兔了里个酱酱
思维导图 是英国著名心理学家托尼·巴赞在20世纪60年代创立的，是新兴的脑科学，刚开始只是作为一种新的笔记 方法 ，后来逐渐发展成为一种思维工具和 学习方法 。下面我整理了英语八大时态的思维导图,希望大家喜欢!
1、一般现在时的用法
1) 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
例： every…, sometimes,ofen,always,usually, twice a week, at…, on Sunday等。
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
He watches Tv once a week .
2) 表示普遍真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east ofChina.
3) 格言或警句。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 表示现在时刻的状态、能力、个性或 爱好 。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.
第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
2、一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982，yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…)，last night (week, month, year…), a moment ago , a week ago, three years ago…just now,等。
Where did you go just now?
2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3)句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
注意：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
3、现在进行时
1) 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
2)表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
3)瞬时动词的进行时一定表示将来的含义。
瞬时动词：come,go,arrive,leave,finish,end,start,begin等。
We are arriving at London.
持续动词的进行时需要加表示将来的时间状语或有将来的语境时才能表将来。
I am travelling next month.
4)与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
4、过去进行时
1)过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的状语连用。
例如：(just)then 那时，当时;at this/that time 在这/那时 yesterday afternoon昨天下午;at nine 在九点;last night 昨晚;(at)this time yesterday在昨天这个时候
但在不少情况下，没有表示时间的状语，这时需要通过上下文来表示。
What were you doing at nine last night? 昨晚九点的时候，你在做什么?
I was watching TV at home yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午正在家里看电视。
They were playing football at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他们在踢 足球 。
2)过去进行时也可以表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
常与those days, the whole morning, from 8:00 to 12:00 last night等时间状语连用。
From 1983 to 1998 , he was teaching at Yale . 从1983到1998年，他正在耶鲁大学教书。
They were building a bridge last winter . 去年冬天他们正在造一座桥。
3)过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作，常用在间接引语中。
Lucy arrived in Beijing last Friday. But she was leaving for Hong Kong the next morning.上周五Lucy到达北京，但第二天早晨就要动身去香港了。
She asked him if he was coming back for lunch. 她问他午饭是否准备回来吃。
4)过去进行时与频度副词always forever， continually， constantly等连用时表示过去经常反复的动作，常常带有埋怨、讨厌、赞扬或喜爱等情绪。
My sister was always forgetting things.(表示埋怨)
He was always helping others. (表示赞扬)
5、一般将来时
1)表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或重复发生的动作。
时间状语：tomorrow , soon ,next Monday , next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening ……
2)will do
表示主观意愿做某事。
I will see a movie this morning.
表示客观的不以人的意志为转移的客观将来。
Fish will die without water.
表示临时决定。
——Mom, where is the newspaper?
——Wait a moment. I will get it for you.
3)be going to +do
表示计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
表示有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds.There is going to be a storm.
6、过去将来时
立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
He said he would go to Beijing the
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
7、现在完成时
1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
标志词：already, yet, just, ever, never, before
I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作业了。(过去某时开始做，到现在已完成。)
2)表示：过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，并且有可能继续下去。
标志词：for, since, since…ago
I have studied English for six years. 我已经学了六年英语了。
(六年前开始学英语，一直学到现在, 也可能继续学也可能就此不学了。)
3) have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别
have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用
如：He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。
He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。
Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗?
4)非延续性动词不能用“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。
这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。
但能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的非延续性性动词。
arrive, come → be here,
die → be dead
finish, end → be over
go out → be out
join → be in
borrow→keep
finish/end →be over
close →be closed
leave, move → be away
fall asleep → be asleep
8、过去完成时
1)以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
2)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
安好即可
英语的时态（tense）j是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。 下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。 一、 一般现在时： 1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 二、 一般过去时： 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy. 三、 现在进行时： 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 过去进行时： 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构：was/were+doing 4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 现在完成时： 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one. 5.一般疑问句：have或has。 6.例句：I've written an article. It has been raining these days. 六、 过去完成时： 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. 3.基本结构：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。 6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 七、 一般将来时： 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do. 4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 八、 过去将来时： 1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式： 一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换 “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看： We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
飞花叶叶雪
一． 时态：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1. 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。u 含有be动词的句子He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students. ★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?★变否定句在be动词后面加notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.u 不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型Does he like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型He doesn’t like books.She doesn’t like him.The dog doesn’t like bones.★肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Yes, she does. No, she doesn’tYes, it does. No, it doesn’t.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。其他人称及复数名词I want to have a bath. We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.★变疑问句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t.You don’t want to have a bath.We don’t have any meat.The students don’t like smart teachers. ★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Yes, we do. No, we don’tYes, they do. No, they don’t. 2. 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成： 主语＋be动词＋动词的现在分词＋其它成分（现在分词的构成见附录）We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?★变否定句在be动词后面加 notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.★特殊疑问句：what, which, how, where, who, etc.疑问词＋动词＋主语＋现在分词What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing? (必背)没有进行时的动词表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作1. 表示感觉，感官的词see, hear, like, love, want,2. have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时3. 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件， 常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为wereI was at the butcher’s.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首Were you at the butcher’s?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?★变否定句在be动词后面加notI was not at the butcher’s.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.★肯定回答否定回答Yes, I was. No, I was not.Yes, you were. No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.★特殊疑问句：What did you do?(必背)不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.★变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4. 现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词用法：1) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4) 表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film. I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.(人已经回来)He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5) 表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen. I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型变化：★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen. ★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. No, I have not.★特殊疑问句：What have you done?What has he done?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days. 对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.5. 一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形I will go to America tomorrow. The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.★变疑问句将助动词移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?★变否定句在助动词后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow. The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.★特殊疑问句：What will you do?6. 过去完成时：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。★ 变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had she finished her homework?★ 变否定句在助动词后面加notShe hadn’t finished her homework.★ 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.★ 特殊疑问句：What had she done?7. 过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.8． 过去将来时结构：would doShe said she would go here the next morning.二． 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构1. Be going to 结构表示打算，准备，计划做某事★结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it. The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?★变否定句在be动词后面加not I am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I am. No, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.Yes, he is. No, he is not.★特殊疑问句What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?(必背)2. There be 句型表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)u There is＋单数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There is a book in this room. There is a pen on the tableu There are＋复数名词＋表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there. ★变疑问句将be动词移到句首Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?★变否定句在动词后面加notThere is not a book in this room. There are not two pens on the table. ★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, there is. No, there is not. Yes, there are. No, there are not.三． 问句：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句² 一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?² 特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What is your name?² 选择疑问句: orDo you want beef or lamb?² 反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分， 否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分You don’t need that pen, do you?² 否定疑问句: 一般疑问句+否定词Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest?四． 冠词用法：a/an/the的一般用法详细见笔记五． 限定词：some, any, many, much² some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some² many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money.六． 名词：种类，复数，名词所有格1．名词分为可数名词和不可数名词² 不可数名词无法分开的东西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）不可数名词有以下特点：l 不能用a, an修饰l 不能加sl 和单数be动词或动词搭配² 可数名词：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：规则变化的名词复数形式 规则1 一般情况+se.g. shell→shells book→books 规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+ese.g. fox→foxes church→churches, bus→buses, watch→watches 规则3 以o结尾+s或+ese.g. potato→potatoes, Negro→Negroes, hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes，（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s, radio→radios 规则4 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为vese.g. life→lives half→halves, shelf→shelves, city→cities, wife→wives 规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+ese.g. sky→skies fly→flies不规则变化的名词复数形式 单数 man woman foot goose tooth 复数 men women feet geese teeth 单数 child sheep deer mouse fish 复数 children sheep deer mice fish七． 介词( 注意总结书上词组)八．副词：用法及形容词变副词的变化u 副词可以修饰形容词，动词，副词或整个句子。如：The book is very good.He runs fast.She came here quite early.Certainly I will go with you.u 变化：1． 直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2． 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，把y变I, 加-ly,happy-happily, lucky-luckily3． 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化fast, hard, late4． 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远：neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately, 九． 情态动词的使用：can, must, may, might, need,1．情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型He can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?★变否定句在情态动词后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.★肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he can. No, he cannot.Yes, she can. No, she cannot.Yes, we can. No, we cannot.★特殊疑问句：What can you do?(必背)注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。2．Must/have to的区别must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态3．must, may, might表示猜测：u must do 表示对现在事实的猜测u must have done表示对过去事实的猜测u must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测u may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。u can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能4．need 用法：u 表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t.I need to have a rest.u Need doing=need to be done，表示被动The flowers need watering.u Need在否定时做情态动词使用You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early.Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t.
