元旦英语简介20字

我们从小就知道每年阳历的1月1号就是我们传统节日“元旦”，但是有多少人知道它的具体来历呢？2010年的元旦马上就要来到，我们就来说说英文元旦的由来。中国的元旦，据传说起于三皇五帝之一的颛顼，距今已有3000多年的历史。“元旦”一词最早出现于《晋书》：“颛帝以孟夏正月为元，其实正朔元旦之春”的诗中。南北朝时，南朝萧子云的《介雅》诗中也有“四季新元旦，万寿初春朝”的记载。 China's New Year's Day, reportedly talking about at one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Zhuanxu, have elapsed since the 3000 years of history. "New Year's Day" first appeared in the "Book of Jin": "Zhuan Yuan Emperor to muong xia first month, in fact, our rules on New Year's Spring" in poetry. Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Southern Xiaozi clouds "Jie Ya," poem also has "Four Seasons New Year's Day, Wanshou spring moving towards a" well documented. 中国最早称农历正月初一为“元旦”，元是“初”、“始”的意思，旦指“日子”，元旦合称即是“初始的日子”，也就是一年的第一天。正月初一从哪日算起，在汉武帝以前也是很不统一的。因此，历代的元旦月、日也并不一致。夏朝的夏历以孟喜月（元月）为正月，商朝的殷历以腊月（十二月）为正月，周朝的周历以冬月（十一月）为正月。秦始皇统一中国后，又以阳春月（十月）为正月，即十月初一为元旦。从汉武帝起，才规定孟喜月（元月）为正月，把孟喜月的第一天（夏历的正月初一）称为元旦，一直沿用到清朝末年。但这是夏历，亦即农历或阴历，还不是我们今天所说的元旦。 China's New Year's Day, reportedly talking about at one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Zhuanxu, have elapsed since the 3000 years of history. "New Year's Day" first appeared in the "Book of Jin": "Zhuan Yuan Emperor to muong xia first month, in fact, our rules on New Year's Spring" in poetry. Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Southern Xiaozi clouds "Jie Ya," poem also has "Four Seasons New Year's Day, Wanshou spring moving towards a" well documented. 公元1911年，孙中山领导的辛亥革命，推翻了清朝的统治，建立了中华民国。为了“行夏正，所以顺农时，从西历，所以便统计”，民国元年决定使用公历（实际使用是1912年），并规定阳历（公历）1月1日为“新年”，但并不叫“元旦”。 AD 1911, the 1911 Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty rule and founded the Republic of China. In order to "line XIA, so shun farming season, from the Western calendar, so they Statistics," In the first year of the decision to use the Gregorian calendar (the actual use is 1912), and provides Gregorian calendar (the Gregorian calendar) January 1 to "New Year", but does not called "New Year's Day." 今天所说的“元旦”，是公元1949年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议第一次全体会议，在决定建立中华人民共和国的同时，也决定采用世界通用的公元纪年法，并将公历1月1日正式定为“元旦”，农历正月初一改为“春节”。 Said today's "New Year's Day," is the year September 27, 1949, the first plenary session of the CPPCC, in the decision to establish the People's Republic also decided to adopt the world-wide AD Annals law, and the Gregorian calendar a On 1, officially designated as "New Year's Day," who started the first lunar month to "Spring Festival."

在当代，元旦指公元纪年的岁首第一天。自西历传入我国以后，元旦一词便专用于新年，传统的旧历年则称春节。 而在此之前，元旦一直是指农历岁首第一天的。元是“初”“始”的意思，旦指“日子”，元旦合称即是“初始的日子”，也就是一年的第一天。 1949年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议第一界全体会议决议：“中华人民共和国纪年采用公元纪年法”，即是我们所说的阳历，为了区别农历和阳历两个新年，又鉴于农历二十四节气中的“立春”恰在农历新年的前后，因此便把农历正月初一改称为“春节”，阳历一月一日定为“元旦”，至此，元旦才成为全国人民的欢乐节日。 各国元旦习俗： 新一年，总是给人们带来美好的祝福。在这除旧迎新的日子里，世界各国的人们都以其别出心裁、各具特色的方式迎接着新年的到来。 英国：元旦前一天，家家户户都必须做到瓶中有酒，橱中有肉。英国人认为，如果没有余下的酒肉，来年便会贫穷。除此之外，英国还流行新年“打井水”的风俗，人们都争取第一个去打水，认为第一个打水人为幸福之人，打来的水是吉祥之水。英国人在除夕的深夜，常带上糕点和酒出去拜访，他们不敲门，就径直走进亲友家去。按英国人的风俗，除夕千夜过后，朝屋里迈进第一只脚的人，预示着新的一年的运气。如果第一个客人是个黑发的男人，或是个快乐、幸福而富裕的人，主人就将全年吉利走好运。如果第一个客人是个浅黄头发的女人，或是个忧伤、贫穷、不幸的人，主人在新的一年中将遭霉运，会遇上困难和灾祸。除夕在亲友家作客的人，在未交谈前，要先去拨弄壁炉的火，祝福主人“开门大吉”。在英国中部的一些地区，新年早上出门时，不管熟识还是陌生，都会互送铜钱，他们认为这样做，不但对方一年有财气，同时也会给自己带来幸运。 印度：印度的元旦被人称为“痛哭元旦”、“禁食元旦”。他们在新年第一天，谁也不许对人生气，更不准发脾气。有些地方，过年不但不庆祝，反而相抱大哭。他们认为，元旦一开始，岁月易逝——人生短暂，用哭声来表示自己的感叹。有些地区的人们则以禁食一天一夜来迎接新的一年，由元旦凌晨开始直到午夜为止。 蒙古：新一年到来，蒙古老人会装扮成牧羊人的样子，穿着毛绒的皮外套，头戴一顶皮帽，手拿一根鞭子，不停地把鞭子在空中抽得啪啪响，以示驱邪祝福。 巴西：巴西人在元旦这天，高举火把，蜂拥登山。人们争先恐后地寻找那象征幸福的金桦果。只有不畏艰险的人，才能找到这种罕见的果子。他们称之为“寻福”。巴西农村有一个独特的风俗习惯——便是互相揪耳，人们在元旦见面时，一定要相互使劲揪住对方的耳朵，表示祝福。 巴基斯坦：在元旦这一天，巴基斯坦人们个个手拿红粉跑出门，见了亲友，道过新喜，便互相将红粉涂在额上，以示庆祝新年吉祥如意。 阿富汗：在阿富汗北部地区的居民，每逢元旦都要举行激烈的抢山羊比赛，以示庆祝。两队骑手争抢猎物，比赛既紧张激烈，又喜庆欢乐。 阿根廷：阿根廷人认为水是最圣洁的。每年元旦，各家老少成群结队到江河中洗“新年浴”，以洗去身上的一切污秽。 墨西哥：墨西哥有些地区的人们在新年到来的时候是禁止笑的，他们一年共分18个月，每月20天，一年最后5天内不准笑。 保加利亚：元旦用餐时，谁打喷嚏谁准会给全家人带来幸福，家主将第一只羊、牛或马驹许给他，以祝愿他给全家人带来幸福。 巴拉圭：巴拉人把每年最后五天定为“冷食日”。在这五天中，上至国家元首，下至普通百姓，都不能动烟火，只能吃冷食，直到元旦，才能生火做饭，庆祝佳节。 苏格兰：苏格兰人在元旦前夕，家家户户门前都会放着一些金钱，没人看守，盗贼和乞丐在这天晚上，看见了也不动分毫。因为当地风俗，新年前夕，先把金钱放在门外，翌日新年降临，大清早打开门时，就看见门口有金钱，取其“一见发财”之意。 西班牙：西班牙人在元且前夕，所有家庭成员都团聚在一起，以音乐和游戏相庆贺。午夜来临，十二点的钟声刚开始敲第一响，大家便争着吃葡萄。加果能按钟声吃下12颗，便象征着新年的每个月都一切如意。元旦这天，最忌孩子们骂人、打架和哭啼，认为这些现象是不祥之兆。所以，元旦之日大人总是尽量满足孩子们的一切要求。同时，这天人们身上必携一枚金币或铜币以示吉祥。 比利时：在比利时，元旦的早上，农村中的第一件事便是向畜拜年。人们走到牛、马、羊、狗、猫等动物身边，煞有介事向这些生灵通明：“新年快乐！” 土耳其：土耳其人在新年除夕，人人都要洗澡，然后穿上新衣裳，他们认为这样可去除过去一年的衰气，除旧迎新，迎接来年好运。 阿根廷：元月之日，各家各户纷纷到江河中去进行“新年浴”。入水前，先把采集来的鲜花撒在江面，然后，大家笑呵呵地跳进水中尽情沐浴，同时用花瓣来揉搓身子，在这个国家，水被视为“圣洁”之物。 古巴：元旦前一夜，每人准备一碗水，听到新年钟响，大家都很快地将水泼向街，意为“除岁” 哥伦比亚：元旦前夕，各条街上都制作很大的傀儡——“旧年”，并宣布“旧年遗言”，“遗言”的内容滑稽风趣，以博得人们开心，午夜时将“傀儡”炸毁，在粉碎旧年“傀儡”的爆炸声中，人们载歌载舞，互相庆贺。 日本：日本人在元旦清晨，一家老小上街迎接初升的太阳，接着去神社参拜，或互相向亲友问好。他们称元旦为“正日”。在这一天，他们的早餐是很丰盛的，吃砂糖竽艿、荞麦面等，喝屠苏酒。此后一连3天则吃素食，以示虔诚，祈求来年大吉大利。 泰国：泰国传统的新年，即“宋干节”（“宋干”是梵语的译音），也叫“泼水节”，节日里，人们相互洒水，喜笑颜开地祝长辈健康长寿，祝亲朋新年幸运。未婚的青年男女，则用泼水来表示彼此之间的爱慕之情。泰国人在新年第一天都在窗台、门口端放一盆清水，祈求新年如意，风调雨顺。 德国：德国人在元旦期间，家家户户都要摆上一棵枞树和横树，树叶间系满绢花，表示繁花如锦，春满人间。他们在除夕午夜新年光临前一刻，爬到椅子上，钟声一响，他们就跳下椅子，并将一重物抛向椅背后，以示甩去祸患，跳入新年。在德国的农村还流传着一种过新年的风俗——“爬树比赛”，以示步步高升。 埃及：埃及人把尼罗河涨水的这一天作为新年的开始，称为“涨水新年”。在埃及的一些地方，元旦这一天，要供上大豆、扁豆、紫苜蓿和小麦等农作物的颗粒，还有一些绿色植物的小芽，以象征丰裕。献给神的东西越多，新年的收成就越多。 朝鲜：朝鲜和我国一样，在新年也有贴窗花、桃符的习俗，以祈求上天保佑，驱走鬼怪，赐给幸福。元旦黎明，人们把一些钞票塞进预先扎好的稻草人中，扔到十字路口，表示送走邪恶，迎接吉祥福星。黄昏，人们又将全家人一年中脱落的头发烧掉，祝愿家人四季平安。新年期间，朝鲜人除了享以美酒佳肴外，还必须要做一种用糯米加上松子、栗子粉、枣泥和蜂蜜等，蒸煮成与我国的八宝饭相类似的甜饭食用，以预示家里人丁兴旺日子过得象蜜一样甜。 新加坡：农历除夕时，孩子们有守岁的习惯，直到午夜待家长祭祀神灵和祖先的活动结束后方能就寝，第二天清晨则起个大早，高高兴兴的从长辈那里拿“红包”（压岁钱）去看舞龙、舞狮队的沿街表演，男女老少穿着节日的盛装，带上礼品走访亲友，每个人脸上都洋溢着一种节日的气氛。过年时，人们爱吃油炸糯米和红糖做成的甜年糕。 意大利：意大利的除夕是一个狂欢之夜，当夜幕开始降临，成千上万的人们涌向街头，点燃爆竹和焰火，甚至鸣放真枪实弹。男男女女翩翩起舞，直至午夜。家家户户收拾旧物，将屋子里一些可打碎的东西，摔个粉碎，旧盆子、瓶瓶罐罐统统扔到门外，表示去掉厄运和烦恼，这是他们辞旧岁迎新年的传统方式。 伊朗：伊朗实行的是伊斯兰历，它的季节和月份是不固定的。在伊朗，庆贺新年就是庆祝春天到来，往往是在公历3月下旬，过新年要隆重庆祝一周。人们涌上街头生起“篝火”——“夜火”，然后全家人依次从夜火上跳来跳去，表示烧掉“晦气”，迎来光明，驱邪灭病，幸福永存。除夕夜要吃“七道菜”，每道菜的名称都要以字母“S”开头的，以示吉祥。初一到初三，人们走亲访友，互祝春节快乐。新年最后一天，全家出游踏青，以避邪恶。 法国：以酒来庆祝新年，人们从除夕起开始狂欢痛饮，直到1月3日才终止。法国人认为元旦这一天的天气预示着新的一年的年景。元旦清晨他们就上街看风向来占卜：刮南风，预兆风调雨顺，这一年会是平安而炎热；刮西风，有一个捕鱼和挤奶的丰收年；刮东风，水果将高产；刮北风，则是歉收年。 瑞士：瑞士人有元旦健身的习惯，他们有的成群结队去爬山，站在山顶面对冰天雪地，大声歌唱美好的生活；有的在山林中沿着长长的雪道滑雪，仿佛在寻找幸福之路；有的举行踩高跷比赛，男女老幼齐上阵，互祝身体健康。以健身来迎接新一年的到来。 希腊：元旦时，家家都要做一个大蛋糕，里面放一枚银币。主人将蛋糕切若干块，分给家人或来访的亲朋好友。谁吃到带有银币的那块蛋糕，谁就成了新年最幸运的人，大家都向他祝贺。 罗马尼亚：元旦前夜，人们在广场上竖起高大的圣诞树，搭起舞台。市民们一边烧着焰火，一边载歌载舞。农村人拉着木犁，上面装饰着各种彩花，庆祝新年。

12月25日，是基督教徒纪念耶稣诞生的日子，称为圣诞节。 从12月24日于翌年1月6日为圣诞节节期。节日期间，各国基督教徒都举行隆重的纪念仪式。圣诞节本来是基督教徒的节日，由于人们格外重视，它便成为一个全民性的节日，是西方国家一年中最盛大的节日，可以和新年相提并论，类似我国过春节。 西方人以红、绿、白三色为圣诞色，圣诞节来临时家家户户都要用圣诞色来装饰。红色的有圣诞花和圣诞蜡烛。绿色的是圣诞树。它是圣诞节的主要装饰品，用砍伐来的杉、柏一类呈塔形的常青树装饰而成。上面悬挂着五颜六色的彩灯、礼物和纸花，还点燃着圣诞蜡烛。 红色与白色相映成趣的是圣诞老人，他是圣诞节活动中最受欢迎的人物。西方儿童在圣诞夜临睡之前，要在壁炉前或枕头旁放上一只袜子，等候圣诞老人在他们入睡后把礼物放在袜子内。在西方，扮演圣诞老人也是一种习俗。 圣诞的由来 圣诞节的由来耶稣的生日究竞是哪一天，其实早无据可查。为什么要把12月25日定为圣诞节呢？这是在5世纪中叶由教会规定的。公元354年，在“菲洛卡连”日历中第一次写明12月25日是耶稣的生日，到5世纪西方普遍接受了这个日期为圣诞节。 圣诞树 据称，圣诞树最早出现在古罗马12月中旬的农神节，德国传教士尼古斯在公元8世纪用纵树供奉圣婴。随后，德国人把12月24日作为亚当和夏娃的节日，在家放上象征伊甸园的“乐园树”，上挂代表圣饼的小甜饼，象征赎罪；还点上蜡烛，象征基督。到16世纪，宗教改革者马丁.路德，为求得一个满天星斗的圣诞之夜，设计出在家中布置一颗装着蜡烛的圣诞树。不过，西方关于圣诞树的来历流行着另一种说法：有个善良的农民，在圣诞节那天，热情地招待了一名流浪的孩子，临别时，孩子折下一树枝插在地上树枝立即长成大树，孩子指着这树对农民说，每年今日，树上都长满礼物，以报答你们的盛情。所以，今天人们所见的圣诞树上总是挂满了小礼物。 圣诞歌 长期以来，一直流行的圣诞歌主要有三个，一个是《平安夜》；一个是《听，天使报佳音》；第三个是《铃铛儿响叮当》。 圣诞老人 圣诞老人原指公元4世纪时小亚细亚专区 的主教尼古拉，他因和蔼可亲慷慨济贫万里闻名。到了6世纪，东方把他尊称为圣尼古拉。由于民间有关尼古拉的传说中，都联系到少年儿童和礼物，从此，圣诞老人便成为专门在圣诞节向孩子们送礼物的慈祥老人的形象。到了18世纪，通过文学和绘画，圣诞老人逐渐成为身穿红外衣的白胡子、白眉毛老人形象。圣诞卡 世界上第一张圣诞卡是1843年英国人亨利.高乐爵士提议，由约翰.卡尔葛.荷斯利设计的。卡片上画的是一个贵族家庭，三代人一齐举杯对一位不在场的亲友表示祝贺。当时他印了1000张，没有用完的印刷厂就以每张1先令的价钱卖出。圣诞卡就这样诞生了。圣诞礼物 据《圣经》记载，来自东方的圣人在耶稣降生的时候赠送礼物，这就是圣诞老人为儿童赠送礼品习俗的由来。英国少年儿童在圣诞前夕把长统袜子放在壁炉旁，相信圣诞老人在夜里会从大烟囱下来，给他们带来满袜子的礼物。法国的少年儿童把鞋放在门口，让“圣婴来时把礼物放在鞋里面。”圣诞大餐 正像中国人过春节吃年饭一样，欧美人过圣诞节也很注重全家人围坐在圣诞树下，共进节日美餐。圣诞大餐吃火鸡的习俗始于1620年。这种风俗盛于美国。英国人的圣诞大餐是烤鹅，而非火鸡。奥大利人爱在平安夜里，全家老小约上亲友成群结队地到餐馆去吃一顿圣诞大餐，其中，火鸡、腊鸡、烧牛仔肉和猪腿必不可少，同时伴以名酒，吃得大家欢天喜地.每年的1月1日为元旦，是新年的开始。“元日”是合成词，按单个字来讲，“元”是第一或开始的意思，“旦”字的原意是天亮或早晨。我国在发掘大汶口文化遗物中，发现一幅太阳从山颠升起，中间云烟缭绕的图画。经考证，这是我国最古老的“旦”字写法。后来，在殷商的青铜器铸铭上，又出现了被简化的“旦”字。“旦”字是以圆圆的太阳来表示的。“日”下面的“一”字表示地平线，意为太阳从地平线上冉冉升起。南朝文史家肖子云在他的《介雅》中记载有“四气新元旦，万寿初今朝”，看来那时已将旦为一日的开始，引申为一年的第一天了。 但是，我国古人说的元旦，却并不是公历的1月1日，而是正月初一，又称元日。中国历史上的年号并不是公元纪年，而是每个皇帝每个朝代都有单独的纪年，是阴历纪年。现行的公元纪年，是西方历法的体现。是以基督诞生为公元1年。中国只是到了中华民国以后才逐渐改用公元纪年。因此，中国农历的正月初一既春节比公历的元旦更有节日气氛。“元”有始之意，“旦”指天明的时间，也通指白天。元旦，便是一年开始的第一天。“元旦”一词，最早出自南朝梁人萧子云《介雅》诗：“四气新元旦，万寿初今朝。”宋代吴自牧《梦梁录》卷一“正月”条目：“正月朔日，谓之元旦，俗呼为新年。一岁节序，此为之首。”元旦，《书·舜典》中叫“元日”，汉代崔瑗《三子钗铭》中叫“元正”；晋代庾阐《扬都赋》中称作“元辰”；北齐时的一篇《元会大享歌皇夏辞》中呼为“元春”；唐德宗李适《元日退朝观军仗归营》诗中谓之“元朔”。自来元旦指的是夏历（农历、阴历）正月初一。在汉语各地方言中有不同叫法，有叫“大年初一”的，有叫“大天初一”的，有叫“年初一”的，一般又叫“正月初一”。 我国历代元旦的月日并不一致。夏代在正月初一，商代在十二月初一，周代在十一月初一，秦始皇统一六国后，又以十月初一日为元旦，自此历代相沿未改（《史记》）。汉武帝太初元年时，司马迁创立了“太初历”，这才又以正月初一为元旦，和夏代规定一样，所以又称“夏历”，一直沿用到辛亥革命。中华民国建立，孙中山为了“行夏正，所以顺农时；从西历，所以便统计”，定正月初一（元旦）为春节，而以西历（公历）1月1日为新年。1949年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议通过使用“公元纪年法”，将农历正月初一称“春节”，将公历1月1日定为“元旦”。

中国所有节日英文版为：

一、春节

春节英文单词为：Chinese New Year

春节，是农历正月初一，又叫阴历年，俗称“过年”。这是我国民间最隆重、最热闹的一个传统节日。

二、元宵节

元宵节英文单词为：Lantern Festival

元宵节是中国一个重要的传统节日。正月十五日是一年中第一个月圆之夜，也是一元复始，大地回春的夜晚，人们对此加以庆祝，也是庆贺新春的延续 ，因此又称“上元节”，即农历正月十五日。

三、端午节

端午节英文单词为：Dragon Boat Festival

端午节是中华民族一个最古老的传统节日，由古越人干支历午月午日龙图腾祭演变而来。

四、七夕节

七夕节英文单词为：Tanabata Festival

七夕节最早由来于人们对自然天象的崇拜，早在远古时代，古人就对牛郎织女的天象有所认识。

五、中秋节

中秋节英文单词为：the mid-autumn festival

中秋节源自天象崇拜、丰收祭月活动。“秋”字的解释是：“庄稼成熟曰秋”。八月中秋，农作物和各种果品陆续成熟，为了庆祝丰收，表达喜悦的心情，就以“中秋”这天作为节日。

六、重阳节

重阳节的英语单词为：The Double Ninth Festival

重阳节为农历九月九日，是传统的节日，又称“老人节”。

扩展资料：

外国常见节日

一、圣诞节

圣诞节（Christmas）又称耶诞节、耶稣诞辰，译名为“基督弥撒”，是西方传统节日，。

圣诞节起源于基督教，在每年公历12月25日。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。圣诞节是一个宗教节，因为把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝，故名“耶诞节”。

二、万圣节

万圣节（All Saints' Day）又叫诸圣节，在每年的11月1日，是西方的传统节日；而万圣节前夜的10月31日是这个节日最热闹的时刻。在中文里，常常把万圣节前夜（Halloween）讹译为万圣节。

三、复活节

复活节（Easter Day）是一个西方的重要节日，在每年春分月圆之后第一个星期日。基督徒认为，复活节象征着重生与希望，为纪念耶稣基督于公元30到33年之间被钉死在十字架之后第三天复活的日子。

参考资料：百度百科-中国传统节日

Far and away the most important holiday in China is Spring Festival, also known as the Chinese New Year. To the Chinese people it is as important as Christmas to people in the West. The dates for this annual celebration are determined by the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar, so the timing of the holiday varies from late January to early February.To the ordinary Chinese, the festival actually begins on the eve of the lunar New Year's Day and ends on the fifth day of the first month of the lunar calendar. But the 15th of the first month, which normally is called the Lantern Festival, means the official end of the Spring Festival in many parts of the country.Preparations for the New Year begin the last few days of the last moon, when houses are thoroughly cleaned, debts repaid, hair cut and new clothes purchased. Houses are festooned with paper scrolls bearing auspicious antithetical couplet (as show on both side of the page) and in many homes, people burn incense at home and in the temples to pay respects to ancestors and ask the gods for good health in the coming months."Guo Nian," meaning "passing the year," is the common term among the Chinese people for celebrating the Spring Festival. It actually means greeting the new year. At midnight at the turn of the old and new year, people used to let off fire-crackers which serve to drive away the evil spirits and to greet the arrival of the new year. In an instant the whole city would be engulfed in the deafening noise of the firecrackers. On New Year's Eve, all the members of families come together to feast. Jiaozi, a steamed dumpling as pictured below, is popular in the north, while southerners favor a sticky sweet glutinous rice pudding called nian gao. "CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ), in the Christian Church, the festival of the nativity of Jesus Christ. The history of this feast coheres so closley with that of Epiphany (q.v.), that what follows must be read in connexion with the article under that heading. The earliest body of gospel tradition, represented by Mark no less than by the primitive non-Marcan document embodied in the first and third gospels, begins, not with the birth and childhood of Jesus, but with his baptism; and this order of accretion of gospel matter is faithfully reflected in the time order of the invention of feasts. The great church adopted Christmas much later than Epiphany; and before the 5th cntury there was no general consensus of opinion as to when it should come in the calendar, whether on the 6th of January, or the 25th of March, or the 25th of December. The earliest identification of the 25th of December with the birthday of Christ is in a passage otherwise unknown and probably spurious, of Theophilus of Antioch (A.D. 171-183), preserved in Latin by the Magdeburg centuriators (i.3, 118), to the effect that the Gauls contended that as they celebrated the birth of the Lord on the 25th of December, whatever day of the week it might be, so they ought to celebrate the Pascha on the 25th of March when the resurrection befell. The next mention of the 25th of December is in Hippolytus' (c. 202) commentary on Daniel iv.23. Jesus, he says, was born at Bethlehem on the 25th of December, a Wednesday, in the forty-second year of Augustus. This passage also is almost certainly interpolated. In any case he mentions no feat, nor was such a feast congruous with the orthodox ideas of that age. As late as 245 Origen, in his eighth homily on Leviticus, repudiates as sinful the very idea of keeping the birthday of Christ "as if he were a king Pharoah." The first certain mention of Dec. 25 is in a Latin chronographer of A.D. 354, first published entire by Mommsen. [1--In the _Abhandlungen der sachsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_ (1895). Note that in A.D. 1, Dec. 25 was a Sunday and not a Friday.] It runs thus in English: "Year 1 after Christ, in the consulate of Caesar and Paulus, the Lord Jesus Christ was born on the 25th of December, a Friday and 15th day of the new moon." Here again no festal celebration of the day is attested. There were, however many speculations in the 2nd century about the date of Christ's birth. Clement of Alexandria, towards its close, mentions several such, and condemns them as superstitions. Some chronologists, he says, alleged the birth to have occurred in the twenty-eighth year of Augustus, on the 25th of Pachon, the Egyptian month, i.e. the 20th of May. These were probably the Basilidian gnostics. Others set it on the 24th or 25th of Pharmuthi, i.e., the 19th or 20th of April. Clement himself sets it on the 17th of November, 3 B.C. The author of a Latin tract, called the _De Pascha computus_, written in Africa in 243, sets it by private revelation, _ab ipso deo inspirati_, on the 28th of March. He argues that the world was created perfect, flowers in bloom, and trees in leaf, therefore in spring; also at the equinox, and when the moon just created was full. Now the moon and sun were created on a Wednesday. The 28th of March suits all these considerations. Christ, therefore, being the Sun of Righteousness, was born on the 28th of March. The same symbolical reasoning led Polycarp [2--In a fragment preserved by an Armenian writer, Ananias of Shirak.] (before 160) to set his birth on Sunday, when the world's creation began, but his baptism on Wednesday, for it was the analogue of the sun's creation. On such grounds certain Latins as early as 354 may have transferred the human birthday from the 6th of January to the 25th of December, which was then a Mithraic feast and is by the chronographer above referred to, but in another part of his compilation, termed _Natilis invicti solis_, or birthday of the unconquered Sun. Cyprian (_de orat. dem._ 35) calls Christ _Sol verus_, Ambrose _Sol novus noster_ (Sermo vii. 13), and such rhetoric was widespread. The Syrians and Armenians, who clung to the 6th of January, accused the Romans of sun-worship and idolatry, contending with great probability that the feast of the 25th of December had been invented by disciples of Cerinthus and its lections by Artemon to commemorate the _natural_ birth of Jesus. Chrysostom also testifies the 25th of December to have been from the beginning known in the West, from Thrace even as far as Gades. Ambrose, _On Virgins_, iii. ch. 1, writing to his sister, implies that as late as the papacy of Liberius 352-356, the Birth from the Virgin was feasted together with the Marriage of Cana and the Banquet of the 4000 (Luke ix.13), which were never feasted on any other day but Jan. 6. Chrysostom, in a seermon preached at Antioch on Dec. 20, 386 or 388, says that some held the feast of Dec. 25 to have been held in the West, from Thrace as far as Cadiz, from the beginning. It certainly originated in the West, but spread quickly eastwards. In 353-361 it was observed at the court of Constantius. Basil of Caesarea (died 379) adopted it. Honorius, emperor (395-423) in the West, informed his mother and brother Arcadius (395-408) in Byzantium of how the new feast was kept in Rome, separate from the 6th of January, with its own _troparia_ and _sticharia_. They adopted it, and recommended it to Chryostom, who had long been in favour of it, as were the other three patriarchs, Theophilus of Alexandria, John of Jerusalem, and Flavian of Antioch. This was under Pope Anastasius, 398-400. John or Wahan of Nice, in a letter printed by Combefis in his _Historia monothelitarum_, affords the above details. The new feast was communicated by Proclus, patriarch of Constantinople (434-446), to Sahak, Catholicos of Armenia, about 440. The letter was betrayed to the Persian king, who accused Sahak of Greek intrigues, and deposed him. However, the Armenians, at least those within the Byzantine pale, adopted it for about thirty years, but finally abandoned it together with the decrees of Chalcedon early in the 8th century. Many writers of the period 375-450, e.g. Epiphanius, Cassian, Asterius, Basil, Chrysostom and Jerome, contrast the new feast with that of the Baptism as that of the birth _after the flesh_, from which we infer that the latter was generally regarded as a birth according to the Spirit. Instructive as showing that the new feast travelled from West eastwards is the fact (noticed by Usener) that in 387 the new feast was reckoned according to the Julian calandar by writers of the province of Asia, who in referring to other feasts use the reckoning of their local calendars. As early as 400 in Rome an imperial rescript includes Christmas among the three feasts (the others are Easter and Epiphany) on which theatres must be closed. Epiphany and Christmas were not made judicial _sine dies_ until 534. For some years in the West (as late as 353 in Rome) the birth feast was appended to the baptismal feast on the 6th of January, and in Jerusalem it altogether supplanted it from almost 360 to 440, when Bishop Juvenal introduced the feast of the 25th of December. The new feast was about the same time (440) finally established in Alexandria. The _quadregesima_ of Epiphany (i.e., the feast of the presentation in the Temple, or _hupapante_) continued to be celebrated in Jerusalem on the 14th of February, forty days afer the 6th of January, until the reign of Justinian. In most other places it had long before been put back to the 2nd of February to suit the new Christmas. Armenian historians describe the riots, and display of armed force, without which Justinian was not able in Jerusalem to transfer this feast from the 14th to the 2nd of February. The grounds on which the Church introduced so late as 350-440 a Christmas feast till then unknown, or, if known, precariously linked with the baptism, seem in the main to have been the following: (1) The transition from adult to infant baptism was proceeding rapidly in the East, and in the West was well-nigh completed. Its natural complement was a festal recognition of the fact that the divine element was present in Christ from the first, and was no new stage of spiritual promotion coeval only with the descent of the Spirit upon him at baptism. The general adoption of child baptism helped to extinguish the old view that the divine life in Jesus dated from his baptism, a view which led the Epiphany feast to be regarded as that of Jesus' spiritual rebirth. (2) The 4th century witnessed a rapid diffusion of Marcionite, or, as it was now called, Manichaean propaganda, the chief tenet of which was that Jesus either was not born at all, was a mere phantasm, or anyhow did not take flesh of the Virgin Mary. Against this view the new Christmas was a protest, since it was peculiarly the feast of his birth in the flesh, or as a man, and is constantly spoken of as such by the fathers who witnessed its institution. In Britain the 25th of December was a festival long before the conversion to Christianity, for Bede (_De temp. rat._ ch. 13) relates that "the ancient people of the Angli began the year on the 25th of December when we now celebrate the birthday of the Lord; and the very night which is now so holy to us, they called in their tongue _modranecht (modra niht)_, that is, the mothers' night, by reason we suspect of the ceremonies which in that night-long vigil they performed." With his usual reticence about matters pagan or not orthodox, Bede abstains from recording who the mothers were and what the ceremonies. In 1644 the English puritans forbad any merriment or religious services by act of Parliament, on the ground that it was a heathen festival, and ordered it to be kept as a fast. Charles II. revived the feast, but the Scots adhered to the Puritan view. Outside Teutonic countries presents are unknown. Their place is taken in Latin countries by the _strebae_, French e'trennes_, given on the 1st of January; this was in antiquity a great holiday, wherefore until late in the 4th century the Christians kept it as a day of fasting and gloom. The setting up in Latin churches of a Christmas _cr`eche_ is said to have been originated by St Francis. AUTHORITIES -- K.A.H. Kellner, _Heortologie_ (Freiburg im Br., 1906), with Bibliography; Hospinianus, _De festis Christianorum_ (Geneva, 1574); Edw. Mart`ene, _De Antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus_, iii.31 (Bassani, 1788); J.C.W. Augusti, _Christl. Archaologie_, vols. i. and v. (Leipzig, 1817- 1831); A. J. Benterim, Denkwurdigkeiten_, v. pt. i. p. 528 (Mainz, 1825, &c.); Ernst Friedrich Wernsdorf, _De originibus Solemnium Natalis Christi_ (Wittenberg, 1757, and in J.E. Volbeding, _Thesaurus Commentationum_, Leipzig, 1847); Anton. Bynaeus, _De Natali Jesu Christi_ (Amsterdam, 1689); Hermann Usener, _Religionsgeschichtlicke Untersuchungen_ (Bonn, 1889); Nik. Niles, S.J., _Kalendarium Manuale_ (Innsbruck, 1896); L. Duschesne, _Origines du culte chre'tien_ (3e e'd., Paris, 1889). -- Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, M.A., D.Th. (Giessen). Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c." 12月25日，是基督教徒纪念耶稣诞生的日子，称为圣诞节。从12月24日于翌年1月6日为圣诞节节期。节日期间，各国基督教徒都举行隆重的纪念仪式。圣诞节本来是基督教徒的节日，由于人们格外重视，它便成为一个全民性的节日，是西方国家一年中最盛大的节日，可以和新年相提并论，类似我国过春节。 西方人以红、绿、白三色为圣诞色，圣诞节来临时家家户户都要用圣诞色来装饰。红色的有圣诞花和圣诞蜡烛。绿色的是圣诞树。它是圣诞节的主要装饰品，用砍伐来的杉、柏一类呈塔形的常青树装饰而成。上面悬挂着五颜六色的彩灯、礼物和纸花，还点燃着圣诞蜡烛。 红色与白色相映成趣的是圣诞老人，他是圣诞节活动中最受欢迎的人物。西方儿童在圣诞夜临睡之前，要在壁炉前或枕头旁放上一只袜子，等候圣诞老人在他们入睡后把礼物放在袜子内。在西方，扮演圣诞老人也是一种习俗。 圣诞的由来圣诞节的由来耶稣的生日究竞是哪一天，其实早无据可查。为什么要把12月25日定为圣诞节呢？这是在5世纪中叶由教会规定的。公元354年，在“菲洛卡连”日历中第一次写明12月25日是耶稣的生日，到5世纪西方普遍接受了这个日期为圣诞节。 圣诞树据称，圣诞树最早出现在古罗马12月中旬的农神节，德国传教士尼古斯在公元8世纪用纵树供奉圣婴。随后，德国人把12月24日作为亚当和夏娃的节日，在家放上象征伊甸园的“乐园树”，上挂代表圣饼的小甜饼，象征赎罪；还点上蜡烛，象征基督。到16世纪，宗教改革者马丁.路德，为求得一个满天星斗的圣诞之夜，设计出在家中布置一颗装着蜡烛的圣诞树。不过，西方关于圣诞树的来历流行着另一种说法：有个善良的农民，在圣诞节那天，热情地招待了一名流浪的孩子，临别时，孩子折下一树枝插在地上树枝立即长成大树，孩子指着这树对农民说，每年今日，树上都长满礼物，以报答你们的盛情。所以，今天人们所见的圣诞树上总是挂满了小礼物。 圣诞歌长期以来，一直流行的圣诞歌主要有三个，一个是《平安夜》；一个是《听，天使报佳音》；第三个是《铃铛儿响叮当》。圣诞老人圣诞老人原指公元4世纪时小亚细亚专区 的主教尼古拉，他因和蔼可亲慷慨济贫万里闻名。到了6世纪，东方把他尊称为圣尼古拉。由于民间有关尼古拉的传说中，都联系到少年儿童和礼物，从此，圣诞老人便成为专门在圣诞节向孩子们送礼物的慈祥老人的形象。到了18世纪，通过文学和绘画，圣诞老人逐渐成为身穿红外衣的白胡子、白眉毛老人形象。圣诞卡世界上第一张圣诞卡是1843年英国人亨利.高乐爵士提议，由约翰.卡尔葛.荷斯利设计的。卡片上画的是一个贵族家庭，三代人一齐举杯对一位不在场的亲友表示祝贺。当时他印了1000张，没有用完的印刷厂就以每张1先令的价钱卖出。圣诞卡就这样诞生了。圣诞礼物据《圣经》记载，来自东方的圣人在耶稣降生的时候赠送礼物，这就是圣诞老人为儿童赠送礼品习俗的由来。英国少年儿童在圣诞前夕把长统袜子放在壁炉旁，相信圣诞老人在夜里会从大烟囱下来，给他们带来满袜子的礼物。法国的少年儿童把鞋放在门口，让“圣婴来时把礼物放在鞋里面。”圣诞大餐正像中国人过春节吃年饭一样，欧美人过圣诞节也很注重全家人围坐在圣诞树下，共进节日美餐。圣诞大餐吃火鸡的习俗始于1620年。这种风俗盛于美国。英国人的圣诞大餐是烤鹅，而非火鸡。奥大利人爱在平安夜里，全家老小约上亲友成群结队地到餐馆去吃一顿圣诞大餐，其中，火鸡、腊鸡、烧牛仔肉和猪腿必不可少，同时伴以名酒，吃得大家欢天喜地.每年的1月1日为元旦，是新年的开始。“元日”是合成词，按单个字来讲，“元”是第一或开始的意思，“旦”字的原意是天亮或早晨。我国在发掘大汶口文化遗物中，发现一幅太阳从山颠升起，中间云烟缭绕的图画。经考证，这是我国最古老的“旦”字写法。后来，在殷商的青铜器铸铭上，又出现了被简化的“旦”字。“旦”字是以圆圆的太阳来表示的。“日”下面的“一”字表示地平线，意为太阳从地平线上冉冉升起。南朝文史家肖子云在他的《介雅》中记载有“四气新元旦，万寿初今朝”，看来那时已将旦为一日的开始，引申为一年的第一天了。 但是，我国古人说的元旦，却并不是公历的1月1日，而是正月初一，又称元日。中国历史上的年号并不是公元纪年，而是每个皇帝每个朝代都有单独的纪年，是阴历纪年。现行的公元纪年，是西方历法的体现。是以基督诞生为公元1年。中国只是到了中华民国以后才逐渐改用公元纪年。因此，中国农历的正月初一既春节比公历的元旦更有节日气氛。“元”有始之意，“旦”指天明的时间，也通指白天。元旦，便是一年开始的第一天。“元旦”一词，最早出自南朝梁人萧子云《介雅》诗：“四气新元旦，万寿初今朝。”宋代吴自牧《梦梁录》卷一“正月”条目：“正月朔日，谓之元旦，俗呼为新年。一岁节序，此为之首。”元旦，《书·舜典》中叫“元日”，汉代崔瑗《三子钗铭》中叫“元正”；晋代庾阐《扬都赋》中称作“元辰”；北齐时的一篇《元会大享歌皇夏辞》中呼为“元春”；唐德宗李适《元日退朝观军仗归营》诗中谓之“元朔”。自来元旦指的是夏历（农历、阴历）正月初一。在汉语各地方言中有不同叫法，有叫“大年初一”的，有叫“大天初一”的，有叫“年初一”的，一般又叫“正月初一”。我国历代元旦的月日并不一致。夏代在正月初一，商代在十二月初一，周代在十一月初一，秦始皇统一六国后，又以十月初一日为元旦，自此历代相沿未改（《史记》）。汉武帝太初元年时，司马迁创立了“太初历”，这才又以正月初一为元旦，和夏代规定一样，所以又称“夏历”，一直沿用到辛亥革命。中华民国建立，孙中山为了“行夏正，所以顺农时；从西历，所以便统计”，定正月初一（元旦）为春节，而以西历（公历）1月1日为新年。1949年9月27日，中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议通过使用“公元纪年法”，将农历正月初一称“春节”，将公历1月1日定为“元旦”。 过圣诞节已经成为世界各地的风俗习惯，可是你可曾探究过这日子的由来？你知道为什麼要庆祝这日子吗？圣诞节的由来可追溯到2001年前耶稣的诞生。 确实年份虽然已无从考察，但大多数考古学家都认为应该是在划分世纪的那一年（即公元前一年），只不过正确的出生日期无法确定。因此早期的基督教徒便以罗马帝国时期的密司拉教派，在每年一二月二十五日纪念太阳神诞辰的第一天定为【圣诞节】。所以圣诞节在宗教上是基督教徒纪念耶诞生的一个重要节日。根据圣经的记载，耶稣诞生在犹太的一座小城－－伯利恒。马利亚，也就是耶稣的母亲，因圣灵的感动而怀孕，在梦中天使加百列向她显现，告诉她，她将要生下神的儿子，他要被称为耶稣。就在与丈夫约瑟返往家乡时，所有的旅店客满，因此马利亚被迫在马槽生下耶稣。遥远的东方有三博士得到神的启示，追随天上的一颗明亮星星找到了耶稣，俯伏拜他，揭开宝盒，拿出黄金、乳香、没药为礼物献给他。在伯特利野地的牧差人也听到天使的声音从天上发出，向他们款耶稣降生的佳音。在民俗上，那可就要追溯到德国了。在德国，圣诞节前的四个星期天分别秩为第一、二、三、四个待降节（advent）。在第一个待降节左右就开始了耶诞市集，而第一个待降节当天，家家户户都会将待降花圈（adventskranz）中第一根蜡烛点燃，之后每个待降节分吸再依序点燃待降花圈的其他蜡烛，等第四根蜡烛被点燃的时候，就代表耶诞节要来啦！这段期间德国家庭同时开始准备各项采买、装饰，大扫除的工作，这像不像我们的腊月呢？而小朋友也会得到一份「耶诞日历」（ADVENTSKALENDER），这是一个纸盒，上面会有1到24个小「门」，每个小门后面都有一样小玩具或糖果之类的东西。就像我们小时候在住家附的杂货店「抽」东西一样，小朋友从十二月一号开始每天可以开一个门，刚好开到十二月二十四的耶诞节前夕。不过顽皮的小朋友通常迫不及待地在第一天就将它全部打开了！the name christmas is short for "christ\'s mass". a mass is a kind of church service. christmas is a religious festival. it is the day we celebrate as the birthday of jesus. there are special christmas services in christian churches all over the world. but many of the festivities of christmas do not have anything to do with religion. exchanging gifts and sending christmas cards are the modern ways of celebrating the christmas in the world. the birth of jesus had a story: in nazareth, a city of galilee. the virgin\'s name was mary was betrothed to joseph

元旦 New Year's Day新年开始的第一天。世界各地依当地的宗教、文化以及社会习俗对这一天加以庆祝。通常会举行仪式来象征抛弃旧的一年并庆祝新的一年。犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教使用各自不同的历法，因此在不同的日子里来庆祝元旦。在西方，公历的1月1日是公认的元旦。犹太教元旦又称岁首节，以提市黎月初一为元旦，这一天有可能是公历9月6日至10月5日之间的任何一天。穆斯林的元旦则是穆哈兰圣月的第一天，由于伊斯兰教采用的是阴历，这一天相对于公历来说是逐年退行的。中国的农历新年通常是在公历的1月末或2月初，节庆活动往往持续很多天，包括用放鞭炮的方式来驱魔、演戏以及祭祀祖先和众神。New Year's DayFirst day of the new year, celebrated with religious, cultural, and social observances around the world.It is usually marked by rites and ceremonies that symbolize casting off the old year and rejoicing in the new. Most of the world recognizes January 1 as the start of a new year because the Gregorian calendar, from its papal origin in 1582, has become the international reference for treaties, corporate contracts, and other legal documents. Nevertheless, numerous religious and national calendars have been retained. For example, in the Persian calendar (used in Iran and Afghanistan) New Year's Day falls on the spring equinox (March 20 or 21 in the Gregorian calendar). The more widely employed Islamic (Hijrī) calendar is based on 12 lunar months of 29 or 30 days; thus, the Islamic New Year's Day gradually regresses through the longer Gregorian calendar. The Hindu new year starts on the day following the first new moon on or after the spring equinox. The Chinese new year begins at sunset on the new moon in the sign of Aquarius (late January or early February). The Hebrew calendar is based on 12 lunar months (13 in certain years) of 29 or 30 days; the Jewish New Year's Day, or Rosh Hashanah, can fall anytime from September 6 to October 5 in the Gregorian calendar.

元旦的来历

我国历代元旦的月日并不一致。夏代在正月初一，商代在十二月初一，周代在十一月初一，秦始皇统一六国后，又以十月初一日为元旦，自此历代相沿未改（《史记》）。汉武帝太初元年时，司马迁创立了“太初历”，这才又以正月初一为元旦，和夏代规定一样，所以又称“夏历”，一直沿用到辛亥革命。

中华民国建立，孙中山为了“行夏正，所以顺农时；从西历，所以便统计”，定正月初一（元旦）为春节，而以西历（公历）1月1日为新年。

1949 年9 月27 日,中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议通过使用“公元纪年法”,将农历正月初一称“春节”,将公历1 月1 日定为“元旦”。

China's ancient New Year's Day is not the same month. In the first lunar month started this summer on behalf of the Shang dynasty who started in December, Zhou who started in November, after the emperor Tongyiliuguo so, on New Year's Day a day in early October and since then successive Xiangyan not changed and ( "Historical Records"). The first year of Emperor Wu was in the beginning, the Sima Qian, the creation of a "calendar was in the beginning," This Youyi who started for the first month in the New Year, and the summer on behalf of the provisions of the same, so called "traditional Chinese lunar calendar," has been in use to the 1911 Revolution.

The establishment of the Republic of China Sun Yat-sen in order to "line XIA, so shun farming season; from the Western calendar, so they Statistics", will be the first month started this (New Year's Day) for the Spring Festival, while the west of the calendar (Gregorian calendar) January 1 as New Year's.

September 27, 1949, the First Plenary Session of the CPPCC through the use of the "Year Annals Law," who started the first lunar month, called "Spring Festival" will Gregorian calendar January 1 as the "New Year's Day."

按照日期排序如下：

1、元旦（1月1日）：New Year's Day

2、春节（农历新年，除夕）：Spring Festival

3、元宵节（正月十五）：Lantern Festival

4、清明节（农历清明当日）：Tomb Sweeping Day

5、端午节（农历端午当日）：The Dragon Boat Festival

6、中秋节（农历中秋当日）：Mid-Autumn Festival

7、重阳节（农历九月初九）：Double Ninth Festival

8、国庆节（10月1日）：National Day

9、冬至节（12月21或22日）：Winter Solstice

一、春节

春节英文单词为：Chinese New Year

春节，是农历正月初一，又叫阴历年，俗称“过年”。这是我国民间最隆重、最热闹的一个传统节日。

二、元宵节

元宵节英文单词为：Lantern Festival

元宵节是中国一个重要的传统节日。正月十五日是一年中第一个月圆之夜，也是一元复始，大地回春的夜晚，人们对此加以庆祝，也是庆贺新春的延续 ，因此又称“上元节”，即农历正月十五日。

三、端午节

端午节英文单词为：Dragon Boat Festival

端午节是中华民族一个最古老的传统节日，由古越人干支历午月午日龙图腾祭演变而来。

四、七夕节

七夕节英文单词为：Tanabata Festival

七夕节最早由来于人们对自然天象的崇拜，早在远古时代，古人就对牛郎织女的天象有所认识。

五、中秋节

中秋节英文单词为：the mid-autumn festival

中秋节源自天象崇拜、丰收祭月活动。“秋”字的解释是：“庄稼成熟曰秋”。八月中秋，农作物和各种果品陆续成熟，为了庆祝丰收，表达喜悦的心情，就以“中秋”这天作为节日。

六、重阳节

重阳节的英语单词为：The Double Ninth Festival

重阳节为农历九月九日，是传统的节日，又称“老人节”。

扩展资料：

外国常见节日

一、圣诞节

圣诞节（Christmas）又称耶诞节、耶稣诞辰，译名为“基督弥撒”，是西方传统节日，。

圣诞节起源于基督教，在每年公历12月25日。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。圣诞节是一个宗教节，因为把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝，故名“耶诞节”。

二、万圣节

万圣节（All Saints' Day）又叫诸圣节，在每年的11月1日，是西方的传统节日；而万圣节前夜的10月31日是这个节日最热闹的时刻。在中文里，常常把万圣节前夜（Halloween）讹译为万圣节。

三、复活节

复活节（Easter Day）是一个西方的重要节日，在每年春分月圆之后第一个星期日。基督徒认为，复活节象征着重生与希望，为纪念耶稣基督于公元30到33年之间被钉死在十字架之后第三天复活的日子。

过圣诞节已经成为世界各地的风俗习惯，可是你可曾探究过这日子的由来？你知道为什麼要庆祝这日子吗？圣诞节的由来可追溯到2001年前耶稣的诞生。 确实年份虽然已无从考察，但大多数考古学家都认为应该是在划分世纪的那一年（即公元前一年），只不过正确的出生日期无法确定。因此早期的基督教徒便以罗马帝国时期的密司拉教派，在每年一二月二十五日纪念太阳神诞辰的第一天定为【圣诞节】。所以圣诞节在宗教上是基督教徒纪念耶诞生的一个重要节日。根据圣经的记载，耶稣诞生在犹太的一座小城－－伯利恒。马利亚，也就是耶稣的母亲，因圣灵的感动而怀孕，在梦中天使加百列向她显现，告诉她，她将要生下神的儿子，他要被称为耶稣。就在与丈夫约瑟返往家乡时，所有的旅店客满，因此马利亚被迫在马槽生下耶稣。遥远的东方有三博士得到神的启示，追随天上的一颗明亮星星找到了耶稣，俯伏拜他，揭开宝盒，拿出黄金、乳香、没药为礼物献给他。在伯特利野地的牧差人也听到天使的声音从天上发出，向他们款耶稣降生的佳音。在民俗上，那可就要追溯到德国了。在德国，圣诞节前的四个星期天分别秩为第一、二、三、四个待降节（advent）。在第一个待降节左右就开始了耶诞市集，而第一个待降节当天，家家户户都会将待降花圈（adventskranz）中第一根蜡烛点燃，之后每个待降节分吸再依序点燃待降花圈的其他蜡烛，等第四根蜡烛被点燃的时候，就代表耶诞节要来啦！这段期间德国家庭同时开始准备各项采买、装饰，大扫除的工作，这像不像我们的腊月呢？而小朋友也会得到一份「耶诞日历」（ADVENTSKALENDER），这是一个纸盒，上面会有1到24个小「门」，每个小门后面都有一样小玩具或糖果之类的东西。就像我们小时候在住家附的杂货店「抽」东西一样，小朋友从十二月一号开始每天可以开一个门，刚好开到十二月二十四的耶诞节前夕。不过顽皮的小朋友通常迫不及待地在第一天就将它全部打开了！the name christmas is short for "christ\'s mass". a mass is a kind of church service. christmas is a religious festival. it is the day we celebrate as the birthday of jesus. there are special christmas services in christian churches all over the world. but many of the festivities of christmas do not have anything to do with religion. exchanging gifts and sending christmas cards are the modern ways of celebrating the christmas in the world. the birth of jesus had a story: in nazareth, a city of galilee. the virgin\'s name was mary was betrothed to joseph. before they came together, she was found with child of the holy spirit. joseph her husband was minded to put her away secretly. while he thought about these things, gabriel, an angel of the lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to take mary as wife. and mary will bring forth a son, and he shall call his name, jesus, for he will save his people from their sins. before jesus births, joseph and mary came to quirnius was governing syria. so all went to be registered, everyone to his own city. joseph also went up out of galilee, out of the city of nazareth, into judea, to the city of david, which is called bethlehem, because he was of the house and of the lineage of david, to be registered with mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child. so it was that while they were there, the days were completed for her to bedelivered. and she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn. and that, christmas is the feast of the nativity of jesus, is on 25th, december every year. but nobody know the actual birthday of jesus. and the christmas has become popular when christmas cards appeared in 1846 and the concept of a jolly santa claus was first made popular in nineteenth century.

我国古代使用的是古历法之一的“阴阳历”亦称“夏历”，但历代元旦月日并不一致。夏代元旦在正月初一；商代在十二月初一；周代在十一月初一；秦始皇统一六国后，以十月初一为元旦；直至汉武帝时，才恢复以正月初一为元旦，自至此直至清末相沿未改。辛亥革命后，孙中山先生为了“行夏历顺农历”和“从西历便统计”起见，在我国使用夏历的同时并用公历，将正月初一改称“春节”，公历1月1日称为“元旦”。1949年9月27日，在中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议上，通过使用“公元纪年法”，将正月初一称为春节；将公历1月1日定为元旦。世界上多数国家都把公历1月1日称为元旦，做为新年的开始。但是各国元旦来临的时间并不一样，原因是地球围着太阳公转，同时又从西向东自转，各地出现黎明、白昼、黄昏、黑夜的时刻都不相同，因此全世界“元旦”的时间不可能统一。譬如，当我们在北京时间零点新年钟声中，互相祝贺新年来临的时刻，美国华盛顿才是12月31日上午11时；英国伦敦正是12月31日下午4时；而日本东京已经是1月1日凌晨1时了，他们已经迎接过新年了。世界上也有一些国家，不以1月1日为元旦，而是以大自然某些现象、宗教信仰、风俗习惯为依据确定元旦的日期。如埃及人把尼罗河水上涨的那一天定为元旦，称为“涨水元旦”；居住在北极圈内冰天雪地中的爱斯基摩人，由于当地终年积雪，不知春天和夏天，一年内仅有一段短暂的时间不飘雪花，他们就把雪花暂停之后，又开始飘雪花的那一天为元旦；印度的元旦定在11月之初，他们的民族传统节日“和利节”这一天为元旦；老挝的元旦定在阳历4月中旬佛历“宋干节”那一天；在叙利亚，人们把9月里月亮圆的那一天作为元旦；更有趣的是非洲乌干达，由于他们国家每六个月就有雨、旱两季，所以他们定六个月为一年，并且定在雨季到来的第一天为元旦，这样，他们一年就要过两次元旦没有中英对照！！

Far and away the most important holiday in China is Spring Festival, also known as the Chinese New Year. To the Chinese people it is as important as Christmas to people in the West. The dates for this annual celebration are determined by the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar, so the timing of the holiday varies from late January to early February.To the ordinary Chinese, the festival actually begins on the eve of the lunar New Year's Day and ends on the fifth day of the first month of the lunar calendar. But the 15th of the first month, which normally is called the Lantern Festival, means the official end of the Spring Festival in many parts of the country.Preparations for the New Year begin the last few days of the last moon, when houses are thoroughly cleaned, debts repaid, hair cut and new clothes purchased. Houses are festooned with paper scrolls bearing auspicious antithetical couplet (as show on both side of the page) and in many homes, people burn incense at home and in the temples to pay respects to ancestors and ask the gods for good health in the coming months."Guo Nian," meaning "passing the year," is the common term among the Chinese people for celebrating the Spring Festival. It actually means greeting the new year. At midnight at the turn of the old and new year, people used to let off fire-crackers which serve to drive away the evil spirits and to greet the arrival of the new year. In an instant the whole city would be engulfed in the deafening noise of the firecrackers. On New Year's Eve, all the members of families come together to feast. Jiaozi, a steamed dumpling as pictured below, is popular in the north, while southerners favor a sticky sweet glutinous rice pudding called nian gao. "CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ), in the Christian Church, the festival of the nativity of Jesus Christ. The history of this feast coheres so closley with that of Epiphany (q.v.), that what follows must be read in connexion with the article under that heading. The earliest body of gospel tradition, represented by Mark no less than by the primitive non-Marcan document embodied in the first and third gospels, begins, not with the birth and childhood of Jesus, but with his baptism; and this order of accretion of gospel matter is faithfully reflected in the time order of the invention of feasts. The great church adopted Christmas much later than Epiphany; and before the 5th cntury there was no general consensus of opinion as to when it should come in the calendar, whether on the 6th of January, or the 25th of March, or the 25th of December. The earliest identification of the 25th of December with the birthday of Christ is in a passage otherwise unknown and probably spurious, of Theophilus of Antioch (A.D. 171-183), preserved in Latin by the Magdeburg centuriators (i.3, 118), to the effect that the Gauls contended that as they celebrated the birth of the Lord on the 25th of December, whatever day of the week it might be, so they ought to celebrate the Pascha on the 25th of March when the resurrection befell. The next mention of the 25th of December is in Hippolytus' (c. 202) commentary on Daniel iv.23. Jesus, he says, was born at Bethlehem on the 25th of December, a Wednesday, in the forty-second year of Augustus. This passage also is almost certainly interpolated. In any case he mentions no feat, nor was such a feast congruous with the orthodox ideas of that age. As late as 245 Origen, in his eighth homily on Leviticus, repudiates as sinful the very idea of keeping the birthday of Christ "as if he were a king Pharoah." The first certain mention of Dec. 25 is in a Latin chronographer of A.D. 354, first published entire by Mommsen. [1--In the _Abhandlungen der sachsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_ (1895). Note that in A.D. 1, Dec. 25 was a Sunday and not a Friday.] It runs thus in English: "Year 1 after Christ, in the consulate of Caesar and Paulus, the Lord Jesus Christ was born on the 25th of December, a Friday and 15th day of the new moon." Here again no festal celebration of the day is attested. There were, however many speculations in the 2nd century about the date of Christ's birth. Clement of Alexandria, towards its close, mentions several such, and condemns them as superstitions. Some chronologists, he says, alleged the birth to have occurred in the twenty-eighth year of Augustus, on the 25th of Pachon, the Egyptian month, i.e. the 20th of May. These were probably the Basilidian gnostics. Others set it on the 24th or 25th of Pharmuthi, i.e., the 19th or 20th of April. Clement himself sets it on the 17th of November, 3 B.C. The author of a Latin tract, called the _De Pascha computus_, written in Africa in 243, sets it by private revelation, _ab ipso deo inspirati_, on the 28th of March. He argues that the world was created perfect, flowers in bloom, and trees in leaf, therefore in spring; also at the equinox, and when the moon just created was full. Now the moon and sun were created on a Wednesday. The 28th of March suits all these considerations. Christ, therefore, being the Sun of Righteousness, was born on the 28th of March. The same symbolical reasoning led Polycarp [2--In a fragment preserved by an Armenian writer, Ananias of Shirak.] (before 160) to set his birth on Sunday, when the world's creation began, but his baptism on Wednesday, for it was the analogue of the sun's creation. On such grounds certain Latins as early as 354 may have transferred the human birthday from the 6th of January to the 25th of December, which was then a Mithraic feast and is by the chronographer above referred to, but in another part of his compilation, termed _Natilis invicti solis_, or birthday of the unconquered Sun. Cyprian (_de orat. dem._ 35) calls Christ _Sol verus_, Ambrose _Sol novus noster_ (Sermo vii. 13), and such rhetoric was widespread. The Syrians and Armenians, who clung to the 6th of January, accused the Romans of sun-worship and idolatry, contending with great probability that the feast of the 25th of December had been invented by disciples of Cerinthus and its lections by Artemon to commemorate the _natural_ birth of Jesus. Chrysostom also testifies the 25th of December to have been from the beginning known in the West, from Thrace even as far as Gades. Ambrose, _On Virgins_, iii. ch. 1, writing to his sister, implies that as late as the papacy of Liberius 352-356, the Birth from the Virgin was feasted together with the Marriage of Cana and the Banquet of the 4000 (Luke ix.13), which were never feasted on any other day but Jan. 6. Chrysostom, in a seermon preached at Antioch on Dec. 20, 386 or 388, says that some held the feast of Dec. 25 to have been held in the West, from Thrace as far as Cadiz, from the beginning. It certainly originated in the West, but spread quickly eastwards. In 353-361 it was observed at the court of Constantius. Basil of Caesarea (died 379) adopted it. Honorius, emperor (395-423) in the West, informed his mother and brother Arcadius (395-408) in Byzantium of how the new feast was kept in Rome, separate from the 6th of January, with its own _troparia_ and _sticharia_. They adopted it, and recommended it to Chryostom, who had long been in favour of it, as were the other three patriarchs, Theophilus of Alexandria, John of Jerusalem, and Flavian of Antioch. This was under Pope Anastasius, 398-400. John or Wahan of Nice, in a letter printed by Combefis in his _Historia monothelitarum_, affords the above details. The new feast was communicated by Proclus, patriarch of Constantinople (434-446), to Sahak, Catholicos of Armenia, about 440. The letter was betrayed to the Persian king, who accused Sahak of Greek intrigues, and deposed him. However, the Armenians, at least those within the Byzantine pale, adopted it for about thirty years, but finally abandoned it together with the decrees of Chalcedon early in the 8th century. Many writers of the period 375-450, e.g. Epiphanius, Cassian, Asterius, Basil, Chrysostom and Jerome, contrast the new feast with that of the Baptism as that of the birth _after the flesh_, from which we infer that the latter was generally regarded as a birth according to the Spirit. Instructive as showing that the new feast travelled from West eastwards is the fact (noticed by Usener) that in 387 the new feast was reckoned according to the Julian calandar by writers of the province of Asia, who in referring to other feasts use the reckoning of their local calendars. As early as 400 in Rome an imperial rescript includes Christmas among the three feasts (the others are Easter and Epiphany) on which theatres must be closed. Epiphany and Christmas were not made judicial _sine dies_ until 534. For some years in the West (as late as 353 in Rome) the birth feast was appended to the baptismal feast on the 6th of January, and in Jerusalem it altogether supplanted it from almost 360 to 440, when Bishop Juvenal introduced the feast of the 25th of December. The new feast was about the same time (440) finally established in Alexandria. The _quadregesima_ of Epiphany (i.e., the feast of the presentation in the Temple, or _hupapante_) continued to be celebrated in Jerusalem on the 14th of February, forty days afer the 6th of January, until the reign of Justinian. In most other places it had long before been put back to the 2nd of February to suit the new Christmas. Armenian historians describe the riots, and display of armed force, without which Justinian was not able in Jerusalem to transfer this feast from the 14th to the 2nd of February. The grounds on which the Church introduced so late as 350-440 a Christmas feast till then unknown, or, if known, precariously linked with the baptism, seem in the main to have been the following: (1) The transition from adult to infant baptism was proceeding rapidly in the East, and in the West was well-nigh completed. Its natural complement was a festal recognition of the fact that the divine element was present in Christ from the first, and was no new stage of spiritual promotion coeval only with the descent of the Spirit upon him at baptism. The general adoption of child baptism helped to extinguish the old view that the divine life in Jesus dated from his baptism, a view which led the Epiphany feast to be regarded as that of Jesus' spiritual rebirth. (2) The 4th century witnessed a rapid diffusion of Marcionite, or, as it was now called, Manichaean propaganda, the chief tenet of which was that Jesus either was not born at all, was a mere phantasm, or anyhow did not take flesh of the Virgin Mary. Against this view the new Christmas was a protest, since it was peculiarly the feast of his birth in the flesh, or as a man, and is constantly spoken of as such by the fathers who witnessed its institution. In Britain the 25th of December was a festival long before the conversion to Christianity, for Bede (_De temp. rat._ ch. 13) relates that "the ancient people of the Angli began the year on the 25th of December when we now celebrate the birthday of the Lord; and the very night which is now so holy to us, they called in their tongue _modranecht (modra niht)_, that is, the mothers' night, by reason we suspect of the ceremonies which in that night-long vigil they performed." With his usual reticence about matters pagan or not orthodox, Bede abstains from recording who the mothers were and what the ceremonies. In 1644 the English puritans forbad any merriment or religious services by act of Parliament, on the ground that it was a heathen festival, and ordered it to be kept as a fast. Charles II. revived the feast, but the Scots adhered to the Puritan view. Outside Teutonic countries presents are unknown. Their place is taken in Latin countries by the _strebae_, French e'trennes_, given on the 1st of January; this was in antiquity a great holiday, wherefore until late in the 4th century the Christians kept it as a day of fasting and gloom. The setting up in Latin churches of a Christmas _cr`eche_ is said to have been originated by St Francis. AUTHORITIES -- K.A.H. Kellner, _Heortologie_ (Freiburg im Br., 1906), with Bibliography; Hospinianus, _De festis Christianorum_ (Geneva, 1574); Edw. Mart`ene, _De Antiquis Ecclesiae Ritibus_, iii.31 (Bassani, 1788); J.C.W. Augusti, _Christl. Archaologie_, vols. i. and v. (Leipzig, 1817- 1831); A. J. Benterim, Denkwurdigkeiten_, v. pt. i. p. 528 (Mainz, 1825, &c.); Ernst Friedrich Wernsdorf, _De originibus Solemnium Natalis Christi_ (Wittenberg, 1757, and in J.E. Volbeding, _Thesaurus Commentationum_, Leipzig, 1847); Anton. Bynaeus, _De Natali Jesu Christi_ (Amsterdam, 1689); Hermann Usener, _Religionsgeschichtlicke Untersuchungen_ (Bonn, 1889); Nik. Niles, S.J., _Kalendarium Manuale_ (Innsbruck, 1896); L. Duschesne, _Origines du culte chre'tien_ (3e e'd., Paris, 1889). -- Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, M.A., D.Th. (Giessen). Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Author of _The Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle_; _Myth, Magic and Morals_; &c."