签署合同英语翻译

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。

亲，下面我给出参考答案，因为我本身学过商务英语，答案应该也八九不离十了。1 The contract includes what we have agreed upon our discussion.2 We both parties reached an agreement on the terms of the contract.3 This is our standard contract.4 Do you think it necessary to make an amendment to the payment terms?5 I suggest the clause"shipmhent shall be made before or on September 2th" should be stipulated on the contract.6 The details of the contract can be amended only on the condition that both parties agree.7 How long is the contract duration?8 The contract is valid for 3 years.9 The contract renews annually.10 We will honor the draft when it becomes due, only if all contract stipulations have been duly impletemented by you. 对话1A Mr Wang, do you have any news about the deal we talked before？B: We have already check with our customers and they are satisfied with the quality and style of your products in general.A: I'm very pleased to have such a news.Thanks to your efforts and cooperation,the deal can be carried on smoothly.Could you tell me when we can conclude the contract?B: Well, I think we may draft the contract this evening.You can come and have a look at 9 tomorrow morning.A: But I already have a date with other people.B: How about at 3 o'clock tomorrw afternoon?A:OK, that'll be fine!B: See you then.对话2A:Let's check the terms of the contract before we sign it ,so as to avoid any subsequent disputes caused by some problems.B:All right.Let's check it together.A: Look at this item,it stipulates that the goods must be packed in paper boxes and put into cartons. I thinnk It's necessary for the clothes but not for the attachments.B: I agree with you. The attachments should be packed individually.A: Besides,the clause stipulates that partial shipment and transshipment are not allowed.But we agree to allow both of them before.B: You're right.It must be amended.A: And as to the item about arbitration, we advise to proceed it in China.The reward of the arbitration shal be legally binded upon both parties.以上我是很用心去翻译的哦，望亲采纳！

合同翻译（做了这么久兼职翻译，尼玛终于找到教程了！源自北外高翻）一.hereby英文释义:by means of , by reason of this中文译词:特此,因此,兹用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款例2：We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：（1）hereby：特此（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件参考译文：特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。例3：This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注释：（1）hereby：特此（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商参考译文：本合同双方， 公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于 年 月 日在中国 （地点），特签订本合同。例4：This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).注释：（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方参考译文：本协议特由中国 公司（以下简称甲方）与 公司（以下简称乙方）于 年 月 日订立。 二 hereof英文释义: of this中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。例1Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注释：（1） Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是否（2） the owner of the goods：货方（3） without interruption：无间断地（4） carrier：承运人（5） in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause参考译文：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。例2Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释：（1） foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者（2） as mentioned in this Law：本法所称（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4） legal entity：法人（5） be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动参考译文：本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注释：（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登记为参考译文：设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注释：（1） as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因（2） arbitrator：仲裁员（3） the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定（4） be selected or appointed：选定或指定参考译文：仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例5In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注释：（1） conflict：相抵触（2） prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前（3） the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准 hereof：of this Law参考译文：本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。例6Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注释：（1） the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关（2） shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿（3） the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人（4） Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof：of this Law（5） shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉（6） claims compensation：要求赔偿（7） apply to/ in：适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here. /That argument does not apply in this case. /That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom. /The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.参考译文：赔偿义务机关对依：本法规定 hereof：of this Law（4） the lawful rights and interests：合法权益（5） disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序参考译文：本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。 三 hereto英文释义: to this中文译词:至此，在此上。用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“to this”。例1All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注释：（1） the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2） through amicable negotiations：友好协商（3） the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方（4） shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁（5） the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）（6） the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则（7） the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决（8） unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外参考译文：对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。

合同部分：1, the contract includes all contents of the discussion we agreed.2, we both agree on the terms of the contract3, this is our standard contract4, do you think that whether you want to modify the terms of payment?5, I suggest that contracts wrote "September 20th or earlier shipment".6, the details of the contract can only by mutual consent to modify7, the contract period is how long?8, the contract is valid for 3 years9, the contract renewed annually10, only when you are fulfilling the terms of the contract after the maturity of the draft, we will honor.对话一：A: Mr. Wang, about the deal we talk, I do not know what news?B: we have already discussed with the customer, their overall quality of your products satisfactory and stylesA: I'm really glad to hear this news, thanks for your efforts and cooperation, the transaction can be successful. I would like to ask what time can we sign the contract?B: Oh, I think we have the contract drawn up tonight. At nine o'clock tomorrow morning you lookA: but tomorrow morning I have a dateB: it changed to 3 this afternoon, OK?A: Good afternoon, 3 point.B: I'll wait for you.对话二：A: we first have a look the terms of the contract, then sign, so as not to ignore some problems, the future disagreement.B: Well, we'll have a lookA: do you think I should change this one, written in the contract is all the goods must be packed in paper boxes, outside use cardboard boxes, can be in terms of dress, but the annex is not necessary.B: Yes, accessories should be packed separatelyA: in addition, contract does not allow partial shipment and transshipment. But our discussion is agreed to allow partial shipment and transshipment.B: Yes, should be changedA: there are a little bit about arbitration. We suggest that in China of arbitration. The arbitration decision shall be binding on both parties.

翻译商务英语合同的时候，有什么技巧可以避免我们犯一些常见的错误?下面是我给大家整理的合同英语翻译方法，供大家参阅!

商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。

一.公文副词

但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。

实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由 here、there、where 等副词分别加上 after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：

从此以后、今后：hereafter;

此后、以后：thereafter;

在其上：thereon hereupon;

在其下：thereunder;

对于这个：hereto;

对于那个：whereto;

在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore;

在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow;

在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore;

在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter.

现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。

例 1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。

This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例 2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。

The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.

二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语

英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。

2.1. shipping advice 与 shipping instructions

shipping advice 是“装运通知”，是由出口商(卖主)发给进口商(买主)的。然而 shipping instructions 则是“装运须知”，是进口商(买主)发给出口商(卖主)的。另外要注意区分 vendor(卖主)与 vendee(买主)，consignor(发货人)与 consignee(收货人)。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。

2.2. abide by 与 comply with

abide by 与 comply with 都有“遵守”的意思.但是当主语是“人”时，英译“遵守”须用 abide

by。当主语是非人称时，则用 comply with 英译“遵守”。

例 3：双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。

Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.

2.3. change A to B 与 change A into B

英译“把 A 改为 B”用“change A to B”，英译“把 A 折合成/兑换成 B”用“change A into B”，两者不可混淆。

例 4：交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合成人民币。

Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.

2.4. ex 与 per

源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex，由某轮船“运走”的货物用 Per，而由某轮船“承运”用 by。

例 5：由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10 月 1 日抵达伦敦。

The last batch per/ex/by S.S. "Victoria" will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship)

2.5. in 与 after

当英译“多少天之后”的时间时，往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天，所以必须用介词 in，而不能用 after，因为介词 after 指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。

例 6：该货于 11 月 10 日由“东风”轮运出，41 天后抵达鹿特丹港。

The good shall be shipped per M.V. "Dong Feng" on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days. (M.V.= motor vessel

2.6. on/upon 与 after

当英译“……到后，就……”时，用介词 on/upon，而不用 after，因为 after 表示“之后”的时间不明确。

例 7：发票货值须货到付给。

The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.

2.7. by 与 before

当英译终止时间时，比如“在某月某日之前”，如果包括所写日期时，就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期，即指到所写日期的前一天为止，就要用介词 before。

例 8：卖方须在 6 月 15 日前将货交给买方。

The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or: before June 16，说明含 6 月 15 日在内。如果不含 6 月 15 日,就译为 by June 14 或者 before June 15。)

三、慎重处理合同的关键细目

实践证明，英译合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说，不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目.比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。

3.1. 限定责任

众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。

3.1.1 and/or

常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。 例 9：如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。

The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard.

3.1.2 by and between

常用 by and between 强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋于的责任。

例 10：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。

This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

3.2. 限定时间

英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。

3.2.1 双介词

用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。

例 11;自 9 月 2O 日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。

Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.

例 12：我公司的条件是，3 个月内，即不得晚于 5 月 1 日，支付现金。

Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.

3.2.2 not(no)later than

用“not (no) later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。

例 13：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于 12 月 15 日，你方须将货物装船。

Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15.

3.2.3 include 的相应形式

常用 include 的相应形式：inclusive、including 和 included，来限定含当日在内的时间。 例 14：本证在北京议付，有效期至 1 月 1 日。

This credit expires till January 1(inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 如果不包括 1 月 1 日在内，英译为 till and not including January 1。

3.3. 限定金额

为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改，英译时常用以下措施严格把关。

3.3.1.大写文字重复金额

英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”.意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。

例 16：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 500 元整。

Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).

3.3.2. 正确使用货币符号

英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“￡”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。

必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can $891,568，不能写成：Can $ 891,568。另外，翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点 (.) 还是分节号 (,)，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。

一、名词与动词的互相转译

研究表明:英语的名词在词汇中占有绝对优势,

常用名词来表达汉语中用动词表达的概念(如抽象的行为名词) ,而且动词的兼类情况非常明显,加之英语有词形变化, 许多动词词尾加上后缀, 如-ment , - tion , - ance , - er , - or 等,即可变成名词。相反,汉语却以动词占优势,而且一个句子不限于用一个动词,可以几个动词连用。因此,英译汉时许多名词可译成汉语的动词;汉译英时动词也常译成名词(或介词+ 名词) 。

英语中具有抽象动作意义的名词汉译时常译成动词。但是,汉译英时,如果译者没有非常深厚的英语功底,很难非常恰当地使用这类词来翻译,用英语动词的可能性最大。例如:

(1) The repeal of the Corn Laws by Great Britainin 1846 ended Britain′s long - standing policy protectionism.

1846 年英国废除《谷物法》,结束了英国长期存在的贸易保护主义政策。

“repeal”既可以作动词,也可以作名词,意思相同,都是“取消”、“废除”的意思。但是按照汉语的语言习惯,我们很可能用“repeal”的动词形式来回译(back - t ranslate) ,译成: Great Britain repealed theCorn Laws in 1846 and ended ?,或译成: The CornLaws were repealed in Great Britain in 1846 and thelong - standing policy of protectionism was ended。

两种翻译可能都讲得通,但总不如原文那么精炼、严密。

(2)And in a best - selling book ,Lester Thurowtold us that America would soon be going head tohead with a Germanled Europe in the st ruggle forworld market s.

莱斯特·瑟罗在他的一本畅销书中断言,美国不久将要与德国领导的欧洲势均力敌地争夺国际市场。

原文中“st ruggle”为介词“in”的宾语,但汉语译文直接将它译成动词“争夺”,比原文来得更直接更传神。

(3) The first was the belief among many nationalleaders that theevent s leading to the Second WorldWar were t riggered by the Great Depression of the1930s ,which in turn was believed to have been prolonged and deepened by the very high tariff s enactedby virtually all of the major t rading nations during theearly 1930s.

第一,很多国家的领导人认为:导致第二次世界大战爆发的事件是30 年代的大萧条,而这大萧条被认为是被30 年代初期几乎所有的主要国家所定的高额关税所延续和加深的。

“the first ”指促成1948 年几个国家鉴定正式协定建立贸易体系的三个因素之一(这个协定即关税及贸易总协定) 。本句开头用“believe”避免了重复,

使行文更加流畅。然而,译成汉语时则以动词代之,

这样更符合汉语的习惯。

有时在英译汉时,如将名词译成动词,则更易于处理。例如:

(4 ) Early hopes that Eastern Germany couldstage an economic miracle like that of West Germanyin the 1950s and ′60s have faded.

统一之初指望东德能重演西德五六十年代经济奇迹的热情早已淡化。

本例说明了在东西两德统一初期,人民迫切希望东德的经济会迅速崛起。但是,随着时间的推移,

人们已不再那样强烈地对此抱有幻想。原文“hope”

用复数, 但汉语中没有数的变化。如将原文的“hope”译成名词,首先汉语动宾不搭配,我们平常不讲“希望淡化”,其次原文复数形式不好处理。但将“hope”译成动词后,后边再添加“热情”一词来体现原文的预期,译文则更加自然。

同时,汉译英时,如能适当地将动词译成名词,

则会使英译文更加自然、更加凝练。例如:

(5) 交易增加,要求流通的货币量也增加。Anincrease in business requires an increase in the amountof money coming into general circulation.

原文中共用了四个动词,而译文却只用了一个动词和一个分词,从而使译文更加紧凑、凝练。如将这四个动词都译成动词,英语句子则拖沓、不自然。

试译如下:

The fact that business increases requires that theamount of money which is generally circulated be alsoincreased.

译文罗嗦,而且不可猝读。

(6) 在里根时代,贸易赤字使贸易保护主义抬头,现在有人担心贸易保护主义将会重现。

The t rade deficit in the Reagan years created arise in protectionism , and some worry about a replay.

原文中共有四个动词(连同助动词共有五个) ,

但译文却只用了两个动词,用“rise”和“replay”来替代了其余两动词,可谓佳译。但如果将动词全部译成动词,结果如何,可想而知。

由动词加- a (e) nce , - tion , - ment 等词缀构成的名词,英译汉时常译成动词。例如:

(7) Liberalization of international economic system was widely perceived as a way to avoid recurrenceof a similar calamity.

人们广泛地认为,避免重遭类似灾难的一条途径是放宽国际经济体系。

(8) Resistance to market opening is basically apower play by leaders of indust ry.

抵制开放市场基本上是工业领袖们的实力较量。

上两例中的“recurrence”和“resistance”分别被译成汉语动词“遭受”和“抵制”。“recurrence of asimilar calamity”实际上是一紧缩的主谓句, 而“avoid”之后则跟v - ing + 宾语。

(9) Utility is therefore related to our decisionabout priorities in production - particularly in a cent rally - planned economy.

因此,效用(经济术语) 对我们决定优先生产什么是有关系的,特别在中央计划经济中尤其如此。

(10)Much of the remainder of the GATT is designed to prevent evasion of the tariff obligations ofArticle II by the use of nontariff barriers.

关贸总协定的其余部分主要是用来防止以非关税壁垒形式来逃避第二条规定的关税义务。第(9)

例中的“decision”、“production”皆为介词宾语,前者如用“decide”则与“priorities”动宾搭配不当,所以不宜用动名词形式;“in production”指一种过程,“produce”为及物动词,一般要跟宾语。所以,也不适宜使用动名词。第10 例中的“evasion”前为及物动词“prevent”,它的基本用法是“prevent sb. (f rom) doing sth. ”。“evasion of tariff obligations ”这一结构却是动宾关系,也不适合用动名词。

(11)Before the payment of these tariff s ,the imported goods will be in the custody of the customs andstorage charges are for the importer’s account .

交关税前,进口货物由海关保管,存储费由进口商负担。

(12) In reimbursement of these ext ra expenses ,

please draw on us.

请开汇票向我方支款,用于偿付这些额外费用。

上两例均由于语法限制,只有用名词形式,但译成汉语时,“payment”和“reimbursement ”分别译作“交”和“偿付”。