英语基础被动语态

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught一般过去时：was／were＋taught一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught过去进行时：have／has been＋taught现在完成时：have／has been＋taught歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。三、被动语态的用法(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：All the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are madeby themin the factory

其具体变化为：

一般现在时：am/is/are+p.p.

一般过去时：was/were+p.p.

一般将来时：shall /will be +p.p.

现在完成时：have /has been +p.p.

现在进行时：am/is/are+being+p.p.

过去将来时：should /would be +p.p.

含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+be+p.p.例如：

① Chinese ______ by the largest number of people.(选D。考查一般现在时的被动语态)

A.speak B.is speaking C.speaks D.is spoken

② The boy ______ to get supper ready after school.(选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态)

A.were told B.is telling C.was told D.tells

③ A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China.(选B。考查含情态动词的被动语态)

A.must B.must be C.has D.have

B.明确用法

被动语态常用于以下两种情况：

1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者;

2.强调动作的承受者。例如：

这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。

The tree ______ ______ by that boy. (填was broken)

C.熟练转换

1.将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为：

①将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语;

②谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态;

③主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by短语可以省略)。

2.被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前;否定句是在第一个助动词后加not;特殊疑问句的.语序为：疑问词+一般疑问句。例如：

① You must throw the broken pottery away at once.

The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at once.(同义句) (填must be thrown away)

② Where did they grow vegetables?(改为被动语态)

Where ______ vegetables ______ ?(填were;grown)

D.注意特例

将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：

1.含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：

①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变;

②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如：

① He told us a story.(变被动语态)

→We were told a story(by him).或：A story was told to us by him.

② Her mother gave her a new pen.(变被动语态)(填was given to)

A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother.

2.短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如：

① This dictionary mustn't ______ from the library.[D]

A.take away B.taken awayC.are taken away D.be taken away

② She will take good care of the children.(变被动语态)(填be taken good care of)

The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ (by her).

3.含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：

Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.(变被动语态)

He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.

(填was seen to)

4.不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be +过去分词”。例如：

The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our city.

A.be building B.build C.be built D.built [C]

5.以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如：

Who has broken the cup?(改为被动语态)

→By whom has the cup been broken?

E.注意区别

被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：

1)含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成;而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：

The window is broken.窗子破了。(系表结构)

The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。(被动语态)

2)用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：

He was very interested in science.他对科学有极大兴趣。(系表结构)

I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn't know what to do.我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。(被动语态)

F.牢记(相关)句型

初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有：

1.be covered with被……覆盖

2.be made of由……制作(发生物理变化) be made from由……制作(发生化学变化)

be made in由(某地)制造 be made by被(某人)制造

3.be used for被用来……

be used as被当作(作为)……来使用 be used to do sth.被用来做某事

4.It is said that...据说…… It is hoped that...希望……

It is well known that...众所周知……例如：

①—Your coat looks nice.Is it ______ cotton?[B]

—Yes.It's Shanghai.

A.made of;made by B.made of;made in

C.made for;made by D.made for;made in

② This machine is used ______ the room wet.[A]

A.for keeping B.as keeping C.keep D.to keeping

③ 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。

______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.

(填It is said;another bridge;built)

be+动词过去完成时have/has been+动词过去完成时will/would＋动词过去完成时请看以下详细介绍：英语的时态（tense）j是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。一、 一般现在时： 1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words.二、 一般过去时： 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy.三、 现在进行时： 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons.四、 过去进行时： 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构：was/were+doing 4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.五、 现在完成时： 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one. 5.一般疑问句：have或has。 6.例句：I've written an article. It has been raining these days.六、 过去完成时： 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. 3.基本结构：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books七、 一般将来时： 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.八、 过去将来时： 1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.I asked who was going there .几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换 “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看： We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.