菲歐娜小盆友
9.1 地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。19.2 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。19.3 原因状语从句 比较：because, since, as和for 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.19.4 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.19.5 结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较：so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can't go to school. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school19.6 条件状语从句 连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.典型例题You will be late ___ you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. ifD. or答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late. 19.7 让步状语从句 though, although注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。He is very old, but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）典型例题1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. WhenB. However C. Although D. Unless答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。2)as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems…虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。3)ever if, even though.即使We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whether…or- 不管……都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5)"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 19.8 比较while, when, as 1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3）从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。19.9 比较until和till 此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。 肯定句： I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。 （在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句： She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。 Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。 I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。 2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。 ---Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？ --- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。(1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。(2)It is not until… that… 19.10 表示"一…就…"的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例：I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
红桃小K子
最低0.27元/天开通百度文库会员，可在文库查看完整内容>原发布者:lzfny小学英语语法：名词Array1.名词分为专有名词和普通名词。Array是表示具体的人、事物、地点、或机构等的专有名称。如：GuangZhou，Mike，UNESCO等。专有名词一般情况下第一个字母要大写，前面不加定冠词the。Array是表示一类人、事物或抽象概念的名称。如：police，eggs，rice等。普通名词又可分为Array、Array、Array和Array。Array：表示某一类人或某一类东西中的个体。如：monkey，panda，ruler，boy等。Array：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如：family，police，class，people等。Array：表示无法分为个体或不具备确定形状和大小的实物。如：Water，air，milk等。Array：表示抽象概念词。如：hope，love，spirit。Array1.定义：一般来说，个体名词和集体名词多为Array名词，物质名词和抽象名词多为Array名词。2.可数名词的数：可数名词有单数、复数之分，表示“一个”时用单数，abird，ateacher，anapple，表示“多个”时用复数。twobirds，fiveteachers，eightapples.3.可数名词复数的变化规则.A、一般情况下，在单数名词的后面加-s构成。如：game-games，boy-boys等。B、以s、x、sh、ch结尾的单数名词变复数，在词尾加-es构成。如：box-boxes，bus-buses，peach-peaches，dish-dishes。C、以o结尾，表示有生命的事物的单数名词变复数加-es；表示没有生命的事物的单数名词变复数加-s。如：potato-potatoes，tomato-tomatoes，photo-photos，piano-pianos等。D、以辅音字
旷野和风
Unit 1 Playing SportsTopic 1 What’s your favorite sport?重点语法一般将来时：（一）be going to 结构: ①表示主语进行某一将来行动的打算、意图。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有自己做好某些准备的意思，因此通常认为用be going to表达的行动很可能会见诸实践。 如：I’m going to play basketball with my classmates this Sunday.我打算本周日和同学们一起打篮球。She is going to buy a sweater for her mother.她打算为她妈妈买一件毛衣。②表预测。指根据迹象推测，而且马上或很快就要发生。如：Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. 瞧那些乌云！快要下雨了！（二） will + 动词原形：表示单纯的将来事实，常与表将来的时间状语如:tomorrow, soon, later, next time(week/month/year…)等连用。will not = won’t; 缩略形式为’ll.表示作出立即的决定。这种意图并未经过事先的考虑或计划，是临时的一种决定。如：a. ----Please put your things away, Tom. 汤姆，把你的东西收拾好。----I’m sorry. I’ll do it right away. 对不起。我马上就去做。b. ----Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡还是茶？--I will have a cup of tea,please. 我要一杯茶。c. Don’t worry. I’ll help you. 别担心。我会帮你的。表示预测。指说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测。如： I’m sure our team will win next time. 我确信下次我们队会赢。Maybe she will go to the gym. 也许她会去体育馆。表示许诺。如： I’ll do better next time. 下次我会做得更好的。I’ll visit you tomorrow. 明天我会去看你的。句式：肯定句：I/She/He/They will go to play baseball soon.否定句：I/She/He/They won’t go to play baseball soon.一般疑问句：Will you/she/he/they go to play baseball soon?回答：Yes, I/she/he/they will. No, I/she /he/they won’t.（三）动词plan, come, go, leave, fly等用现在进行时表示将要发生的事.如： I’m coming. 我就来。He is leaving for Shanghai. 他将到上海去。We are going to Beijing. 我们将去北京。5. There be 句型的一般将来时正:There will be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.= There is going to be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.误:There will have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.= There is going to have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.四、重点语法(一) 情态动词: must 与 have to① must ＂必须;一定”, 表示有做某一动作的必要或义务,侧重表达说话者的主观看法.（只有一种时态）如：We must wash hands before meals. 饭前我们必须洗手.We must eat healthy food. 我们必须吃健康的食物.② have to “不得不,必须”, 侧重表示因客观条件或客观环境的迫使而＂不得不做某事＂．（可用于各种时态）如：It’s too late. I have to go now. 太迟了.现在我得走了.I had to borrow some money at that time. 那时我不得不借了一些钱.*----Must we keep the windows open all the time?---No, we don’t have to. / No, we needn’t. (注意回答时不能用No, we mustn’t.)1）Are you free this evening? = Do you have time this evening? 你今天晚上有空吗？三.语法学习1.I used to listen to rock music but now I collect telephone cards and paintings. (Page 53)我过去常听摇滚乐，可现在我集电话卡和画。used to do sth. 这一结构表示过去的习惯（过去经常反复发生的动作）或状态（暗含的意思是现在已不复存在），只有一种形式，即过去式，用于所有人称。used to的否定形式为：used not to do或didn’t use to do。疑问句为Used you to... ? 或 Did you use to...?如：1）I used to go to school on foot. 我过去步行上学。（暗含的意思是：我现在不再步行上学了。）2）Mary used to sleep late.玛莉过去总是很晚才睡觉。（暗含的意思是：玛莉现在睡觉不再那么晚了。）3)I used to walk along the road after supper.我过去常常在晚饭后沿着这条马路散步。4)He used not to like Peking opera, but now he’s very fond of it.他过去不喜欢京剧，但现在非常喜欢。现在大多数人在口语中或不太正式的书面语中对否定句和疑问句常使用与do 连用的形式。例如：1)I didn’t use to like skating, but now I like it very much.我过去不喜欢滑冰，但现在很喜欢。2)Did you use to go there?你以往常去哪儿？3)There used to be a theatre here, didn’t there?以前这里有一座剧院，是不是？另外，注意be used to doing sth.与used to do sth.的区别：be used to doing sth “习惯于…，适应于…”如:1）He is used to working hard. 他习惯于努力地工作。2）He used to bring me roses when he came to see me. 过去他来看我时,常带玫瑰花。3）I’m used to doing jogging in the morning now. 我习惯于早上慢跑。be used to do sth.“某物被用来做某事”。如：1）Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来生产纸张。2）Computers can be used to do a lot of work now. 如今电脑可用来做许多事。2. Collecting stamps must be great fun! (Page 53)集邮肯定很有趣！must在这里是情态动词，作用是用来表示推测，可以翻译为“想必”。如:1)Your brother must be in the school. I saw him just now.你的哥哥想必在学校。我刚才看见他了。2)Your friend must have left for Nanjing yesterday.你的朋友想必昨天已经离开去南京了。3) She thought that her present must be in the box.她以为礼物一定是在盒子里。4) You must be thirsty after a long walk.走了很长的路，你一定渴了。5) It must be ten o’clock now.现在肯定有10点钟了。情态动词must的三种否定形式must表示“必须”时，其否定回答为don’t have to，意思为“不需要”。如:1）Must I pay back the money right now? No, you don’t have to.我必须现在偿还这笔钱吗？不，你不需要现在还。2）You must listen to the teacher carefully in class.你必须在课堂上认真听讲。must表示“推测”时，其否定形式为can’t，意思为“不可能”。如:1）I’ve seen what she is talking about, so she can’t be telling lies.我目睹了她所说的事情，因此，她不可能在说谎。2）Yesterday I received a letter from him, so he can’t be here. 昨天我收到了他的信，所以说他不可能在这儿。而must not的意思为“绝对不可，不许，禁止”。如：1）You must not smoke in the hospital.你绝对不可以在医院里吸烟。2）You must not cross the road when the traffic lights are red.交通灯是红色时，你千万不能过马路。3.He doesn’t mind whether they’re good or not. 他并不介意它们是否是好的。此句为以whether引导的宾语从句。whether...or not“不论是否……”。如： 1）You have to get up early everyday whether it rains or not.你必须天天早点起床，不论是否下雨。2）Whether we go or not matters little.不论我们是否去，关系不大。if与whether的区别。二者在引导宾语从句时一般可换用。如：1)I want to know if / whether it is going to rain tomorrow.我想知道明天是否下雨。2) He asked me if / whether Li Ping was at home.他问我李平是否在家。3) He didn’t understand if / whether the stranger told a lie.他不明白那个陌生人是否说的是假话。 但下列几种情况不能换用。whether 后可紧接or not，而if一般不能。 Let me know whether or not you can come.你能来还是不能来，请告诉我一声。whether引导的宾语从句可移到主句前，if则不能。如：Whether this is true or not, I can not say.这件事是否真实，我说不上。不定式前用whether，不用if。如：I haven’t decided whether to go to the cinema or to stay at home.我还没有决定是看电影还是留在家里。介词后可用whether，不用if。如：I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.我是否回家还没有定。Topic2 I like pop music三.语法学习1. What a pity! (Page 61)真遗憾！这是一个由what引导的感叹句。what引导感叹句的基本构成为：what + a / an +（形容词）+可数名词单数！what +（形容词）+可数名词复数/不可数名词！如：1）What a stupid question!多么愚蠢的问题啊！2）What lively boys they are! 多么活泼的男孩子们啊2. What are you going to do this Sunday evening?(Page61) 这一周日晚上你想干什么1)“be going to” 是一般将来时的一种表达方法.它表示:i) 现在打算在最近或将来要做某事. 如: Tom is going to Beijing with his father next week.ii) 说话人根据已有的迹象认为可能要发生某事. 如: There are a lot of dark clouds. It’s going to rain.2) “be going to”句式的基本结构:肯定句:主语+be going to … eg. He is going to stay at school.否定句:主语+be + not +going to… eg. I’m not going to the library this afternoon.一般疑问句: Be +主语+going to… eg. Are you going to play tennis next week?3)be going to 用于there be 结构时要用There be going to be + 主语+其它形式.如: There is going to be a football game tomorrow.4)与be going to 连用的时间状语有: next week/month/year, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this evening, in the future等.Topic3 The movie is so wonderful!三.语法学习 I was doing some washing. I was doing some cleaning. (Page 69)我在洗衣服。 我在打扫卫生。这句用的是过去进行时.1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,也表示过去一段时间内的活动或那个阶段正在进行的动作.如: He were watching TV at 8:00 last night. They were writing a book last month.1. 过去进行时由be (was/were)+动词ing 形式构成的,肯定句:主语+was/were +doing +…否定句: 主语+wasn’t/weren’t +doing +…一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+doing+…肯定回答:Yes, 主语+was/were.否定回答:No, 主语+wasn’t/weren’t.如: They were studying English at this tine yesterday.They weren’t studying English at this time yesterday. Were they studying English at this time yesterday?Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.11. Then decide how you are going to spend your weekend. (Page 74)然后决定你的周末怎么过。spend度过；花费（时间、金钱）。结构有：spend...on sth., spend...(in)doing sth. 如：1）He spent 5 yuan on the post card. 他买这张明信片花了5元钱。2)They spent three days looking for the lost sheep on the hill. 他们用了三天的时间在山上找丢失的羊。12. Did you have a good time? (Page 76) 你们玩得高兴吗？have a good time = enjoy oneself过得愉快；玩得高兴。类似的说法还有have a great time, have a nice time, have a wonderful time。三.语法学习 I was doing some washing. I was doing some cleaning. (Page 69)我在洗衣服。 我在打扫卫生。这句用的是过去进行时.1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作,也表示过去一段时间内的活动或那个阶段正在进行的动作.如: He were watching TV at 8:00 last night. They were writing a book last month.2. 过去进行时由be (was/were)+动词ing 形式构成的,肯定句:主语+was/were +doing +…否定句: 主语+wasn’t/weren’t +doing +…一般疑问句: Was/Were+主语+doing+…肯定回答:Yes, 主语+was/were.否定回答:No, 主语+wasn’t/weren’t.如:They were studying English at this tine yesterday. They weren’t studying English at this time yesterday. Were they studying English at this time yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.Unit 4 Our World三.语法学习（一.）现在进行时与过去进行时的区别：1.现在进行时表示现在正在发生或正在做的事情，基本结构be＋现在分词。如：肯定句：The robots are making a car now. 这些机器人正在生产小汽车。否定句：We are not studying on the Internet. 我们没有在互联网上学习。疑问句：Is the teacher looking up the word in the dictionary？这个老师正在词典中查这个词吗？特殊疑问句：Who am I talking to？我在和谁谈话？2.过去进行时表示过去某一时间，正在发生或正在做的事情。基本结构was（were）＋现在分词。肯定句：When he came in,I was writing a letter.当他进来时，我在写一封信。否定句：They weren’t watching TV while she was reading.她读书时，他们没在看电视。疑问句：Was the UFO flying to us at 8 last night ?昨晚8点UFO向我们飞来了吗？特殊疑问句：What were you drinking while we were sleeping?我们睡觉时，你们在喝什么？进行时态往往用在时间状语从句中，常与when,while等连词搭配。（二.）be sure结构表示肯定和不肯定。be sure一般用来表示肯定，be not sure（whether/if）表示不肯定。be sure后面可以跟不定式和宾语从句。跟不定式一般译为“一定……”，跟宾语从句，译为“确信……”。如：We are sure to repair the TV well. 我们一定修好这台电视机。I’m sure you can finish your work. 我确信你能完成你的工作。Are you sure whether（if）he switched the computer on? 你确信他打开还是没有打开电脑？三. 语法学习反意疑问句：由陈述句（或祈使句、感叹句）加一个简短问句构成的疑问句叫反意疑问句。实质是前面陈述句的反问句。一般对应规律：前肯后否；前否后肯。即陈述部分为肯定形式，附加问句用否定形式；陈述部分为否定形式，附加问句用肯定形式。如：There are many pyramids in Egypt,aren’t there?在埃及有许多金字塔，不是吗？Sally visited the Great Wall last month,didn’t she?萨莉上个月参观了长城，不是吗？He doesn’t realize the importance of saving water,does he?他没有意识到节约用水的重要性，是吗？特例点拨：①I’m your good friend,aren’t I?我是你的好朋友，不是吗？I don’t think you can rebuild the house,can you?我认为你不能重修这座房子，是吗？（I don’t think…主要在说think后的内容，故按从句变化）。②陈述部分有nobody,nothing,never,no,few（没几个），little（几乎没有），hardly（几乎不）等否定或半否定词时，仍视为否定句。根据反意疑问句对应规律，疑问部分用肯定形式。如：There is nothing in the room,is there?屋子里什么也没有，是吗？Maria never surports me,does she? 玛丽亚从未支持过我，是吗？He had few apples,did he? 他几乎没有苹果，是吗？③祈使句的反意疑问句：无论肯定或否定，通常在祈使句后加上will you?如：Please close the door,will you?请关门好吗？Don’t tear down the old walls,will you?不要拆毁古墙，好吗？但以Let’s开头的祈使句用shall we?如：let’s make a survey,shall we?我们做个调查，好吗？
