丁国栋3
写作思路：根据历史为主题，以中国为基调来展开描写，紧扣叙述与描写的内容，力求做到不突兀、不生硬，不长篇大论或肆意抒情，有情真意切之感。
范文：
China， one of the four oldest civilizations in the world， has a written history of 4，000 years and boasts rich cultural relics and historical sites It is the inventor of compass， paper－making， gunpowder and printing The Great
中国是世界四大文明古国之一，有着4000年的文字历史，拥有丰富的文物古迹。它是伟大的指南针、造纸、火药和印刷术的发明者。
Wall， Grand Canal and Karez irrigation system are three great ancient engineering projects built 2，000 years ago Now they are the symbols of the rich culture of the Chinese nation China has gone over a long history of primitive
长城、大运河和坎儿井灌溉系统是建于2000年前的三大古代工程。现在他们是中华民族丰富文化的象征。中国有着悠久的原始文明历史
society， slavery society， feudal society and semi－feudal semi－colonial society and the present socialist societyCondensed China is an introduction to Chinese history
封建社会、奴隶制社会、封建社会、半殖民地社会。现在的社会主义社会。浓缩中国是中国历史的导论。
乖乖黑宝宝
中国历史，从夏朝算起，有近4100年历史；从中国第一个统一的朝代秦朝算起，约有2241年。
The history of China is nearly 4100 years from the Xia Dynasty and 2241 years from the Qin Dynasty, the first unified dynasty in China.
史前时期的有巢氏 、燧人氏 、伏羲氏 、神农氏(炎帝) 、黄帝(轩辕氏) 被尊为中华人文始祖 。约公元前2070年，夏朝出现；商朝时出现了已知中国最早的成熟文字—甲骨文；西周时社会进一步发展，春秋战国时生产力提高，思想百家争鸣。
In prehistoric times, Youchao, Suiren, Fuxi, Shennong (Yandi) and Huangdi (Xuanyuan) were regarded as the ancestors of Chinese culture. In 2070 BC, Xia Dynasty appeared; in Shang Dynasty, oracle bone inscriptions, the earliest mature writing in China,
appeared; in Western Zhou Dynasty, society developed further, productivity increased in spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, and a hundred schools of thought contend.
公元前221年，秦始皇建立了中国历史上第一个中央集权封建国家—秦朝；西汉与东汉时进一步巩固和发展了大一统的局面，汉字基本定型。三国两晋南北朝时期，中国进入分裂割据局面。
In 221 B.C., Qin Shihuang established the first centralized feudal state in Chinese history Qin Dynasty; the western and Eastern Han Dynasties further consolidated and developed the situation of great unification, and the Chinese characters were basically shaped.
During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the southern and Northern Dynasties, China entered a situation of separatist regime.
隋唐五代时期，经济繁荣、科技发展，文化影响广泛。武周时期，因“大周万国颂德天枢”的营建而使国际地位达到顶峰。辽宋夏金元时期，多元文化交融，经济、科技发展到新的高度。明朝时，经济取得发展，明末江南地区出现“资本主义萌芽”；清朝前期奠定了中国今天的疆域。
During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, economic prosperity, scientific and Technological Development and cultural influence were widespread. During the Wuzhou period, the international status reached its peak because of the construction of "the great Zhou Wanguo praises the virtue of Tianshu".
In the period of Liao, song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, multi-cultural integration, economy, science and technology developed to a new height. In the Ming Dynasty, the economy developed, and "capitalist sprouts" appeared in Jiangnan area in the late Ming Dynasty; in the early Qing Dynasty, China's territory today was established.
扩展资料
根据历史文献和考古物证，可将中国历史（炎黄文明）划分为十个纪：
炎黄、虞夏、商周、齐楚、秦汉；
魏晋、隋唐、宋元、明清、共和。
一、炎黄纪：以仰韶文化为代表，约两千四百年（公元前五十至前二十六世纪）。以农业社会、母系社会末期、铜石并用时代、父系社会初期为准。炎黄纪已经出现私有制、商业、战争、奴隶。
二、虞夏纪：以龙山文化、齐家文化为代表，约一千年（公元前二十六至前十六世纪）。二里头文化兜底：以青铜器时代初期、双轮车、城市、文字等古文明标志为准。传说时代的颛顼、帝喾、尧、舜、禹或可研究纳入本时代故事集。
三、商周纪：青铜器时代中期，分封制中期，以殷墟、甲骨文为典型代表。成汤灭夏、武王伐纣、国人暴动为本时代三部曲。约八百年。
陶小唬同学
中国历史。History of China The recorded history of China began in the 15th century BC when the Shang Dynasty started to use markings that evolved into the present Chinese characters. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as early as 1500 BC.[1] Chinese civilization originated with city-states in the Yellow River (Huang He) valley. 221 BC is commonly accepted to be the year in which China became unified under a large kingdom or empire. In that year, Qin Shi Huang first united China. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control increasingly larger territory that reached maximum under the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty and Manchurian Qing Dynasty. The conventional view of Chinese history is that of a country alternating between periods of political unity and disunity and occasionally becoming dominated by foreign peoples, most of whom were assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and assimilation, merged to create the Chinese culture. Xia Dynasty The historian Sima Qian (145 BC-90 BC) and the account in Chinese the Bamboo Annals date the founding of the Xia Dynasty to 4,200 years ago, but this date has not been corroborated. The Shang and Zhou people had existed within the Xia Dynasty since the beginning of Xia. They were Xia’s loyal vassals. The exact time of the Xia Dynasty is hard to define, but mainly focused on two options, either 431 years or 471 years. Shang Dynasty Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang found in the Yellow River Valley.The earliest discovered written record of China's past dates from the Shang Dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC, and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals—the so-called oracle bones. Archaeological findings providing evidence for the existence of the Shang Dynasty, c 1600–1046 BC is divided into two sets. The first set, from the earlier Shang period (c 1600–1300 BC) comes from sources at Erligang, Zhengzhou and Shangcheng. The second set, from the later Shang or Yin (殷) period, consists of a large body of oracle bone writings. Anyang in modern day Henan has been confirmed as the last of the nine capitals of the Shang (c 1300–1046 BC). The Shang Dynasty featured 31 kings, from Tang of Shang to King Zhou of Shang; it was the longest dynasty in Chinese history. Zhou Dynasty Bronze ritual vessel, Western Zhou DynastyMain article: Zhou Dynasty By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou Dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley, overrunning the Shang. The Zhou appeared to have begun their rule under a semi-feudal system. The Zhou were a people who lived west of Shang, and the Zhou leader had been appointed "Western Protector" by the Shang. The ruler of the Zhou, King Wu, with the assistance of his brother, the Duke of Zhou, as regent managed to defeat the Shang at the Battle of Muye. The king of Zhou at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize his rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every successive dynasty. The Zhou initially moved their capital west to an area near modern Xi'an, near the Yellow River, but they would preside over a series of expansions into the Yangtze River valley. This would be the first of many population migrations from north to south in Chinese history. Spring and Autumn Period Chinese pu vessel with interlaced dragon design, Spring and Autumn Period.In the 8th century BC, power became decentralized during the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋时代), named after the influential Spring and Autumn Annals. In this period, local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony. The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples from the northwest, such as the Qin, forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to Luoyang. This marks the second large phase of the Zhou dynasty: the Eastern Zhou. In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose, local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Zhou kings in name only. Local leaders for instance started using royal titles for themselves. The Hundred Schools of Thought (诸子百家，诸子百家) of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Legalism (法家) and Mohism (墨家) were founded, partly in response to the changing political world. The Spring and Autumn Period is marked by a falling apart of the central Zhou power. China now consists of hundreds of states, some only as large as a village with a fort.
