. Be it so.)Blessed be he that spares these stones and curst be he that moves my bones.28. Would (that) +主语 +虚拟谓语 祝愿。虚拟的愿望。Would (that) it were otherwise!Would that they were safe home again!Would I were a woman!//Would that I were young again!IV. 感叹句29. To think that + 从句（虚拟谓语）意外而感叹。To think that you should fail!//To think that I should be s insulted!To think that I knew nothing about it! To think that you are/were so careless!30. Fancy + 动名词 表示“真想不到”。Fancy meeting so many friends here! Fancy his doing a thing like that!Fancy his making such a wonderful speech!//Fancy (that)! Just fancy!V. 疑问句31. 疑问词+in the world/on earth/the devil/ever ...? 强调疑问句。What in the world do you mean?//Who on earth told you that?Who the devil is he?//Where ever did you lose it?Who ever wants it?32. 疑问句+do you think/did you say/can you guess/do you suppose + 其它？疑问句中插入成分。What do you think I should do first?How old were you then, did you say?How many books, can you guess, did he buy the other day?33. 肯定陈述，+ 肯定反问 修辞性反问以加强语气，非反意问句，故无需作答。 肯定反问中的动词须重读。We are old friends, not strangers, right?So you have seen the film, have you?//She is a sweet girl, is she?34. 疑问词位置不在句首 特殊疑问句的灵活运用。 Five times what number makes 20?//You are twenty-what this year?He is your who?//You bought a what yesterday?He went all the way where?VI. 数词句型35. 用exactly/clear/sharp 精确整数。The cloth measures ten yards exactly.It’s now exactly ten o’clock.//It’s ten sharp. It takes me three clear days.36. about /or so/ more or less/ some 约指整数。 About ten thousand cars were produced.//He wrote some 800 books.During the past ten years or so, the production has increased by 90 %.It’s an hour’s journey, more or less. 37. 年龄表达I am 20.//I am 20 years old.//I am 20 years of age.//I am aged 20 (years).My age is 20 (years).//He entered school at the age of 5.He became plump at 50.//He graduated at 20 years of age.He is a girl of 18 (years old).//He is a man aged 20 years.They are under/below 7 years of age.//She is in her teens. 38. 计量表达The tree is about 60 feet high (in height). long—in length wide—in width thick—in thickness heavy—in weight high(物)—in height tall(人)—in height deep—in depth across—in breadth(宽度) across—in diameter(直径) across—in radius(半径) This room measures 60 feet (in length) by 15 feet (in breadth).VII. 关联指代39. On (the) one hand, ... and on the other (hand) ... 同一事物之两面。 On the one hand, I am your teacher, and on the other, I am your comrade and friend.They have been blamed on the one hand and lauded on the other.On the one hand, you shouldn’t be shy; on the other hand, you mustn’t forget your manners.40. two (both) ... the one (and) the other... two (both) ...the former, the latter... two (both) ...the first, the second... two (both) ...that, this...// two (both) ...those, these... 先后两事物。I have two brothers; the one (former) is fifteen, and the other (latter) is eleven.Work and play are both necessary to health; this (the latter) gives us rest, and that (the former) gives energy.They keep horses and cattle, those for riding, and these for food.41. first...second...third...lastly... firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly... one...two...three...four... 序列。 First, I wish both of you good health. Second, I wish both of you success in your work; and third, I wish both of you good luck in everything.What do we need in order to really win? We need three things: first, arms, second, arms, third, arms and arms again.VIII. 比较句型42. 某些形容词-or + to + 被比对象 特殊比较级句型。His strength is superior to/greater than mine.Socialism is superior to capitalism. My knowledge is inferior to/less than his.Is your father senior to mine?Colored people are by no means inferior to white people.His arrival is posterior to that of my friend.43. Better...than... “宁可，最好”，It is被省略。Better late than never.//Better to do well than to say well.Better to light one candle than to curse the darkness.Better die standing than live kneeling.44. choose A before B 优先选择。A hero should choose death before dishonor.I am willing to work myself to death before I give up.I would do anything before that.IX. 比喻句型45. like, as 比喻。 He stood there like a tree.//Use a book as a bee does a flower.A year has gone as a tortoise goes heavy and slow.46. A is to B as C is to D. A to B is what C is to D. 比喻Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body.Air is to us what/as water is to fish.47. (Just) As/What +喻体, so/that +本体 比喻Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.What salt is to food, that wit and humor are to conversation and literature.What blood vessel is to a man’s body, that railway is to transportation.As food is to man, so manure is to crops. 48. A to B is as ... as C to D. 同等重要性比喻。Cultivation to the mind is as necessary as food to the body.He walks as if he were as blind as a beetle.A pen to a writer is as important as arms to a soldier.49. may as well ... as ... 类似比喻。You may as well call a cat a little tiger as call a tiger a big cat.She might as well love a dream as fall in love with me.One might as well expect the leopard to change his spots as expect the wolf to change its nature. 50. as...as 形容词活用。It is as hot as hot can be.He works as hard as hard can be.She’s as beautiful as beautiful can be.
粉恋桃心
搂主，说实话，楼上的兄台给出的东西没什么用处，看了和没看没什么区别，以下内容可是本人学习英语十几年的心得，今天告诉你好了 :-)句子成分主要有：主语 谓语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语(1)主语和谓语 主语和谓语一般很容易区分，一个句子中也必须有主语和谓语两个部分，否则句子则不成立（当然，一些口语中的省略句除外），例如： ——Why have you taken the matter? (为什么你要接手这件事？) ——I like! （我喜欢！） 这里面的第二个句子就是最简单的一种句型，只有主语（I）和谓语（like） 主语就是一个句子的中心语，这个句子的描述都是围绕这个中心语展开的，可以使一个单词（例如例句中的I），也可以使一个短语，甚至是一个句子。(2)宾语 宾语就是跟在谓语动词之后的那部分，例如： I have eaten an apple.（我已经吃了一个苹果） 在这个句子中，I是主语，have eaten 是谓语，an apple是宾语，又来补足谓语的内容(3)定语 定语是用作修饰的，定语一般分为前置定语和后置定语，当作定语的部分为一个单词的死后一般是前置（就是放在所修饰词语的前面），当作定语的部分是一个短语甚至一个句子（总之超过一个单词的），就要放在所修饰中心词的后面 前置定语，例如： I want to have some beautiful flower. （我想要一些漂亮的花。） 这里，beautiful作为flower的定语 （顺便复习下上面的内容，这个句子是一个略为复杂的简单句，即句子大致的枝干是主语+谓语+宾语，只不过这个句子的宾语有一个定语“beautiful”,在该句中“I”是主语，“want to have”可看作一个谓语，“some”和“beautiful”都分别用于修饰宾语“flower”，都是“flower”的定语） 后置定语： The basketball match played last night is wondful.（昨晚的篮球比赛很精彩。） 在这个句子中，played last night 可看作是主语“the basketball match”的定语，只不过这里的定语比较复杂，是一个省略形式的定语从句。（我不知道你现在上几年级，不知道有没有接触过定语从句等有关内容，如果你对定语从句，宾语从句，同谓语从句等内容感兴趣的话，就发消息给我，我继续给你讲好了） 总之一句话，要判断是不是定语，就看它起什么作用，如果是修饰一个中心词起到对中心词的限定作用，那么就是定语。 其实有一个小方法，也蛮好用的：将英文翻译成中文，如果某一部分可以翻译成“什么什么的”，例如上面的句子中的定语“Played last night”可翻译成“昨天晚上举行的”，那么，这一部分就是定语啦，记住，一定是这个“的”，不是“得”或者是“地”哦 （PS：所谓限定作用，那上面的句子来讲好了，“the basketball match”，篮球比赛有很多啊，每年的篮球比赛多了去了，这时候，“played last night”就限定了，是昨晚的篮球比赛。这就是所谓的限定作用。）（4）表语其实表语是最容易判断的，跟在“be”动词之后的内容就是表语，当然，这里的“be”可以是任意一种形式，例如is,am,are,was,were，后面跟的内容都是表语，例如： I am a girl. 这里a girl就是表语，因为它跟在“am”之后 其实表语和宾语差不多，就是换种说法而已。（5）状语一般，句子的状语都是由副词来充当，状语一般分为时间状语，地点状语，一般说来，看到一个句子中如果出现地点或是时间，而且表时间或是地点的这部分是单独存在的，一般就是状语，例如： I will go home tomorrow. They had there lunch in my home.上述两个句子中，tomorrow 和in my home都是状语，判断一个句子中的某一部分是不是状语，很简单：把它拿掉，看句子成不成立。这里的成立不是指句意上的成立，而是指语法上的成立。像第一个句子，拿掉tomorrow照样解释得通。但是，有一些句子中的时间或是地点就不是作状语，例如： The time they got home is last night. （他们回家的时间是昨天晚上。） 这里的last night就是作表语，因为这里的last night不是单独存在的，而是和“is”连在一起使用，而且如果把last night去掉的话，这个句子就不成立了。 当然，还有一类很重要的状语，例如： She love her boyfriend deeply. （她深深地爱着她的男友。） 这里的deeply作状语来修饰“love”，判断这一类状语也有个捷径：一般来说，单独存在的副词作状语，这里的单独存在的意思和上面的一样，把它去掉也成立（也同上文），如果把deeply去掉这句话仍然是成立的。 当然，类似于判断定语的方法：可以用“什么什么的”来判断，这一类的状语可以用“什么什么地”来判断，在该句中，deeply可翻译成“深深地”，所以“deeply”是副词（6）补语补语就是在句子中补充说明句子的某一成分，现在对补语的要求很低，考试一般不会涉及到，因为补语有时候和状语很难区分，有时候连英语专家都无法解释某一部分到底是作定语还是补语。对于补语，就不用那么细致了，同定语和状语的判断，如果某一部分可翻译成“什么什么得”，那么就是补语了，当然，补语有点特殊，也不一定非得是“什么什么得”，只要翻译成中文时有“得”，就OK。例如： She gets up early every morning. 她早上起得很早。最后，给你几个句子练习一下（我想了很久的例句呢，呵呵） (1)I still remember the day they came back.这句话先让我来划分吧，下面的句子你就要自己写了哦。 主语：I 谓语：remember 宾语：the day 定语：they came back 另外说明一点，still作为副词修饰remember，可以看作是remember的状语，不过在划分句子成份的时候可以不考虑。 (2)The girl in red skirt is my classmate. (3)I really want to see the basketball match played between Cleveland Cavaliars and Phoinex Suns. (4)It made me very sad that she left without and word(这句很重要哦) 好了，就写这么多了，要是有什么不懂的就在我的百度空间里留言吧，发消息也可以。这几句话一定要认真分析哦祝你学习进步 :-)
吉吉狼外婆小号
第一类:be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态结构：一般现在时Iam….Youare.…He/She/Itis….We/You/Theyare….一般将来时(1)(I等各人称)willbe….(2)Iamgoingtobe…He/She/Itisgoingtobe…We/You/Theyaregoingtobe…现在完成时Ihavebeen….Youhavebeen….She/he/Ithasbeen….We/You/Theyhavebeen….一般过去时Iwas….Youwere.…He/She/Itwas….We/You/Theywere….过去将来时(1)(I等各人称)wouldbe….(2)Iwasgoingtobe…He/She/Itwasgoingtobe…We/You/Theyweregoingtobe…过去完成时Ihadbeen….Youhadbeen….She/he/Ithadbeen….We/You/Theyhadbeen….第二类:行为动词的各种时态结构:一般现在时动词用原形(单三人称动词加s/es)(问句和否定句借用助词do/does)一般过去时动词用过去式(问句和否定句借用助词did)现在进行时am+动词-ingis+动词-ingare+动词-ing过去进行时was+动词-ingwere+动词-ing一般将来时(1)will+动词原形(2)am+goingto+动词原形Is+goingto+动词原形are+goingto+动词原形过去将来时(1)would+动词原形(2)was+goingto+动词原形were+goingto+动词原形现在完成时have+过去分词has+过去分词过去完成时had+过去分词
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